陕西英文

2022-04-26 来源:其他范文收藏下载本文

推荐第1篇:陕西西安华清池英文导游词

陕西西安华清池英文导游词

Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of

Xi’an.Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction

of the Li Palace on the spot.In the Qin dynasty a pool was built

with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang (the Lishan Hot

Spring).The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and

renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace).In the Tang dynasty, Li

Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) ordered to construct the Hot Spring

Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around

Lishan Mountain in the year of 747.It was known as the Huaqing

Palace.It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location

on the hot springs.

Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a

branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high.It

is covered with pines and cyprees, looking very much like a like a

dark green galloping horse from a long distance.So it has the name

of the Lishan Mountain (Li means a black horse).

The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang

Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter

days.When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and

everything in sight was white.However, they came into thaw

immediately in front of the hall.It owed a great deal to the luke

warm vapour rising out of the hot spring.This is the Frost Drifting

Hall that greets us today.

Close by the Frost Drifting Hall lies the Nine Dragon Pool.

According to legend, the Central Shaanxi Plain was once stricken by

a severe drought in the very remote past.Thus, by the order of the

Jade Emperor (the Supreme Deity of Heaven), an old dragon came at

the head of eight young ones, and made rain here.Yet when the

disaster was just abating, they lowered their guard so much that it

became serious again.In a fit of anger, the Jade Emperor kept the

young dragons under the Jade Cause Way (玉堤), with the Morning Glow

Pavilion and the Sunset Pavilion built at both ends of it

respectively, to make the young dragons spout cleat water all day

long to meet the needs of local irrigation.Besides, he had the old

dragon confined to the bottom of the Roaring Dragon Waterside

Pavilion situated at the upper end of the Jade Causeway, and obliged

him to exercise control over the young.

The Nine-Bend Corridor west of the Nine Dragon Pool leads directly

to the Marble Boat, which resembles a dragon boat on the water

surface.In the Marble Boat lies the Nine Dragon Tang (the Nine

Dragon Hot Spring where Emperor Xuan Zong used to take baths).At

the head of his court ladies and hundreds of his officials, he would

come to the Huanqing Palace to spend his winter days in October of

the Lunar calendar and return to Chang’an City as the year drew to

its close.The Nine Dragon Hot Spring was originally built with

crystal jade, whose surface was decorated with the carvings of fish,

dragons, birds and flowers.In it twin lotus flowers also carved

with white jade could be seen as well.The spring water welled from

the break of an earthen jar, and spouted up to the lotus flowers.

Hence the name Lotus Flower Tang (the Lotus Flower Hot Spring).

The Gui Fei Bathing Pool was where Yang Gui Fei, Emperor Xuan

Zong’s favorite lady, used to take bath.It was originally built

with white jade, and in its center a blooming flower spouted water

like a spring.The pool looked very much like a Chinese flowering

crabapple; Hence its name the Chinese Flowering Crabapple Hot Spring

or the Lotus Hot Spring..

Lady Yang used to make a stay in this pavilion to see sights or to

air her hair after a bath.Therefore, it was named the Hair Airing

Pavilion.Whether the sun was rising or setting, the pavilion was

aglow with sunshine; hence the name the Flying Roseate Pavilion.

Southwest of the Gui Fei Bathing Pool stands a brick-built

pavilion.On its head three big Chinese characters “Xi Jia Lou”

(Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion)are inscribed according to the model of

the most celebrated according to the model of the most celebrated

Chinese calligrapher, Yu You Ren, here is the source of the spring

water.

At this spa there are four hot springs.They have an hourly flow

of 112 tons, and a constant temperature of 43°C.The spring water

contains lime, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and other minerals,

which makes it suitable for bathing and considerable treatment of

quite a few diseases such as dermatosis, rheumatism, arthritis and

muscular pain.The Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion marks the first

source of the spring water, which was discovered some 3,000 years

ago, roughly in the Western Zhou Dynasty.Its water flow averages 25

tons per hour.

Take up the steps east of the source of hot springs, you will

gradually see the Five-Room Pavilion where Chiang Kaishek made a

temporary stay during the Xi’an Incident.

The Xi’an Incident took place on December 12, 1936, and it is also

known as the Double Twelfth Incident.After the Incident of

September 18, 1936, the Japanese imperialists seized the three

provinces northeast of China, and intensified their invasion of

North China.This was the very moment vital to the Chinese nation.

Yet Chiang Kaichek persisted doggedly in carrying out his

reactionary policy “domestic tranquility is a must for the

resistance against Japanese invades,” and commanded the Northeast

Army and Northwest Army, respectively headed by Zhang Xueliang and

Yang Hucheng, to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region.

Inspired by our Party’s policy “let us stop the internal war and

unit to resist the Japanese aggreors,” those two generals made to

Chiang Kaishek the proposal of forming a united front with the

Communist Party for the resistance.Not only did he reject the

proposal, but flew to Xi’an to scheme the “suppreion of the

Communist Party.” And the slaughter of the patriotic youth.Out of

patriotism, Zhang and Yang started the famous Xi’an Incident.

Very early on the morning of December 12, 1936 the Incident was

impending.Zhang Xueliang, together with Yang Hucheng ordered a

squad of bodyguards to surround the Huaqing Pool.They fought a

fierce battle there, and wiped out Chiang’s bodyguards in one

vigorous effort.The sound of firing came to Chiang Kaishek, and he

was so terrified that he crept out of the window with his nightgown

and slippers only.What’s more, he hurt his spinal bone, and lost

one of his slippers while croing over the back wall.He staggered

up Lishan Mountain, and hid himself behind a stone in the crevice

halfway on it.Those brave soldiers began to search the mountain

immediately when they rushed into the Five-Room Pavilion to find

that Chiang’s hat and clothes were still there and that his quilt

remained warm.In the end they found Chiang Kaishek, and thus

escorted him to Xi’an.

In order to avoid a civil war and try t establish a national

united front for the resistance against Japan, Mao Zedong on behalf

of the C.C.P.C.insisted on a peaceful settlement of the Incident.

Therefore, a delegation headed by Zhou Enlai was sent to Xi’an.Zhou

Enlai and his suite did a large amount of work there, took

everything poible into consideration, and ultimately forced Chiang

Kaishek to accept the proposal by his two generals.On December 25,

Chiang was freed, and flew back to Nanjing.The Xi’an Incident was

so peacefully settled.

The peaceful settlement of the Incident put an end to the internal

war which had lasted for ten years, and accelerated the formation

and development of the national united front for the anti-Japanese

drive.Moreover, it showed that the co-operative relationships

between the Communist and Nationalists arrived at a new stage.It

marked a great turning point in modern Chinese history.

In the year of 1946 the KMT government had a “National

Rejuvenation Pavilion” built near the crevice where Chiang Kaishek

had hidden himself in the Incident.It was also called “Vital Energy

Pavilion”.After the national liberation it was renamed “Catching

Chiang Pavilion”.Close by the pavilion stands a wooden board which

carries a brief introduction to the Xi’an Incident.Iron chains and

rings in the crevices east of the pavilion, by which visitors can

climb up to take a look at Chiang Kaishek’s shelter.

Up the winding path east of the Five-Room-Pavilion you will catch

sight of a bridge-like construction.It shines regularly with a

myriad of evening sun rays both in summer and autumn, and looks very

much like rainbow.So it has the name of the Hovering Rainbow Bridge.

Located on the Xixiu Ridge (the West Embroidery Ridge) of the

Lishan Mountain, the remains of the beacon tower of the Western Zhou

Dynasty seem easy to identify.

The beacon tower was mostly built at the top of the mountain to

give border alarm in ancient times.It was constantly under special

control.Once the enemies were preing on towards the border, the

beacon tower began to take effect: it was made to smoke in the

daytime while set on fire at night.

The story goes that Bao Si, Queen of the Western Zhou dynasty was

highly honored, yet she never cracked a smile.King You tried many

ways to put a smile on her face, but he failed over and over again.

He “called his court band to toll bells and beat gongs”, and she

pulled a long face.Then the band were asked to “play the bamboo

flute and strings” and she remained displeased.Afterwards, “maids

of honour served wine, festively singing and dancing,” and she did

not let out a smile at all.

“You don’t like music! What on earth are you fond of?” the King

asked.

“I nearly have a liking for nothing.But I can still well remember

I liked to give ear to the sound of tearing a piece of coloured silk

when I was a child.It was clear anf melodious,” she replied.King

You said in excitement, “That is very simple.How come you didn’t

let me know it earlier?”

Thus he ordered the officially appointed property manager to offer

coloured silk, and made fresh and energetic maids of honour to tear

it into pieces.Hundreds of bolts of coloured silk were utterly

torn, but Bao Si remained unmoved.

“Why didn’t you let out a single smile then?” he asked.

“I have never smiled so far, ” the Queen replied.

The King tried over and over again, but failed repeatedly, and in

the end he gave orders, “Anyone both in and out of court who can

amuse Bao Si will be awarded one thousand pieces of gold.”

Afterwards Guo Shifu, a treacherous court official came and

offered advice: “Set the beacon tower on fire and fool your

sovereign rulers.” That night the King and Queen reached the Lishan

Mountain by carriage, and gave the order.In the split second the

flames of the fire lit up the sky ad the sovereign rulers moved

their troops immediately to the Lishan Mountain.There they found

nothing but that the King and Queen enjoyed drinking festively.The

King then dispatched his bodyguard to inform them that “Everything

should have been all right.I have just been joking with you.” When

they got this, they looked at each other in blank dismay, and left

disappointed.Sure enough, Bao Si burst into laughter, stroking her

hands when she noticed all the troops come in vain and go noisily.

Accordingly, Guo Shifu got a prize of one thousand pieces of gold.

Later on King You did so more often than not.In 771 B.C.Quan Rong

(a then minority tribe) staged an armed rebellion against the

Western Zhou Dynasty.King You ordered urgently to set the beacon

tower on fire, but all the sovereign rulers remained unmoved.

Consequently King Yu was killed, and Bao Si was taken away.The

Western Zhou dynasty vanished.Herein come the Chinese idiom “A

single smile costs one thousand pieces of gold” and “The sovereign

rulers are fooled by the beacon fire.\"

推荐第2篇:陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

The Great Mosque at Huajue Lane

The Mosque is a major spot for religious activities of over 60.000 Moslems in Xi’an, likewise, an important cultural relic protected by the Provincial People’s Government.Unlike the Arabic mosques, with splendid domes, the minarets reaching into the clouds, the coulourful engraved sketches with dazzling patterns, the Mosque here in Xi’an poees much Chinese traditional touch in both its design and artistic outlook; besides the style peculiar to Islamic mosques, this Mosque also holds characteristics of Chinese pavilions with painted beams and engraved ridgepoles.

However, any further discuion about the Mosque will be futile unle anything of the introduction of Islam into China is brought up.

Islam as a religious order was founded in the early period of the 7th century A.D.and was introduced to China in the mid-600s.At that time, Arabian merchants and travelers came to the northwest of China by way of Persia and Afghanistan and thus established diplomatic, trade, and military contacts with China.In the meantime, another route saw a batch of sea voyagers through Bangladesh Bay and the Malacca Strait to China’s Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Huangzhou, Yangzhou and other cities where many of them settled down and married the local women who later gave birth to babies who then became Moslems.

However, maive immigration of the Moslems to China did not take place until as late as the early period of the 13th century, when Genghis Khan, as a result of his expedition against the west, had conquered vast expanses of land stretching from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, including the north of Iran.Many of the Moslems in the conquered areas were thus forced to enlist and later settled in China.

Among the enlisted many were soldiers, and some were smiths and officials who were called the Hui people in the history books on the Yuan dynasty.The Hui people later followed Kublai Khan down to the south, helping him unifying China and then establish the Yuan dynasty.In the wake of the conquest, Islam spread all over China and mosques began to appear everywhere.In the Yuan dynasty, many Moslems held positions both in the military and civilian organs of the country.And a lot of the Moslems took part in Zhu Yuanzhang’s uprising in the early 14th century and made great contributions to the founding of the Ming Dynasty.Therefore, all the emperors of the Dynasty iued mandates to protect Islam, and to set up mosques in praise of the Moslems for their feats.In the early 16th century, Islam predominated Qinghai on the minority nationalities including the Huis, the Uygurs, the Kazaks, the Kirgizes, the Tajiks, the Tartars, the Ozbeks, the Dong Xiangs, the Salars and the Bonans.The Moslems in Xi’an are mainly the Huis, being a small portion out of the ten million in China.

The Mosque at Hua Jue Lane is the largest in Xi’an, and at the same time, it is also one of the earliest built on a comparatively large scale, and well preserved mosques in China.

According to “the Stele on the Building of the Mosque”, the mosque is said to be built in the Tang Dynasty.However, the architectural style of the mosque suggests a poible building dating back to the Ming Dynasty.The four courtyards of the mosque cover an area of more than 12,000 square meters, out of which about 4,000 are occupied by various structures.The still intact wooden front memorial gateway of the front yard, built at the turn of the 17th century, with glazed tiles on the top, spectacular corners and upturned eaves, is about 9 metres high, and has a history of about 360 years.The stone memorial gateway in the center of the second courtyard is flanked with a tail stele on either side with dragons carved on each, recording the repair work ever since the building of the Mosque.On the back of one of the steles are engraved characters by the master calligrapher Mi Fu, “May Buddhism Fill the Universe”, on the other, “Royal -Bestowed”by Dong Qichang, another master of the same art of the Ming dynasty.They are treasures in Chinese calligraphy.At the entrance of the third courtyard is an imperial built hall, where a “month tablet”, showing the calculation of the Hui Calendars in Arabic, is stored.It was compiled by a man in charge of the mosque called Xiao Mining in the early period of the Qing dynasty.A three –storeyed octagonal wooden structure called “Retrospection Tower”also stands in the center of the courtyard, which has the same function as the minaret in Islamic temples in Arabic countries, and which is a place from where orders were sent to call the Moslems to come to worship.Respectively, on the south and north wings of the tower, are a reception chamber and a Scripture Chamber, both elegantly laid out.The five wooden houses, which are called “Water Houses”in the southwest section of the Mosque are the place where the believers bathe themselves before they attend their services.And in side the fourth courtyard there is a structure called “the Pavilion of Phoenix”, a place where the worshipers used to wait for the services.The Pavilion, in fact, is a compound structure of three small buildings.The six-gabled structure of the central part, adjoining the two three-gabled buildings on each side looks very much like a flying phoenix, and hence its name.Just at the back of the Pavilion, there is a fishpond, beyond which is a platform occupying an area as large as 700 m2.Acro both ends of the platform stands the 1,300 square metered service hall, holding over a thousand worshipers at once.There are over six hundred sunk panels well as the sunk panels, are decorated with patterns of painted trailing plants and Arabic letterings.The imam leads his group of worshipers, while facing in the direction of Mecca, to chant in Koran and to pay their religious homage.

The Moslems in China share very much the same customs with their brothers and sisters elsewhere in the world.They worship five times a day: at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, at dusk, and at night.Female worshipers attend their services in a separated place from their brothers, usually at home.Moslems pay special attention to their health and see that they always wear clean clothes.They are teetotalers not only of wine, but also of pork and animal blood for in Koran pigs have been mentioned four times as being “unclean”.According to Koran, a man can have four wives and women should wear veils when they go out.However, except a few places in Xinjiang, the Chinese practise monogamy and women are veile when they go out.Upon his death, a Moslem has to be “thoroughly cleaned”(thoroughly bathed), has to be put on “Ke Fan”(to be shrouded with a piece of white cloth) and has to be buried coffinle in the ground, with an imam reciting Scriptures at the funeral.

The Chinese constitution promulgates that freedom of religion of each citizen and freedom of preserving or reforming local customs for every nationality are permitted.And of course, the Moslems in China enjoy equal rights with peoples of other nationalities and their religious beliefs and customs are respected everywhere in the country.

推荐第3篇:陕西历史博物馆英文导游词(最新)

陕西历史博物馆

Hello, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Shaanxi History Museum.First, I want to give you a brief introduction of this museum.Shaanxi History Museum is a sizable national museum with a wide range of artifacts.The museum shows a great deal of elegance and originality in style.It was designed by Zhang Jinqiu, a very famous female architect in China.Now we are in the Preface Hall.Here we can see a giant lion and three big pictures.The giant stone walking lion was originally erected in front of Shunling Mausoleum.It represents the cultural exchange between China and other countries.The maive picture shows the surging and roaring Yellow River and the vast Loe Plateau, the habit of Shanxi residents and the candle of their ancient civilization.//序言大厅 Ok, we are going to rhe first gallery.The first section focuses on the history of the Prehistoric Age.Here is the Liantian Ape-man, the foil of a human skull in Liantian.It was the earliest known Homo erectus in North Asia.And this is the painted pottery.There are a lot of symbols on the edge of it.//史前时代

Ok, we are going to the Zhou Dynasty which was a slave society.The bronze casting technology was in the high period, so we also call it the Bronze Age in Chinese history.The “ding” or tripod, which is a cooking utensilof ancient times, is the symbol of power and rank (and were things used by royal family members).Divination had to be practiced for all major activities at that time.A record of the divination results was carved onto the tortoise-shell or animal bone, which formed China’s earliest written script, known as “oracle bone inscription”.Here we can also see some other artifacts, like the Chime Bell, wine veels.//周代

And next, let’s come to the Qin Dynasty.Agriculture was integral to the economy of the Qin state.The iron implements unearthed from the site indecate that iron wares widely used instead of bronze wares.Here we see a tiger tally(虎符).The body of it can be divided into two halves.The left was held by the general while the right was held by the Emperor.When both pieces were matched together, the general was allowed to move the army.We can also see a bronze sword which retains its sharpne and glitter without a sign of rust after being buried for 2000 years.

Well, then, we come to the Han Dynasty.This is a very important historical stage in China’s history.The Han nationality was officially formed during this period.So did the languages.The Han city of chang’an was the first international metroplis in Chinese history.The Han Dynasty also paid great attentions to agriculture and animal husbandry.Here, we can see a national treasure- a Jade Seal(皇后玉玺).This one belonged to a queen in Han Dynasty.Called LuZhi, she was a very powerful woman at that time.And the gold and silver censer is another national treasure.Well, This lamp was very famous in Han Dynasty.At that time people lit an oil light on the round part.The smoke would collect in the stem and then would be filtered in the water filled body.//秦汉时代 Next, we come to the Wei, the Jin, the South and North Dynasties.It was the most turbulent period in ancirnt times.There were wars of unification and national dividion.This multi-faceted seal is made of jet, and there are 26 faces all together.The owner of

1 it was DaGuXin.His three daughters were respectively married to three emperors.Therefore, people call him as the first father in law in ancient China.//魏晋南北朝 We will now to the third gallery of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.The Sui and Tang Dynasties was a period when China’s feudal society was at the height of its power and splendor.It also marked a golden era in the history of Shaanxi.The Sui Dynasty was a very short period, but it made a strong base for thre development of the Tang Dynasty.Compared with other dynasties, the Tang Dynasty got high marks for its economy, politics, and culture and so on.So next we will see some handicrafts of the Tang Dynasty.Here is the Tang Tri – colored glazed Pottery, which brought Chinese pottery craft into a new stage.And one of the best qualities of natioanl treasure is this Lotus-flower design golden-bowl.There are many design cuts on back of the lotus, such as dragon, phoenix, and deer and so on.It shows us the royal technology was very high.Well, this is a fresco, called “Chinese officals and Foreign Envoys”.It shows the active exchange of friendly and diplomatic visit between China and foreign countries during the Tang Danasty.Ok, ladies and gentlemen, here is a national treasure and is a symbol of our museum ---the Ox-headed Agate Cup.It was made out of one whole piece of agate.This one is one of the most valuable national treasures in our museum.

And in the end, let’s come to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.Since the song dynasty, Xi’an is no longer the capital but still very important.Here is a national treasure---the Green Glazed Bottom of the Song Dynasty.This kettle is not only beautiful,but has a principleof the pot bottom.Ok, everyone! So much for this today! We still have some free time.So next, you may look around and take some pictures.We’ll leave at 2 o’clock, so please do not be late.And I’ll stay here, if you have any question, pleak ask me.By the way, watch your step please! So next, it’s your turn.Thank you for listening.

推荐第4篇:陕西师范大学在读证明(英文)

Certification

(School), Shaanxi Normal University, majored , the student

(Seal)School

(Seal) Department of Teaching Affairs

Shaanxi Normal University

推荐第5篇:陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

TheGreatMosqueatHuajueLane

TheMosqueisamajorspotforreligiousactivitiesofover60.000MoslemsinXi’an,likewise,animportantculturalrelicprotectedbytheprovincialpeople’sGovernment.UnliketheArabicmosques,withsplendiddomes,theminaretsreachingintotheclouds,thecoulourfulengravedsketcheswithdazzlingpatterns,theMosquehereinXi’anpoeesmuchChinesetraditionaltouchinbothitsdesignandartisticoutlook;besidesthestylepeculiartoIslamicmosques,thisMosquealsoholdscharacteristicsofChinesepavilionswithpaintedbeamsandengravedridgepoles.

However,anyfurtherdiscuionabouttheMosquewillbefutileunleanythingoftheintroductionofIslamintoChinaisbroughtup.

Islamasareligiousorderwasfoundedintheearlyperiodofthe7thcenturyA.D.andwasintroducedtoChinainthemid-600s.Atthattime,ArabianmerchantsandtravelerscametothenorthwestofChinabywayofpersiaandAfghanistanandthusestablisheddiplomatic,trade,andmilitarycontactswithChina.Inthemeantime,anotherroutesawabatchofseavoyagersthroughBangladeshBayandtheMalaccaStraittoChina’sGuangzhou,Quanzhou,Huangzhou,YangzhouandothercitieswheremanyofthemsettleddownandmarriedthelocalwomenwholatergavebirthtobabieswhothenbecameMoslems.

However,maiveimmigrationoftheMoslemstoChinadidnottakeplaceuntilaslateastheearlyperiodofthe13thcentury,whenGenghisKhan,asaresultofhisexpeditionagainstthewest,hadconqueredvastexpansesoflandstretchingfromCentralAsiatoEasternEurope,includingthenorthofIran.ManyoftheMoslemsintheconqueredareaswerethusforcedtoenlistandlatersettledinChina.

Amongtheenlistedmanyweresoldiers,andsomeweresmithsandofficialswhowerecalledtheHuipeopleinthehistorybooksontheYuandynasty.TheHuipeoplelaterfollowedKublaiKhandowntothesouth,helpinghimunifyingChinaandthenestablishtheYuandynasty.Inthewakeoftheconquest,IslamspreadalloverChinaandmosquesbegantoappeareverywhere.IntheYuandynasty,manyMoslemsheldpositionsbothinthemilitaryandcivilianorgansofthecountry.AndalotoftheMoslemstookpartinZhuYuanzhang’suprisingintheearly14thcenturyandmadegreatcontributionstothefoundingoftheMingDynasty.Therefore,alltheemperorsoftheDynastyiuedmandatestoprotectIslam,andtosetupmosquesinpraiseoftheMoslemsfortheirfeats.Intheearly16thcentury,IslampredominatedQinghaiontheminoritynationalitiesincludingtheHuis,theUygurs,theKazaks,theKirgizes,theTajiks,theTartars,theOzbeks,theDongXiangs,theSalarsandtheBonans.TheMoslemsinXi’anaremainlytheHuis,beingasmallportionoutofthetenmillioninChina.

TheMosqueatHuaJueLaneisthelargestinXi’an,andatthesametime,itisalsooneoftheearliestbuiltonacomparativelylargescale,andwellpreservedmosquesinChina.

Accordingto“theSteleontheBuildingoftheMosque”,themosqueiaidtobebuiltintheTangDynasty.However,thearchitecturalstyleofthemosquesuggestsapoiblebuildingdatingbacktotheMingDynasty.Thefourcourtyardsofthemosquecoveranareaofmorethan12,000squaremeters,outofwhichabout4,000areoccupiedbyvarioutructures.Thestillintactwoodenfrontmemorialgatewayofthefrontyard,builtattheturnofthe17thcentury,withglazedtilesonthetop,spectacularcornersandupturnedeaves,isabout9metreshigh,andhasahistoryofabout360years.Thestonememorialgatewayinthecenterofthesecondcourtyardisflankedwithatailsteleoneithersidewithdragonscarvedoneach,recordingtherepairworkeversincethebuildingoftheMosque.OnthebackofoneofthestelesareengravedcharactersbythemastercalligrapherMiFu,“MayBuddhismFilltheUniverse”,ontheother,“Royal-Bestowed”byDongQichang,anothermasterofthesameartoftheMingdynasty.TheyaretreasuresinChinesecalligraphy.Attheentranceofthethirdcourtyardisanimperialbuilthall,wherea“monthtablet”,showingthecalculationoftheHuiCalendarsinArabic,itored.ItwascompiledbyamaninchargeofthemosquecalledXiaoMiningintheearlyperiodoftheQingdynasty.Athree–storeyedoctagonalwoodenstructurecalled“RetrospectionTower”alsostandsinthecenterofthecourtyard,whichhasthesamefunctionastheminaretinIslamictemplesinArabiccountries,andwhichisaplacefromwhereordersweresenttocalltheMoslemstocometoworship.Respectively,onthesouthandnorthwingsofthetower,areareceptionchamberandaScriptureChamber,bothelegantlylaidout.Thefivewoodenhouses,whicharecalled“WaterHouses”inthesouthwestsectionoftheMosquearetheplacewherethebelieversbathethemselvesbeforetheyattendtheirservices.Andinsidethefourthcourtyardthereisastructurecalled“thepavilionofphoenix”,aplacewheretheworshipersusedtowaitfortheservices.Thepavilion,infact,isacompoundstructureofthreesmallbuildings.Thesix-gabledstructureofthecentralpart,adjoiningthetwothree-gabledbuildingsoneachsidelooksverymuchlikeaflyingphoenix,andhenceitsname.Justatthebackofthepavilion,thereisafishpond,beyondwhichisaplatformoccupyinganareaaslargeas700m2.Acrobothendsoftheplatformstandsthe1,300squaremeteredservicehall,holdingoverathousandworshipersatonce.Thereareoversixhundredsunkpanelswellasthesunkpanels,aredecoratedwithpatternsofpaintedtrailingplantsandArabicletterings.Theimamleadshisgroupofworshipers,whilefacinginthedirectionofMecca,tochantinKoranandtopaytheirreligioushomage.

TheMoslemsinChinashareverymuchthesamecustomswiththeirbrothersandsisterselsewhereintheworld.Theyworshipfivetimesaday:atdawn,atnoon,intheafternoon,atdusk,andatnight.Femaleworshipersattendtheirservicesinaseparatedplacefromtheirbrothers,usuallyathome.Moslemspayspecialattentiontotheirhealthandseethattheyalwayswearcleanclothes.Theyareteetotalersnotonlyofwine,butalsoofporkandanimalbloodforinKoranpigshavebeenmentionedfourtimesasbeing“unclean”.AccordingtoKoran,amancanhavefourwivesandwomenshouldwearveilswhentheygoout.However,exceptafewplacesinXinjiang,theChinesepractisemonogamyandwomenareveilewhentheygoout.Uponhisdeath,aMoslemhastobe“thoroughlycleaned”(thoroughlybathed),hastobeputon“KeFan”(tobeshroudedwithapieceofwhitecloth)andhastobeburiedcoffinleintheground,withanimamrecitingScripturesatthefuneral.

TheChineseconstitutionpromulgatesthatfreedomofreligionofeachcitizenandfreedomofpreservingorreforminglocalcustomsforeverynationalityarepermitted.Andofcourse,theMoslemsinChinaenjoyequalrightswithpeoplesofothernationalitiesandtheirreligiousbeliefsandcustomsarerespectedeverywhereinthecountr

推荐第6篇:陕西师范大学面试英文自我介绍

一、自我介绍:

一是来自哪里,毕业学校、所学专业、特长、性格爱好等;也有可能会要求现场翻译一段文献,可以询问陕师在读的研究生或者老师;

二是做好用英语定义和解释自己所学专业的准备,即准备用英文回答面试老师的问题。自我介绍是一个突出你的与众不同的好时机,大概5分钟,口语测试时,老师有可能就本专业所学的课程以及自己的兴趣爱好特长展开话题,考查考生用英语讲述事物的能力。因此先用一些自己比较熟悉的句型和词汇将答案组织起来,再用一些更精确的不经常用的句型和词汇来替换,让老师感觉表述地道。Self-intruduction Good morning, my honorable profeors.I appreciate it very much to have the lucky chance for today’s interview.My name is Shi Weiwei, coming from Handan in the south of Hebei, which is approved by State Council as a “Historic City” in 1994 and has the reputation of being the Barn of grains and Sea of Cotton.And I am a senior student in the Department of Mathematics of Shanxi Normal University now.I have a special interest in Mathematics since I’ m a student in the middle school, which is the primary reason why I chose Mathematics and applied Mathematics as my major in the university.In the past three years, I attached great importance to my cultivation of comprehensive competence by actively taking part in various activities both on my own major and on other majors.During my college life, I was awarded the National Subsidy for Poor but Excellent College Students(国家励志奖学金)for twice; and succefully paed the CET6 and the National Test for the Second Lever of Computer(国家计算机二级考试.Besides, I once received the 3rd prize of national mathematic contest in Shanxi for undergraduate students(全国大学数学竞赛山西赛区三等奖) and I participated in China Undergraduate Mathematical Contest in Modeling In September this year.I made full use of the time in vacation to do some part-time jobs, and I was also the head of the Department of work-study program in Students’ Union(学生会勤工俭学部).These experiences help me to have learnt some valuable knowledge that cannot be obtained in college and have known the importance of cooperation and communication.

I spent most of my spare time in reading some profeional bibliography.Thanks to the teachers’ patient guide and my continuous endeavor, I have built up a solid foundation of profeional knowledge.And I think at present, I can do many things in a superficial level, but not be competent to do things profeionally owing to lack of ample knowledge and ability.So I think further study is urgent for me to realize self-value.The major that I hope pursue for my further education is Applied Mathematics.Because I find it is playing a more and more important role in our modern society.As to my characters, just like my father, I strive to be an honest, easy-going, upright and modest girl.I like making friends and I once took part in the English Corner in my university.I like this activity, because I can make many friends there, including some foreign teachers.Also English songs and movies are my favorite.By the way, during the college life, I enjoy a good relationship among my clamates; we get along well with each other and help each other for progre.

After several months’ hard work,I\'m finally standing here now.I\'m really excited and I believe it\'s worthwhile.I believe that God ble the sincerely hope I can be given the lucky chance to pursue further study in this beautiful university and thank you very much for giving me such a valuable opportunity!

That’s all, thank you for your attention!

二、一些注意事项:

1、参加面试过程中,能联系到导师最好,联系到同方向的其他老师也会有较大帮助,导师一般是不会提前给明确答复的,好好准备考试的各个环节;

2、与专业相关问题的提问,老师重视的是你对基本概念的理解,但是也不会直接问“请解释一下什么是XXX”。一般会给你一个看似比较“大”的问题,刚听到问题的时候,你可能会迷惑,有种找不到方向的感觉,这个时候你要学会把一个大的问题拆解成几个小块,重要的是表述出你思维的过程,老师想要的是这个,你能不能给出最终的正确答案都是次要的;

3、有的时候会问你本科学的最好的一门课是什么,然后由一个小问题把话题引开,根据你的回答,再即兴地引出下一话题,聪明的人会把老师逐渐引向自己擅长的方向,回避学得不好的环节。

4、多数时候你是不能全部答不上来的,面试完大家感觉都不会太好,不过没关系。

5、不要太紧张,展示自己的优点但要在老师们面前谦虚

6、让老师们觉得,你选择这里是有自己的想法的,点出你选择的方向,着重说明你对此的兴趣,体现你自己的科研潜力。给老师们的第一印象是很重要的

7、可以给老师发邮件,发邮件的话可以做一份简历,上面包括自己的介绍、成绩单、综合排名、证书、比赛获奖情况,时间紧迫的话可以打电话,最好是在上午十点左右,打办公室电话,简单跟老师交流,让老师对你的印象深刻些,跟老师当面交谈时最好是在他办公室,可以问问老师自己在他的这个方向上什么地方需要努力,该如何准备等。

8、细节往往透露出不足之处,礼貌在整个面试过程中尤为重要。进门的时候要敲门,然后很有礼貌的表示对老师的尊重,对着各位老师说声“老师好!”;

9、在进面试室之前一定要先把手机关闭,

10、穿着得体,不能过于随便。

11、谈吐清晰,语速不要太快,在老师面前说话要清楚明白,让老师有很好的印象。还有要表现的尽量谦虚一些。

12、态度诚恳,不会的时候就诚实的说自己不是很了解,把自己所了解的尽量说出来,实事求是。

13、千万不要冷场,在老师宣布面试结束前一定要保持气氛活跃;

14、专业课面试回答问题技巧:第一,反应很重要,熟悉的地方可以多说一点,不懂得地方尽量避开。如果一开始察觉到自己的把握不是很大,就尽量把老师引到你熟悉的领域去。

三、英语提问常见问题

1、考研原因 (1)、I have been deeply impreed by the academic atmosphere when I came here last summer.In my opinion, as one of the most famous ******in our country, it provides people with enough room to get further enrichment.This is the first reason.(2)、I am long for doing research in ******throughout my life.It\'s a pleasure to be with my favorite ******for lifetime.I suppose this is the most important factor in my decision.(3)、I learnt a lot from ***** during the past two years.However, I think further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value.Life is precious.It is neceary to seize any chance for self-development, especially in this competitive modern world.总结:In a word, I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profeion after two years study here.

2、研究生期间的计划(plans in the postgraduate study) (1)、If luckily I got the chance to learn ***** in this University, I will concentrate on the study and research in this field.First, I will hard to learn the theoretical knowledge, constructing a solid base for my future work; Second, I would like to do some practical work with the help of the supervisor and clamate.And through this, I can get something that cannot be acquired from the textbooks.I believe after 2 years of learning, my dream will finally come true……

(2)、First, I hope I can form systematic view of *****.As for ******, my expre wish is to get a complete comprehension of the formation and development as well as **************.If poible, I will go on with my study for doctorate degree.In a word, I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profeion after two years study here.

3、介绍一下你的家乡 (1)、I am from, a famous city with a long history over*** years.It is called Handan,because there were lots of ***even 900 years ago.The city lies in the south part of the province.You know, there is a saying that The greatne of a man lends a glory to a place.I think the city really deserves it.*****.In addition, it is famous for the ***.Visitors at home and abroad feel it comfortable here.There is my beloved hometown.(2)、I am from Handan, a beautiful city in Hebei province.it is famous as ***** Handan plays a very important role in Chinese history.So it has a profound cultural background and many great heritage sites have been well preserved.Such as *****, being regarded as the cradle of Chinese Buddhism.

4、介绍一下你的大学(about university) Shanxi Normal University is the oldest one in the province.It was founded in 1958 and covers an area of over 2000 mu.It develops into a comprehensive university with efforts of generations, especially after the reform and opening up.It takes the lead among the normal universities in Shanxi province with nice teaching and scientific research ability.The library has a storage of 1.5 million books.Various research institutes are set up including***research centers.There are teaching research experimental bases, for example, the computer center, analyzing-test center, modern education technical center and so on.

5、Why did you choose this university?

6、你在这专业的兴趣是什么?

7、你学的最好的一门课程是什么,简单介绍你对这门课的认识。

8、介绍你学的这个专业

9、你认为自己的特长、优缺点都有哪些

四、专业课面试中一定会问到的问题

1、感兴趣的方向

最好就是导师的研究方向。对所报考导师的学术观点、论文、专著应有较深的了解。面试的时候他的兴趣点,也很可能与他的研究方向有关。如果你的观点和导师的一致或者可以在他的基础上有所创新,那他一定会对你留下不错的印象。

2、可能会涉及现在正在做的毕业论文

如果是考大学本科专业的研究生,那么很多老师都会问及考生本科的毕业论文。在面试前一定要好好记得毕业论文的内容,一旦老师问起,不至于说不清楚。还有,考生可以讲本科论文和研究生专业有结合点的地方好好准备一下,到时候有话说。

3、一些主干专业课程的概念性的问题,一般不会很难,如果回来顺利的话老师会接着往深了问。如果老师问了一段时间的专业课问题,觉得还不错,然后问些专业之外的问题,例如兴趣爱好、性格特长,那么面试应该成功了一大半。

推荐第7篇:陕西西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词

陕西西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name.He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22.By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor.He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system.Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system.He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures.To protect against harament by the Hun aristocrats.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built.All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture.They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field.As a result, China’s ancient claics had been devastated and destroy.Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive.Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.” Emperor Qin Shihuang,for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain.These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other.Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated.What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened.However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.

No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum.In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey.The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum.This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad.In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permiion of the State Council.The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters.It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively.The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks.Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth.The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east.In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces.They are supposed to be the van of the formation.Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long.They are probably the main body of the formation.There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards.They are probably the flanks and the rear.There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is aumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed.The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten.But their shafts, cro yokes, and wheels, etc.left clear impreions on the earth bed.The copper parts of the chariots still remain.Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long.According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor.The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.

No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation.Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits.The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick.In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken.Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army.All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest.They look healthy and strong and have different facial expreions.Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy.They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on.The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted.As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural proce of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours.However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new.They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crobows and arrowheads.These weapons were exquisitely made.Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals.Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years.This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.

In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum.These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy.The four horses harneed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall.The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background.They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful.Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection.The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology.For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation.According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling.The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated.After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983.No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.

推荐第8篇:陕西历史博物馆英文导游词The Shaanxi History Museum

The Shaanxi History Museum Hello, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Shaanxi History Museum.First, I want to give you a brief introduction of this museum.Shaanxi History Museum is a sizable national museum with a wide range of artifacts.The museum shows a great deal of elegance and originality in style.It was designed by Zhang Jinqiu, a very famous female architect in China.Now we are in the Preface Hall.Here we can see a giant lion and three big pictures.The giant stone walking lion was originally erected in front of Shunling Mausoleum.It represents the cultural exchange between China and other countries.The maive picture shows the surging and roaring Yellow River and the vast Loe Plateau, the habit of Shanxi residents and the candle of their ancient civilization.//序言大厅

Ok, we are going to rhe first gallery.The first section focuses on the history of the Prehistoric Age.Here is the Liantian Ape-man, the foil of a human skull in Liantian.It was the earliest known Homo erectus in North Asia.And this is the painted pottery.There are a lot of symbols on the edge of it.//史前时代

Ok, we are going to the Zhou Dynasty which was a slave society.The bronze casting technology was in the high period, so we also call it the Bronze Age in Chinese history.The “ding” or tripod, which is a cooking utensilof ancient times, is the symbol of power and rank (and were things used by royal family members).Divination had to be practiced for all major activities at that time.A record of the divination results was carved onto the tortoise-shell or animal bone, which formed China’s earliest written script, known as “oracle bone inscription”.Here we can also see some other artifacts, like the Chime Bell, wine veels.//周代

And next, let’s come to the Qin Dynasty.Agriculture was integral to the economy of the Qin state.The iron implements unearthed from the site indecate that iron wares widely used instead of bronze wares.Here we see a tiger tally(虎符).The body of it can be divided into two halves.The left was held by the general while the right was held by the Emperor.When both pieces were matched together, the general was allowed to move the army.We can also see a bronze sword which retains its sharpne and glitter without a sign of rust after being buried for 2000 years.

1 Well, then, we come to the Han Dynasty.This is a very important historical stage in China’s history.The Han nationality was officially formed during this period.So did the languages.The Han city of chang’an was the first international metroplis in Chinese history.The Han Dynasty also paid great attentions to agriculture and animal husbandry.Here, we can see a national treasure- a Jade Seal(皇后玉玺).This one belonged to a queen in Han Dynasty.Called LuZhi, she was a very powerful woman at that time.And the gold and silver censer is another national treasure.Well, This lamp was very famous in Han Dynasty.At that time people lit an oil light on the round part.The smoke would collect in the stem and then would be filtered in the water filled body.//秦汉时代

Next, we come to the Wei, the Jin, the South and North Dynasties.It was the most turbulent period in ancirnt times.There were wars of unification and national dividion.This multi-faceted seal is made of jet, and there are 26 faces all together.The owner of it was DaGuXin.His three daughters were respectively married to three emperors.Therefore, people call him as the first father in law in ancient China.//魏晋南北朝

We will now to the third gallery of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.The Sui and Tang Dynasties was a period when China’s feudal society was at the height of its power and splendor.It also marked a golden era in the history of Shaanxi.The Sui Dynasty was a very short period, but it made a strong base for thre development of the Tang Dynasty.Compared with other dynasties, the Tang Dynasty got high marks for its economy, politics, and culture and so on.So next we will see some handicrafts of the Tang Dynasty.Here is the Tang Tri – colored glazed Pottery, which brought Chinese pottery craft into a new stage.And one of the best qualities of natioanl treasure is this Lotus-flower design golden-bowl.There are many design cuts on back of the lotus, such as dragon, phoenix, and deer and so on.It shows us the royal technology was very high.Well, this is a fresco, called “Chinese officals and Foreign Envoys”.It shows the active exchange of friendly and diplomatic visit between China and foreign countries during the Tang Danasty.Ok, ladies and gentlemen, here is a national treasure and is a symbol of our museum ---the Ox-headed Agate Cup.It was made out of one whole piece of agate.This one is one of the most valuable national treasures in our museum.

2 And in the end, let’s come to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.Since the song dynasty, Xi’an is no longer the capital but still very important.Here is a national treasure---the Green Glazed Bottom of the Song Dynasty.This kettle is not only beautiful,but has a principleof the pot bottom.Ok, everyone! So much for this today! We still have some free time.So next, you may look around and take some pictures.We’ll leave at 2 o’clock, so please do not be late.And I’ll stay here, if you have any question, pleak ask me.By the way, watch your step please! So next, it’s your turn.Thank you for listening.

推荐第9篇:陕西理工学院英文风采大赛总结书

校园文化艺术节活动之——

英风采大赛

英语俱乐部 2011年12月3日 文

为丰富全校同学们的课外文化生活,提高同学们的英语学习兴趣,我英语俱乐部特举办英文风采大赛,旨在提高我校学生英语口语水平,提倡标准化发音,同时也为同学们提供一个展示自我的舞台。本次活动从报名到决赛结束,深受广大同学们的喜爱,学生参与度覆盖面广,参与人数众多,影响力大。

一、活动信息

活动负责人:谢杰(机自095) 苏飞(电子093)

主持人:谢杰 邵晨一

演讲主题:From Walls to Bridges 参赛资格:陕西理工学院北区全体学生(不包括大四级学生)。

参赛人数:220人

二、大赛阶段:

1.海选(2011.11月5日举行)

海选评委: 罗帆 王佶 王攀峰

海选主要测试选手的发音及台风,演讲题目不限,演讲时间不超过90秒,尽量脱稿;我部从海选参赛者中选取60名晋级初赛。

2.初赛(2011.11月12日举行)

初赛评委: 谢杰 王颖皓 罗帆 杨雨晴

演讲题目不限,要求脱稿,演讲时间2分钟左右,主要测试选手的发音,台风及演讲连贯性等;初赛从60名参赛者中选取20名晋级半决赛。

3.半决赛(2011.11月19日举行)

半决赛评委: 魏晓斌 朱丹 唐辉

半决主持人:谢杰 卢天一 半决赛演讲主题为From Walls to Bridges,演讲时间3分钟+/-15秒,主要测试选手的台风及应变能力。半决赛分为定题演讲和即兴问答两个环节。(评委为大外部老师);半决赛将由20名参赛者中选取10名晋级决赛。

4.决赛(2011,12月2日举行)

决赛评委:王建武 张海彦 魏晓斌 张明杰 朱丹 雷伍峰 外教Andy 外教Elisheva

决赛主持人:谢杰 邵晨一

决赛流程:定题演讲+提问→风采展示→即兴演讲;

三、活动花费:782.

5元

四、活动出现问题总结

1.海选与初赛中很多选手未充分准备,演讲稿内容非原创,且未脱稿。

2.本次比赛参赛人数男生较女生少,且男生整体实力不如女生。

3.对于决赛主题from walls to bridges,选手未充分理解题意,演讲稿内容枯燥,单一,无新意;

注:From Walls to Bridges立意点

1) 遇到困难,不气馁,调整心态,奋勇向前,架起一座通向成功的桥梁。(wall视作困难) 2) 创新意识。摆脱固定思维,找出一条创新之路(wall视为固定思维,bridge视为创新意识) 3) 有效沟通。

a.朋友间(friendship)

b.父母子女间(harmonious family)

c.邻居间(the milk of human kindne人情味)

d.社会惨剧的避免(mutual understanding and tolerance理解,忍让)

4.决赛风采展示部分选手未准备充分,导致决赛可观性差,总体质量下降。

5.决赛多媒体打开时间迟,致使多媒体出现问题无时间修复,话筒出现啸叫,影响主持人发挥及在场观众情绪。

6.本次活动宣传面不广,致使有的学生不知道有此赛事,错过参赛机会。

推荐第10篇:陕西专升本英文写作必背句型

专升本英文写作必背句型

一、~ the + ~ est +名词+(that)+主词+ have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read,etc)

~ the most +形容词+名词+(that)+主词+ have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read,etc)

例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr.Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~ er than to + V Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~ too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)

例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V……(不可否认的……)

例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that +句子(全世界都知道……)

例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that +句子(毫无疑问的……)

例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~ is that +句子(……的优点是……)

例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create(produce)any pollution. 1

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why +句子~ is that +句子(……的原因是……)

例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So +形容词+ be +主词+ that +句子(如此……以致于……)

例句:So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be,S + V~(虽然……)

例句:Rich as our country is,the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.{by no means = in no way = on no account一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V,~ the + ~er + S + V ~ The + more + Adj + S + V,~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~(愈……愈……)

例句:The harder you work,the more progre you make.

你愈努力,你愈进步。

The more books we read,the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, can (借着……,……能够……

例句:By taking exercise,we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V(……使……能够……)

例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。转自 安 通 学 校www.daodoc.com

四、On no account can we + V ~(我们绝对不能……)

例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It is time + S +过去式(该是……的时候了) 2

例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

六、Those who ~(……的人……)

例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There is no one but ~(没有人不……)

例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.

没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V(不得不……)

例句:Since the examination is around the corner,I am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。

九、It is conceivable that +句子(可想而知的)

It is obvious that +句子(明显的)

It is apparent that +句子(显然的)

例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

十、That is the reason why ~(那就是……的原因)

例句:Summer is sultry.That is the reason why I don‘t like it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For the past +时间,S +现在完成式……(过去……年来,……一直……)

例句:For the past two years,I have been busy preparing for the examination.

过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。

第11篇:陕西支教

在做完了自我介绍后,就开始做互动游戏。桃花朵朵开和穿越火线,其实就是锻炼学生的性格和加强师生的感情吧!不过效果不怎么样的,学生都很内向,放不开。不过大家貌似这个时候开始认我做老大的吧。先是那7,8个小孩认我做老大,然后其他小孩都跟大流,叫我老大。那个时候我不准他们叫,他们却依旧叫着。这些小孩中有一个叫文学的孩子,一开始做自我介绍的时候,我就发现他很吊的那种,我发现他很需要教育的那种。下午,赛扶团队的时间,他们给学生讲一些卫生知识。还有一个比较有意思的事情,就是张毅杰这个人比较搞笑,他喜欢和大家开玩笑。记得他和张景武的吵架,就是说他被张经武坑了,来到这个鸟地方,什么都没有,自己还得花钱,说以后再有张景武的活动,他一定不会去的。张景武就是那种特别和气的那种,听了也不怎么生气的。不过张毅洁有时候有点过分的,张景武就会有点生气的感觉,张毅洁就会

第12篇:陕西煤业

陕西煤业是国内煤炭行业巨头,为探明储量仅次于中国神华、中煤能源的大型煤炭企业。截止2013年9月30日,公司总资产851.9亿元,所有者权益410.6亿元,归属母公司所有者权益为309.7亿元。2013年前三季度营业收入281.85亿元,归属母公司股东净利润31.9亿元,分别比2012年同期下降16.78%和61.65%。陕西煤业募投资金计划由2011年末的20亿股172亿元缩减至10亿股98亿元。募投项目由于过去两年公司已用自有资金进行建设,因此项目内容和计划投入资金量有所删减:原计划的最大募集项目神渭输煤管道项目投入由68亿减少至21亿;交易中心与信息化建设项目在新募投计划中去除(16.6亿);补充流动资金量由30亿元减少至20亿元。 神渭输煤管道项目是国内首创:管道长距离物料运输在各个矿种上均有应用,国际上应用管道运输较多的矿种是铁精矿、铜精矿。煤炭远距离运输在国内尚无先例,但美国在上世纪50年代就建立了黑迈萨运煤管道并成功运行20余年。黑迈萨运煤管道设计运输量450万吨/年,运输距离439公里,煤浆平均浓度为45-50%。陕煤神渭输煤管道项目建成后将显著降低公司煤炭外运运费,有利于公司新增产能有效释放。

公司开采成本控制较为严格,因此在原煤销售价格较低的情况下,陕煤2013年下半年仍能保持100元左右的吨煤利润,难能可贵。预计陕西煤业2013-15年EPS约为0.38元、0.41元和0.48元。按照A股市场可比公司目前估值情况以及公司2013年中期净资产情况,我们认为陕西煤业首发价格估值较为合理,略低于行业平均值。综合考虑公司未来巨大的资源整合能力和目前较低的吨煤生产成本可抵御行业寒流,我们给予公司“谨慎推荐”评级,判断公司二级市场股票价格区间为3.8-5.2元。

风险提示:在建煤矿无法按期投产;煤炭价格持续低迷;输煤管道建设进度低于预期

第13篇:陕西剪纸

我身边的历史—陕西剪纸

探究过程:小时候经常听妈妈讲过年剪窗花的趣事,使我对剪纸艺术产生浓厚兴趣,此后我搜集许多剪纸艺术品,很想全面了解陕西剪纸的历史、种类、刻法。于是在假期我走访了西安书院门,欣赏了更多剪纸艺术品,了解更多有关知识,大大开了拓眼界,并且上网搜集了有关资料,使我对剪纸有了更加深入、全面的认识。

一、陕西剪纸简介:

剪纸,又叫刻纸,窗花或剪画。区别在创作时,有的用剪子,有的用刻刀,虽然工具有别,但创作出来的艺术作品基本相同,人们统称为剪纸。剪纸是一种镂空艺术,其在视觉上给人以透空的感觉和艺术享受。其载体可以是纸张、金银箔、树皮、树叶、布、皮、革等片状材料。

陕西是民间艺术大省,窗花剪纸在全国享有很高的声誉,建国后,先后被国家文化部命名为“剪纸之乡”的有:安塞、洛川、富县、旬邑、定边、靖边6个县,还有宝鸡、凤翔、千阳、澄城、华县、合阳、大荔、延长、黄陵、佳县、高陵等县,作品在国内外多次展出并获奖,有些剪纸艺术家被邀请出访法国、美国、日本等几十个国家,

二、陕西剪纸的常见题材:

陕西民间剪纸内容丰富,取材大多源于生活中的人物、动物、建筑、花卉、场景、民间戏曲和故事等。 艺术源于生活而又高于生活。剪纸作为一种民间艺术形式,在整个创作过程中像文学作品和绘画艺术那样,创作者借助不同的人物、动物等形象用各种手法构成带有不同寓意的艺术画面,借物传情,以物言志,来表达作者自己独特的认识和审美感受,直接而大胆地反映出客观世界和理想追求。每逢岁时节令,那些年过半百的老大娘和淳朴俊秀的姑娘们围坐一起剪刻出不同的花样,农历年时,家家剪贴出不同大小、不同花卉或动物图案的窗花,表现一派喜庆的气氛。正月十五闹花灯,灯上贴不同图案的剪纸,绚丽引人,增添了节日的气氛。清明节时,剪贴\"五毒\",以之避疫。重阳节时,剪贴重阳旗,寓意步步等高。 常见的《十二生肖》系列剪纸,以十二生肖动物形象为题材,用阳刻或阴刻等不同表现手法和不同构图形式剪出了鼠、牛、虎、兔等动物的不同姿态,反映了陕西民间艺术的博大精深和无穷魅力。民间剪纸,在一定程度上体现着劳动人民的性格气质、体现着他们的精神和心理的基本素质。陕西民间剪纸源远流长,世代相传,造型别具一格。

三、陕西剪纸的发展历程

(1)早期奠定的基础,人们运用薄片材料,通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品,即以雕、镂、剔、刻、剪的技法在金箔、皮革、绢帛,甚至在树叶上剪刻纹样。

(2)在公元前的西汉时代(公元前6世纪)纸被发明,出现真正意义上的剪纸汉代纸的发明促使了剪纸的出现、发展与普及。我国西北地区天干少雨,气候干燥,纸张也不易霉烂,这也可能是新疆吐鲁番地区发现北朝剪纸的一个重要原因之一。

(3)唐代剪纸已处于大发展时期,当时剪纸手工艺术水平已极高,画面构图完整,唐代流行颉,其镂花木版纹样具有剪纸特色,唐代民间还出现了利用剪纸形式制作的漏版印花板,人们用厚纸雕刻成花版,将染料漏印到布匹上,形成美丽的图案。 (4)宋代造纸业成熟,纸品名目繁多,为剪纸的普及提供了条件。用于“礼花”、“窗花”、灯彩、茶盏的装饰;作为陶瓷的花样,通过上釉、烧制使陶瓷更加精美;采用剪纸的形式,用驴、牛、马、羊等动物的皮、雕刻成皮影戏的人物造型;蓝印花布工艺制作的镂花制版是用油纸板雕镂成纹,刮浆印花的花版纹样就是采用剪纸的技法,有阴、阳刻之分,长线要割断,以点分虚实。

(5)明、清时期剪纸手工艺术走向成熟,并达到鼎盛时期。广泛运用于民间灯彩上的花饰,扇面上的纹饰,以及刺绣的花样。民间常常将剪纸作为装饰家居的饰物,美化居家环境,如门栈、窗花、柜花、喜花,棚顶花等。女红成为我国传统女性完美的一个重要标志,女孩子从小就要学习的手工艺,通过临剪、重剪、画剪、描绘自己熟悉而热爱的自然景物,鱼虫鸟兽、花草树木、亭桥风景,以至最后达到随心所欲的境界,信手剪出新的花样来。

四、剪纸刻法

(1)阳刻 : 以线为主,把造型的线留住,其他部分剪去,并且线线相连,还要把形留住,开以外的剪去,称为正形。

(2)阴刻 : 以块为主,把图形的线剪去,线线相断,并且把形剪空,称为负形。 (3)阴阳刻 :阳刻与阴刻的结合。

五、剪纸作品中的象征寓意。

剪纸作品借动物、植物等形象表达特定的含义。例如,在中国龙是权利、威望的象征,但在剪纸中的龙常常与凤相结合,中国人常用“龙凤呈祥”表示对新人的祝福。“鱼跃龙门”象征着更上一层楼,改变自身命运和前途的飞跃。需要表达延年益寿的主题时,常借用松树、仙鹤、寿桃、寿星等图文。在传统剪纸作品中常用以下植物、动物、器具等借物喻意。

植物类:

石榴——象征多子多孙,多福多寿。

万年青——象征长寿。

松——象征长生不老,富贵延年。

桃子——象征长寿。

兰花——象征俊雅高贵且内秀,含蓄柔美。 牡丹——富丽、大度、美艳,有王者风范,象征富贵显赫。 月季——象征美好、幸福,含有“四季”和“长春”之意。 荷花——洁美、幽雅宁静,比喻纯洁、善良、洁身自好。 梅花——象征清高素洁、深沉、自信。

百合——象征百事合心,百年好合。瓜果——象征子孙繁多,家族兴旺。 动物类:

鹤——象征长寿。

狮——象征威猛、霸气。 凤凰——象征生活美满。

孔雀——象征美好、爱情。 喜鹊——象征喜庆

蝙蝠——象征福(蝠谐音福)。 蝴蝶——象征夫妇好合、情深意长和长寿(碟谐音耋)。 人物类:

寿星——象征长寿。

福星——象征福气。 财神——象征财富。

观音——象征生子赐福。 合和二仙——象征婚姻好合。

六、总结:

中国民间剪纸手工艺术,犹如一株常春藤,古老而长青,它特有的普及性、实用性、审美性成为了符合民众心理需要的象征意义。在其中所蕴涵的精神,则充满了现代艺术的哲理。这种艺术和设计的创作活动,持续地保留和渗透了人类意识深处的奇思妙想,所呈现出来的这种美妙的视觉感知,必将给艺术和设计作品带来无限的生机与无穷的回味。

西安是全国的地理中心 南来北往的交通要道 又是一个历史名城.西安有着3100多年的建城史,先后有周、秦、汉、唐等13个王朝在这里建都。西安境内有重点文物保护单位282处,其中国家级重点文物保护单位34处,省级重点文物保护单位72处,馆库藏文物12万余件。被誉为“世界第八奇迹”的秦始皇兵马俑坑,目前世界上保存最完整、规模最大的古城墙--西安明城墙及周沣镐、秦阿房宫、汉长安城、唐大明宫四大遗址等,皆为人类珍贵的历史文化遗产。

一、西安概况

西安是陕西省省辖市,陕西省省会。位于关中盆地中部秦岭北麓,地跨渭河南北两岸。

南和东南以秦岭山脉主脊为界,与汉中市、商洛地区相邻;西以黑河西之太白山及青化台原为界,与宝鸡市接壤;西北以渭河为界,与咸阳市隔河相望;东北大致以荆山黄土台原为界,与渭南市、咸阳市毗连;东以零河和灞源山地为界,与渭南市相接。南北最大纵距约100公里.地势南高北低,相差悬殊。秦岭山地与渭河平原是西安地貌的主体。秦岭为褶皱断块山脉,东西延伸,横亘于西安市南部,辖区内长约200公里,南北宽约10~40公里,一般海拔1500~2000米,周至县、户县、长安县域一带海拔2000~2400米,蓝田一带海拔1800~2000米。高度自西而东呈波浪式缓降。发源于秦岭山区的河流,自南而北,切割秦岭山地,形成许多深邃的峡谷,成为关中平原出入秦岭的通道。关中平原主要由渭河及其支流冲积而成的洪积-冲积平原、山前洪积扇群组成,一般海拔400~600米 。渭河各支流出秦岭,切割洪积扇和黄土台原,形成自山口通向渭河的多条河谷。

西安城区已初步形成两环(环城路、二环路)四横(东西大街及其延伸线、莲湖路及其延伸线、友谊路、小寨路)三竖(南北大街及其延伸线、解放路-雁塔路、含光路及其延伸线)的道路网骨架,连接24条主干道、120条支干线和8个重要道路出入口.最佳旅游季节:春暖花开的3-5月和秋高气爽的9-11月

关中八景

华岳仙掌关中八景,所在地长安,又名长安八景,是八处关中地区著名的文物风景胜地。西安碑林中有一块碑石,用诗和画的形式描述了关中地区的锦绣河山。这块碑石刻于清康熙十九年 (公元1680年),作者朱集义,距今已有三百多年的历史。碑面书、画、诗为一体,分十六格,一景一画,即:

华岳仙掌、骊山晚照、灞柳风雪、曲江流饮、雁塔晨钟、咸阳古渡、草堂烟雾、太白积雪。

华岳仙掌望崤涵,雁塔晨钟响城南。

骊山晚照披秦地,曲江流饮绕长安。

灞柳风雪三春暖,太白积雪六月寒。

草堂烟雾紧相连,咸阳古渡几千年。

在游玩之际,你时不时的就会听到憨厚老实的陕西人为你吼上两句正宗的陕西秦腔,还可以看朴实的陕西人在你的面前做糖人,面花,剪窗花,做木板年画,还有栩栩如生的皮影戏。

想必古都西安的这些美景都会让你的眼睛感觉到应接不暇吧,那好咱们来说说西安这座古城中的那些美食吧。

在古城西安,牛羊肉泡馍,是独具西安方邦特色的著名小吃,迄今已有百年历史。

传说,牛羊肉泡是在公元前11世纪古代\"牛羊羹\"的基础上演化而来的。西周时 曾将\"牛羊羹\"列为国王、诸侯的\"礼馔\"。据《宋书》记载, 南北朝时,毛修之因向宋武帝献上牛羊羹这一绝味,武帝竞封为太官史,后又升为尚书光禄大夫。还有一段风趣的传说,大宋皇帝赵匡胤称帝前受困于长安,终日过着忍饥挨饿的生活,一日来到一家正在煮制牛羊肉的店铺前,掌柜见其可怜,遂让其把自带的干馍掰碎,然后给他浇了一勺滚热肉汤放在火上煮透。赵匡胤狼吞虎咽地吞食,感到其味是天下最好吃的美食。后来,赵匡胤黄袍加身,做了皇帝,一日,路过长安,仍不忘当年在这里吃过的牛羊肉煮馍,同文武大臣专门找到这家饭铺吃了牛羊肉泡馍,仍感鲜美无比,胜过山珍海味,并重赏了这家店铺的掌柜。皇上吃泡馍的故事一经传开,牛羊肉泡成了长安街上的著名小吃。北宋大文学家苏东坡曾有\"陇馔有熊腊,秦烹唯羊羹\"的赞此外,大家游乐乐一天,一定会口干舌燥的,不管没关系,接下来我给大家介绍西安的黄金饮品-----黄桂稠酒。在西安,从大酒店到街坊小吃铺,到处都在卖热气腾腾的稠酒,以至很多西安的老人和小孩也都能给外地客说出几句有关杨贵妃与稠酒的传说来.

黄桂稠酒是用糯米和小曲酿成的甜酒,因其配有芳香的黄桂而得名。此酒状如玉液,绵甜醇香,回味悠长,据说其历史可追溯到周代的\"醪醴\"。经考证,在蒸馏酒发明以前,我们的老祖宗们一直喝的就是这种米酒,尤其是唐代,\"李白斗酒诗百篇,长安市上酒家眠,天子呼来不上船,自称臣是酒中仙。\"杜甫此处所说的\"斗酒\"即是指稠酒。

除了上面介绍的那些美食外西安还有荞面饸饹、贾三灌汤包子、陕西凉皮、泡泡油糕、岐山面、葫芦头、肉加馍、饺子宴等人间难食几人回的那些美味佳肴,琼汁仙露。他们都在那静静的等候你的品尝哦

陕西八大怪

第一怪:妇女帕帕头上戴——蹚土多,太阳晒,出门手帕头上戴。 第二怪:家家房子半边盖——房子半边盖,屋檐滴水不流外。 第三怪:板凳不坐蹲起来——站着腰疼,坐下窝,圪蹴说话最受活。

第四怪:面条宽得像裤带——擀厚、切宽,把醋调酸,吃一碗,耐一天。

第五怪:锅盔大得赛锅盖——硬面锅盔像锅盖,出门干粮人好带。

第六怪:油泼辣子一道菜——关中人,脾气怪,辣子加馍不就菜。

第七怪:秦腔大戏吼起来——拉弦索,敲桄桄,自娱自乐吼秦腔。

第八怪:姑娘一般不对外——姑娘从不思远嫁,结亲常不出十里八里外。

陕西民俗文化

秦腔

也称为“乱弹”是陕西地方戏的主要剧种,也是我国现存戏曲艺术中最古老的剧种,是京剧、豫剧、川剧、河北邦子等剧种的鼻祖,其唱腔、道白、脸谱、身段、角色、门类和演技均自成体系。它发祥与陕西关中,流传于西北地区。其特点是:慷慨激昂,宽音大桑.在西安,以西安易俗社,陕西省戏曲研究院的秦腔最为著名皮影戏

皮影戏

是中国民间广为流传的道具戏之一,通过灯光把雕刻精巧的皮影戏映照在屏幕上,由艺人们在幕后操动影人,伴以音乐和歌唱,是一种深受人民欢迎的古老而又奇特的戏曲艺术。皮影萌芽于汉,发展于唐,兴盛在宋朝。陕西是中国皮影戏的发源地,其皮影之盛行至今仍为全国之冠.重点主要在农村,体制多样,组织分工严格有序,保留着民间说书的历史痕迹 ,是近代陕西诸种戏曲的前身。陕西皮影不仅唱腔种类繁多,表演技术高超,而且影人的雕刻技艺也达到了很高的水平。传统剧目有《会阵招亲》《游西湖》等。 眉户

眉户在陕西关中地区最为流行,也为外省如甘肃、宁夏、青海、河南、山西等地群众所喜欢,它是由民歌脱胎发展而来的。盛行于华阴、华县地区的称东路眉户,西路眉户最早盛行于眉县及户县,唱腔委婉细腻优美动听。眉户的唱腔音乐有50多个曲牌,可以表现人物在舞台上丰富的情感和曲折的剧情。

户县农民画

陕西农民画原于民间,所画内容多取材于人物、动物、花鸟等,构图简洁美观,注重色彩数量,追求强烈的直观效果,乡土风情浓厚,内容健康,朴实,给人积极向上的激情.色彩艳丽,笔法自由,同时也兼收中外其他美术派别的长处,给作品增添了新的格调.形成了独特的艺术风格,深受国内外游客和专家的好评。陕西农民画主要分布在关中的户县,陕北的安塞和洛川。户县被誉为“农民画之乡”已拥有2000多名土生土长的农民画家,许多优秀作品被国内外艺术馆收藏。

陕北剪纸

剪纸俗称窗花,为聪慧的劳动妇女所创作,她浓缩着古老的黄河文化.每逢春节,家家窗上,门上贴满各式各样剪纸,把人们喜庆,快乐的感情表达得淋漓尽致.近年来,这株黄土高原出生的民族艺术之花飘洋过海,深受国外宾朋的欢迎.凤翔木板年画

已有四百七十多年的历史,有深厚的群众基础,扎根于农村.从年画画稿,调版,印刷到彩绘,都是乡村劳动人民在农闲时,手工操作.按农民生产,生活美好期望取材,按农民传统爱好的造型配色习惯而研制的.经过不断的吸收前人兴味,艺人逐步修改,提高出新,形成了都特的艺术风格.在陕,甘,宁,青,川一带享有盛名,在国外也有一定影响. 面花

面花的制作盛行于陕西关中和陕北,当地人称为花馍。每逢婚丧嫁娶,年节庆典,乡亲们制做出各种各样的花馍,造型别致,形态逼真,或摆茶陈列,或馈赠亲朋,即可食用,又是一种独具地方特色的艺术品。制作花馍,和面、蒸馍的火候都有讲究,只有那些技术高超的人才能蒸出形状好、不变形的花馍。 仿秦兵马俑

随着秦兵马俑的发掘与展出,秦兵马俑复制品也日渐成为中外游客理想的纪念品和礼品。其造型逼真,品种适宜于艺术馆、博物馆等陈列,也可供家庭陈设、装饰、馈赠亲友。满足了中外游人的购物需求,使秦俑走出陕西,遍迹世界。 仿秦铜车马

秦铜车马是1980年我国考古工作者在秦始皇陵东侧挖掘出土的两件大型彩绘铜车马,工艺精湛,造型生动。仿秦铜车马形象栩栩如生,能以假乱真,既满足了中外游人的购物需求,又充实了我国工艺美术品宝库。

唐三彩陶

是在汉代单色釉陶的基础上创造出来的新品种,是在白地的陶胎上,刷上一层无色釉,在用黄,绿,青等色加以装饰,烧制而成,色彩鲜丽,光泽柔和,各种栩栩如生的人物,动物俑,实属三彩之冠.

凤翔彩绘泥塑

凤翔彩绘泥塑以造型优美、色彩艳丽、生动逼真而享誉海内外。传说明代朱元璋的军队驻扎此地,士兵大都是江西老表,会制陶手艺。落户为农后,他们在农闲时做些玩具和礼物,久而久之,发展成为今天的彩绘泥塑。随着旅游事业的发展,这朵古老的民间艺术之花更加繁盛,成为陕西重要的旅游纪念品。

第14篇:陕西三线建设

我所经历的陕西“三线建设”(转帖)

标签: 陕西三线建设

2010-04-07 19:37阅读(344)评论(0)

编者的话:1964年,我国处于国内经济状况全面好转,但国际环境日益险恶的局面。鉴于此种形势,中共中央在1964年5月召开的中央工作会议上,作出了“集中力量,抓紧时间,建设三线,加强国防,进行备战”的战略决策,陕西正是进行“三线”建设的重要省份之一,并在1965年正式开始进行“三线”建设。1966年1月11日,西北局三线建设委员会正式成立,统一领导和组织西北的“三线建设”。1968年8月14日,陕西省革命委员会在生产组下设置了内地建设办公室,12月1日决定将内地建设办公室交省革委会“三线”建设指挥部领导,为了加强对“三线”建设的领导,省革委会又于12月5日成立了“基本建设指挥部”,进行陕西省的基本建设指挥(1971年11月撤销了“省基建指挥部”,成立了“省革委会基本建设委员会”)。在从1966年——1979年长达15年的时间里,国家在陕西投入建设资金208.38亿元,建成投产工业企业2400个。经过这场大规模的建设,陕西不仅形成了工业新格局,更对陕西社会经济的发展,产生了深远的影响。

任钧同志在1965年——1980年间,担任着陕西省基本建设委员会主任(1965年11月——1967年2月)、省革委会基本建设委员会副主任(1968年11月——1974年底)、省革委会基本建设委员会主任(1974年底——1980年2月),并任陕西省基本建设委员会党组书记(1965年11月——1967年2月)、省革委会基本建设委员会党的核心小组副组长(1970年12月1975年12月)、省革委会基本建设委员会党的核心小组组长(1976年1月——1978年6月)等职务,直接领导并参与顾许多大型基建任务的建设。据此,采访组在2007年4月间多次采访任老,请他记述了这段工作经历。以下是采访组根据本人回忆整理的采访内容,

严格来讲,“三线”建设的范围应该有两个,为什么这样说呢?是因为一个是国家统一规划的建设,这叫做“大三线”建设;一个是各个地方自己规划的,叫“小三线”建设。“大三线”建设的范围主要是包括四川、青海、甘南、陕西、豫西、鄂西北等地,陕西主要分布在关中和陕南。“大三线”建设是由国家进行投资,“小三线”建设则是由各个地方自己进行的建设项目,比如陕西省建立的自己的地方小军工,这就属于“小三线建设”。“小三线”建设主要建立了一些小的军工厂,准备用来战时武装群众,陕西当时还建立了一个战时指挥中心。

在进行建设时,主要遵循着“靠山、分散、隐蔽”的原则,有时也称“山、散、洞”。依据这个原则进行的建设,从备战来讲,是比较好的。从这些单位来讲,则有些不便的地方,比如职工子女上学、家属就业、物资供应等等就比较困难。但现在看来,“三线”建设的布局有它的道理,总体上是基本合理的。

“三线”建设的核心主要是国防工业,其它项目是为了配合国防工业而服务的。中央研究以后,由各部把项目带到陕西来。来到陕西,陕西只能支持,投资全部是由国家财政投资的。其他相应配套的建设,虽然也都是属于建设内容,但都是围绕着国家的战略布局,以国防工业为中心,其它项目就一个一个都跟着上,互相配合。

“三线”建设从中央来讲,主要就是考虑备战问题,在中央的统一调动之下。中央确定进入陕西的项目,我们就是尽量使它能够落实,在落实过程中,和有关方面进行组织协调。“三线”建设是全国统一调动的,各个地方都是积极配合,发挥地方政府应起的作用。有项目来了以后,我们先了解他们的建设要求、建设规模、建设方向,然后进行选址,选定以后,如果省上、当地政府、工厂三方都同意,就算确定了,具体工作就由当地的建委或建设局去实施。比如征地、处理与农民的关系问题、对企业相关服务的问题、地方建筑材料的配合问题等等,都由当地政府去负责。中间如果发生问题,我们再出面协商,目的就是要让工厂能够顺利地建设。作为建委来说,主要就起这个作用。在建设过程中,我们陕西对“三大材料”,(即木材、钢材、水泥)是无力提供的,主要由中央统一调配。地方主要是提供“五小材料”,即砖瓦灰沙石,也建了一些小水泥窑,但生产的水泥因标号低,不能用于重要工程。从建设选址到建成这个过程中,由省建委与各地、市、县有关单位逐步协调。建成以后,属于民用的,党的关系就由当地党委管理;属于国防企业的,就归省国防科工委管;具体研究什么、生产什么,都由中央各部直接管理。

一般中央分到陕西的各个项目,我们地方都是全力配合、使它能顺利地建设,但我们也不是全盘都接收,也是要经过讨论的。记得当时有一个项目想放在西安,具体是什么我记不清了,建委研究后认为它的用水量太大,而西安的水资源是比较缺乏的,所以就不同意它进入西安。后来他们去找省委书记处书记肖纯。肖纯就询问我们相关情况,我们向肖解释:西安的水资源紧张、比较缺乏,像这种用水量太大的企业进入西安以后,问题比较多,因为这不是一家一户的问题,而是关系到整个西安的问题,所以最后这个项目被否定了。当然绝大多数能安排的都安排下来了,确实不能解决的,考虑再三也就拒绝了。

“三线”建设总的来说,是按基本建设程序进行的。比如说修一个工厂,首先要“三通一平”(电通、水通、路通,土地平整)。要修铁路,先得通公路,必须得按基本建设的程序来。但由于当时特定的环境、条件,所以有些工程也不是完全按程序来,比如建设襄渝铁路,即湖北襄樊到重庆(当时属四川省)的这条铁路,修的时候公路并没有通,所以当时就是公路、铁路一起上。我从安康到紫阳,在修建襄渝线的这段走了个来回,所经之处到处都是施工队,人山人海。

进行这么大规模的建设就带来了许多问题。首先,生活物资供应跟不上,不要说没有菜吃,粮食供应都困难,有些地方甚至连食盐都断供了。我们有几个同志长期在安康工作,说买盐困难,所以我们去安康时,就给他们带一些盐过去。陕西的“三线”建设,当时即使按照建设程序办,也是全面开花,全面建设的,所以物资供应相当紧张。汉中有个别国防工厂,在建设时因砖供应不上,用火车由外省运砖。我记得有些地方,我们去了以后必须按时到饭馆去吃饭,因为人家卖饭是有固定时间的,过了这个时间就吃不上饭了。当时从安康到紫阳这段路上,有些地方就没有卖饭的,我们只能到机关单位或者去施工队去吃饭。你想,那么多人进行建设,粮食的供应是个大问题。铁道兵(在襄渝线施工)就组织民工从四川背粮,这样就对人力、财力造成了一定的浪费。

再一个,我说说“三线”建设和“文化大革命”的关系。

“三线”建设时期(1965年——1979年),也夹杂着十年“文化大革命”,因此,它们是搅在一起,同时进行的。那么,在当时的情况下,“三线”如何进行建设呢?这里先谈谈当时的社会背景。“文化大革命”开始以后,学校停课,学生全国大串连,只要通火车的地方都可以乘坐火车随便去,因为“造反”是“革命”行动,所以许多人也是坐着火车到处游逛。单位普遍被“造反派”夺权,不管你是不是“走资派”(即“走资本主义道路的当权派”),都得夺权。如果“造反派”定你是“走资派”,那就会被关进“牛棚”,没有人身自由,想怎么批斗就怎么批斗,侮辱人格、殴打是常事。有些人受不了折磨,自杀身亡。但在那个时候,自杀也就自杀了,造反派会说“造反有理”,自杀就是自绝于人民。没有被定为“走资派”的单位领导都靠边站,这些人也是人人自危。当时的社会秩序大乱,对人民生活的影响、精神的伤害,对生产的破坏、教育的破坏、文化的破坏是很大的。

但即使是在这样混乱情况下,“三线”建设仍旧坚持着,并且取得了很大的成就,原因何在?这主要是因为当时进行“三线”建设是为了备战,是结合当时的国际形势、为准备打仗而进行的建设。只要是负责“三线”建设,就好比得到了尚方宝剑,不管你是什么人,有什么理由,“三线”建设是谁也不能破坏的。这也就是为什么在“*”中,“三线”建设仍然取得了很大成就的原因。从陕西来讲,陕西省建委是执行“三线”建设的单位,我当时是建委主任兼党组书记。在建委,我平素和机关的干部、工人关系相处得比较好;再一个,因为要抓三线,有“三线”建设这个尚方宝剑,所以当时建委的情况比较好,相对稳定。1967年2月,建委机关全体人员开大会夺权,对我宣布:从今天夺权以后,你应该在“造反派”监督之下工作,至于如何监督则没有说明。对我来说,我的责任就更轻了,因为党组工作没有了,机关事务性工作也不用我去管,这样我就可以专心致志地去搞“三线”建设,有更多的时间去建设现场看。但这样也引起了外界的注意,觉得你建委是怎么进行“文化大革命”的,只是出了些大字报,各处室工作照常进行,不像别的单位在开批斗会、揪斗会,你们怎么没有大的动静呢?所以在“*”开始后不久,西安交大就派了名为“炮战队”的小组进驻了建委机关,为什么叫“炮战队”呢,这是因为他们认为建委是个顽固堡垒,仅用机枪是攻打不下来的,必须要用大炮来轰,所以他们就起名为“炮战队”,意即要用炮来摧毁“顽固堡垒”。来了以后,他们想从机关内部挑起斗争,结果怎么也挑不起来,驻了一个月后,就悄无声息地走了。虽然“炮战队”走了,但这不等于没有事情了。

随即,陕西省建筑工程局的大字报就贴出来了,指责省建委是阻挡“文化大革命”的阻力。当时工程局下属有五个建筑公司,还有许多工厂,所以他们认为自己力量比较强大,就想煽动起群众,把火烧向建委,进而整垮建委。就在这种混乱的局势下,从1967年开始,陕西省军区派出了“支左”[1]部队进驻了建委。当时的建委机关干部也就有五十多人,而“支左”部队的干部就来了二十多人,在进驻建委的“支左”队伍中,有陕西省军区副司令员李学廉,副政委陈效真,咸阳军分区的司令员以及许多团职干部,这个阵容是相当强大的。如果说他们单纯是支持“左派”闹革命的话,建委才多少人,那他们来两三个人也就够了,这里面另有深意。虽然他们名义上是支持左派闹革命,但实质上真正目的是来保护“三线”建设的正常进行的。这时有一些“造反派”又来省建委造反,解放军就出面解决问题,他们名义上是支左部队,是来支持“左派”闹革命的,“造反派”再来客观上就多此一举,这样就把来的“造反派”挡回去了。我不了解别的单位的“支左”情况是什么样的,所以不能说所有的“支左”部队都和建委的情况一样,但来建委“支左”的解放军,和我在一起相处的时间很长,我是了解他们的,在“支左”的这段时间里,他们是全心全意地维护“三线”建设的,除了保护建委的工作不受干扰外,有些同志还到“三线”建设的工地上去看,了解情况,碰到问题还会提一些好的建议。所以说到建委来的这些“支左”干部,确确实实是保护了“三线”建设的,他们在保证我们工作的顺利进行中起到了很大的作用。

讲这些,也可以让大家了解一下当时的情况,到处都是造反派,批斗、揪人,乱哄哄的,你说在这种情况下“三线”建设怎么搞嘛。所以说在当时进行正常的建设确实是很困难的。我到各个工地去,有的工地有“造反派”,他们持棍在门口站岗,我们经过说明情况,一般都是畅通无阻,可以进去的。有一天我到一个运载火箭试验基地去,这个试验基地当时秩序比较好,里边没有什么贴大字报、揪斗这些事,完全是集中精力搞建设。但在它的附近有“造反派”,一天“造反派”来到单位,在门口遇到哨兵的阻拦,单位告诉这些“造反派”,现在省上有搞“三线”建设的人正在这里,需要问一下他们的意见。单位的同志来问我,我说你们单位的工作属于国家的重要机密,你告诉他,他们谁是能够对暴露国家机密负责任的人,谁就进来,如果不敢负这个责任,那就不要进来。“造反派”一听这话,感觉事关重大,最后还是走了。所以在当时,“三线”建设是一个尚方宝剑,只要说破坏“三线”建设,他就担不起这个责任,正因为是这样,所以在*那样*的年代中,“三线”建设一直没有停止,而且取得了重要的成绩。

我在汉中时还碰到过一件事,因为要备战,所以当时北京大学在汉中褒城成立了一个分校,正在打一个大的山洞,以备战时把它作为研究试验基地。有一天我去看,去了以后,他们正要开批斗大会,当时我觉得有些奇怪,因为他们派过来的人都是搞“三线”建设的,“走资派”是不会来的,他们都在北京,那他们批谁呢?当时领导北大分校建设的是北大校长周培源,周培源也是全国学术界的知名人士。我看见他坐在一个藤椅上,坐在那里挨批。我想,周培源也不是“走资派”,他们为什么要这么做呢,如果是“走资派”,是不可能让你那么舒服地坐在椅子上的。开这个批斗会,大概是因为北京大学当时在“*”中一直是带头的,到汉中来后,他们也是想表现一下他们在“文化大革命”中的领导地位吧,不管怎么样,周培源也属于“当权派”,“当权派”会受走资派影响,这个问题伸缩余地就比较大了。周培源也很合作,你要批就批吧!批完以后也就没什么事了,照样搞建设!

下面,我再说说“三线”建设给当地经济、老百姓所带来的影响。

“三线”建设开始后,对当地老百姓的影响是比较大的,要进行建设,交通、建筑材料等问题就必须解决。当时陕西的建筑队伍没有那么大,大量的建设工程怎么办,国家就从东北等地调来了建设队伍,主要是技工队伍,普工队伍就从当地农民中招募,砖、瓦、灰、砂、石等材料就地取材,这就促进了地方建筑队伍和建材工业的发展。大的工厂企业来了以后,需要有相关的保障机构,比如学校、医院等,这样就带动了当地服务业的发展。但从另一方面来说,农民也失去了土地,“三线”建设项目选址时,一般都是以“山、散、洞”为原则,靠山隐蔽的地方土地本身就比较少,再一征地,相当一部分农民就失去了土地。虽然没有土地以后,一部分年轻人可以招聘到企业里去,但是年龄大一些的人,企业就不要,所以造成了一部分失地农民的困难。

当时从各地区来看,一般说来大家都是持欢迎态度的,因为一方面这是全局问题,备战的问题,这是大家所能理解的;另外一方面,从陕西自身来说,陕西的经济水平、建设还是比较落后的,大家希望能趁这个机会,推动陕西各个方面的发展。但是这就又涉及到了土地问题。但汉中当时火车通了以后,铁道部想在汉中建一个编组站,汉中地委书记罗铭因为汉中土地少、农民耕地占有量很少一直不同意。后来我也考虑,铁路是个网状,回旋余地比较大,这样就否定了这个项目。农民就是靠种地为生的,如果侵占了耕地,他就失去了生活来源,对一些不能安排工作的农民,就造成了困难。所以我们在工作中,最难解决的就是土地问题,这是个现实问题。包括现在,也是这个问题。现在国家提出必须保证失地农民的基本生活,保证他今后的社会保障问题,过去没有这一点,而且补偿较少,所以这个矛盾就特别突出,也是最难解决的一个问题。主要就是依靠当地各级政府,做农民的工作,离开当地政府就没有办法,我们无法直接去找农民要地,主要问题就是我们补偿得太少,这不仅是那个时候,多年以来一直是这样。所以我觉得国家现在采取的措施是非常好的,不仅要保障当前的生活问题,更要保证今后的社会保障,这是个好政策。

总的来说,“三线”建设对整个陕西来讲,影响很大,三线企业在各地的建设,促进了当地服务业、建筑材料等行业的发展,从陕西全省来讲,不管是科研基地建设、教育建设,还是经济建设都取得了很大的成就,对陕西地方工业、科技的发展,起了很大的推动作用。

注1:支左:1967年1月23日,中共中央、国务院、中央军委、中央*小组作出《关于人民解放军坚决支持革命左派群众的决定》。不久,毛泽东又赋予军队支农、支工、军管、军训等任务。8月19日,中央军委作出《关于集中力量执行支左、支农、支工、军管、军训任务的决定》,派人民解放军实行“三支两军”。1972年8月21日,中共中央、中央军委决定“三支两军”人员撤回部队。

(整理人:梁月兰、柴云、李方。编辑:江力)

第15篇:陕西历史博物馆

陕西历史博物馆

各位游客朋友们大家好,我是讲解员王婷,今天由我带领大家去参观陕西历史博物馆。

陕西历史博物馆于1991年6月20日正式建成对外开放,它坐落在大雁塔以西的小寨路与翠华路十字,占地面积7万平方米,建筑面积56000平方米,这座博物馆是遵照周恩来总理生前遗愿建造的,总投资1.44亿元人民币。这座宏伟的仿唐建筑是由张锦秋院士设计的,它突出反映了盛唐风采和辉煌,布局上借鉴了中国传统建筑“轴线对称,主从有序,中央殿堂,四隅重楼”的结构特点,突出了古朴凝重。并创造出一种帝宫与传统园林相结合的氛围,象征着中国悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。

陕西历史博物馆的陈列可分为基本陈列,专题陈列和临时展览三大部分。今天我们将要参观的是基本陈列,为陕西古代史。系统的展现了陕西自蓝田猿人至鸦片战争的发展过程,突出了周、秦、汉、唐等封建社会的盛世和陕西在中国历史上的重要地位。

进到序言大厅,迎面的这两幅巨型照片向我们展示的是奔腾咆哮的黄河和绵亘无垠的黄土高原。这是无声的预言:黄河是母亲河,黄土地孕育了中华民族。大家现在看到昂首屹立在大厅中央的这尊巨狮,是中国历史上唯一的女皇——武则天母亲杨氏陵前的守陵兽。它雕刻精美,造型宏伟,气势磅礴,堪称“东方第一狮”。

现在大家来到是史前陈列展厅,首先大家看到的是陕西省地形图。陕西省地处全国的中心,中国的大地原点就在西安以北泾阳县内。西安在历史上,曾叫长安、京兆、安西,是十三个王朝的古都,于是也就成了文物大省。现在我们看到的是“蓝田猿人头盖骨”,他把我们带到了115万年前的史前时期。这是一位约30岁的女性,是迄今所知亚洲北部最早的直立人。6000年前中国进入了母系社会,这被史学家称为“仰韶文化”,半坡遗址是仰韶文化的一个重要组成部分,这种小口大腹尖底瓶,是半坡出土的,它巧妙地运用了重心原理,是当时的汲水器。母系社会结束后就进入了父系社会,最杰出的代表就是炎帝、黄帝,他们是中华民族的祖先,这张照片就是黄帝陵,此陵为中国古墓第一号,坐落在陕西省延安地区黄陵县。

这里是周文化展厅,周是陕西历史上第一个朝代,周以青铜器以为标志,这里主要陈列的事周的一些青铜器皿,在当时青铜器应用的相当广泛,有食具、酒器、兵器等。大家看这是一尊非常漂亮的“牛尊”,通体成牛状,蹄、腿柱立,成吼叫状,引牛舌为流,背上为口,盖纽成虎形,体现了弱肉强食的思想——因为老虎要吃牛,这件文物是在周文王“办公”地点不远的地方发现的,很可能是文王生前使用过的酒器。现在我们所看到的这个文物叫做“鼎”,它是奴隶制王朝鼎盛时期西周的一个青铜器。鼎本来是一种炊具,即煮肉的锅。后来随着礼乐制度的强化,鼎也逐渐成为一种权利和等级的象征。我们现在所说的成语“逐鹿中原”,“鹿死谁手”,“孰人敢来问鼎”等都与这件文物有关。青铜器上的纹饰也是研究青铜艺术的重要内容,已成为中国艺术史的一个重要组成部分,在一定程度上反映了当时人们的思想观念。

进入秦朝,大家马上会想起一位显赫的人物——秦始皇,他在短短的十年内统一了六国,建立了中国历史上第一个中央集权制的封建国家,为了维护其统治,他采取了一系列措施,在全国范围内统一了文字、货币、法律、车轨和度量衡等。大家看到这些石鼓是秦朝早期的石刻,上面的诗是用“大篆”写的,秦统一六国后则改为“小篆”。我们现在看到的这个货币就是秦统一六国之后的通行货币秦半两,上面的这些货币就是统一前六国的货币,中国古代有三大货币,除秦代的货币秦半两外,还有汉代的五铢钱和唐代的通宝钱,但属秦半两的影响最大,一直到清朝。

现在请大家跟随我上楼,进入汉朝的展厅,汉朝是一个十分重要的历史朝代,它为以后各朝代的发展奠定了基础,汉族、汉字、汉文都是从这个朝代开始形成的。现在请大家看这副“张謇出使西域图”即“丝绸之路”。它横贯亚欧大陆,是中国最古老的一条贸易通道。再来看这件洁白晶莹的玉制印章,它是刘邦的夫人——吕后的“皇后玉玺 ”,价值连城,非常珍贵。而现在我们看到的这些陶俑是来自于不同墓葬的汉佣,与秦兵马俑完全不一样,只有真人的三分之一大,是用模具做出来的,同时体现了汉代以瘦为美的审美观。

到了魏晋南北朝展厅,大家会发现这是一个断代,其实是中华民族腾飞的转折点,看一下这里的“铜弩机”“四角钉”就能说明这一点。尤其看一下这枚多面体的印章,它是由一块煤精雕刻而成,每一面都有不同官职的名称,主人叫孤独信,他老人家共有7个女儿,其中3个女儿分别嫁给了3位皇帝,因此他被誉为“中国第一老丈人”。

现在我们进入的是隋唐文化展厅,这是中国历史上的鼎盛时期,也是陕西历史发展的黄金时期。现在的海外华人都自称唐人,居住地叫唐人街。大家看一下唐长安的平面图,它比现在的西安要大9.3倍,人口达到了100万,这是长安城的中轴线,也就是现在的朱雀大街,它的宽度为155米,长安城分为宫城、皇城和外郭成三大部分,这两边是东西市,是当时主要的商业区,下边是老百姓居住的各个坊,白居易有一句“百千家似围棋局,十二街如种菜畦”是来形容当时长安城的构造。这件镇馆之宝——兽首玛瑙杯是利用天然玛瑙纹理加工而成,通体为牛角状,造型别致而又奇特。

到了宋、元、明、清的展厅,又一件国宝级的文物呈现在大家面前,就是“提梁倒注壶”,它是北宋时期耀州窑烧制的,提梁是一只伏卧着的凤凰,壶嘴为一张口的母狮,壶身一周饰有凸雕的牡丹花,凤凰为百鸟之王,狮子为百兽之王,牡丹为百花之王,所以此壶又称“三王壶”,当时宋人把“连通器”的原理巧妙地用在了壶的制作当中,使此壶灌水时须倒置,底部虽有孔而不会漏,内行人会感到叹服,外行人也会感到惊奇。

一转眼我们已经走过了100多万年的历史,历史博物馆我就简单的介绍到这里,欢迎各位下次再来!

第16篇:陕西 年俗

安康农村一带的过年,是从农历的腊月初五拉开了序幕。 腊月初五:“煮五豆”

一大早,就把苞谷、小麦、大米、小豆、黄豆等粮食和豆类掺在一起煮着吃,凑够五种以上材料就可以,而且要多煮一些,从初五起每天掺一点进去吃,一直吃到腊月初八。“煮五豆”,寓意五谷丰登,连年能有好收成,“吃五豆”也是享受一年来辛勤的劳动果实。

腊月初八:“吃腊八”

农村一般进入“数九”后就开始杀猪,选择这个季节杀猪,一是到“数九”天后,也没有什么新鲜饲料可以喂了,二是这个时候杀的肉可以长时间保存而不变质。到初八这一天,家家都要“吃腊八”,所谓的“吃腊八”,就是吃腊八粥,主要是包“扁食”,将“扁食”和红白萝卜、白菜、肥瘦肉丁、豆腐丁和大米一起煮,还有的顺便擀几个面片,搓几个“麻食”,凑够八样一起来煮。“包扁食”大有讲究,“扁食”又叫“背抄手”、“疙瘩”,各地的说法不同,但做工却是一样,都是擀面后,切成方片,中间包馅,对折后(下边的皮稍微高一点),把上方两个边子向背稍弯,再把两头弯回在一起,捏紧就可以,这也就是为什么叫“背抄手”的原因,做工十分类似包饺子,只是“擀皮”和“包”的工艺不同而已。 腊八粥也是早饭吃,初五的五豆一直要掺着吃到今天也才算结束。

用自己收成的谷物熬成腊八粥,以此庆祝一年的辛勤劳动硕果,寓意一年之末的大丰收以及来年风调雨顺,吉祥如意。

腊月二十三:“打烟牵”

“打烟牵”就是打扫自家院落和房前屋后的卫生,把沉积的烟尘和四处牵附的蜘蛛罗网打扫干净,以崭新的面貌迎接新年的到来。这一天,也是各家送灶神上天的日子,传说中,灶王爷的妻子(就是灶母)是玉皇大帝的女儿,这一天,灶王爷和灶母一起要回天庭团圆了,为了答谢灶神、灶母一年,同时,也为了让他们二人能在玉皇大帝面前“美言几句”,各家在白天打扫完卫生后,晚上八九点后,就在自家厨房的案板上的灶神画像前,点上几炷香,把烙好的“灶饼”(薄薄的类似锅盔),拿出来祭奠,之后就将“灶饼”分食而净。

民间流传有“花鼓子”为证:“灶爷上天,好话多说坏话免言;少下米多做饭,人来客去吃不断”!

腊月二十九:“蒸馍馍”

这一天,到哪一家看,大家都在做一件同样的事情,就是“蒸馍馍”,农村这个时候蒸馍馍一来是正月天自己吃,二来是招待客人,三来是正月初一女儿回娘家和亲戚拜年送礼用,所以蒸馍要挑上好的面粉,蒸上几“箁篮”(装粮食的很大的敞口竹器)。

蒸的品种有馒头、油旋旋(花卷)、包子等,而这里数包子的细分品种最多,分糖包子、豆包子、油渣包子和“糊油包子”,值得一提的“糊油包子”,它是用生猪板油和生小麦面粉拌在一起,用刀直接剁出来的,直到剁茸为止,最后在“和”(huo)上切好的葱姜蒜等调料,再捏成小丸作为馅,用包包子的皮裹上,揉成“飞碟”状,四周再捏上小齿,蒸出来趁热吃,非常可口,只是现在会作的人已经不多了。因为最早的“糊油包子”是甜食,加上比较油腻,所以很少有人做这个馅了,只是改良成咸品口感才非常独特。 农村“蒸馍馍”从早上一直要蒸到晚上了,最后,趁着热锅,再把过年的丸子和酥肉放在油锅上炸好,把过年的肉再卤好,就等着过年了。

大年三十:“团年饭”

大年三十中午十二点左右,家家就开始贴对联,并开始张罗着年三十的“团年饭”,贴对联,农村可是“逢门就贴”,大门、后门、幺门,逢门就贴,同时,还有猪圈、羊圈、牛圈、鸡圈等地方也是少不了,几指宽,一尺长的红纸上大多写上“牛羊满圈、六畜兴旺、鸡鸭成群、槽头兴旺”等语句,寓意尽在几里行间了。 年三十,看谁家的饭吃的早,看谁家麻利,一般下午两点多就开始了,在家劳作的,在外打工的,这个时候都坐在一起,团团圆圆,和和美美的一起吃“团年饭”。这个时候。听到谁家的鞭炮响,肯定是这家开始开饭了。在农村,“团年饭”又称“谈年饭”,一般吃的时间比较长,办吃边聊,一年末了,轻轻松松的谈不完啊。

黄昏时分,要给家里的老先人(故去的祖宗或长辈)或故去的亲人去“送亮”,在坟头前,拔几把荒草、捡几颗碎石,然后用纸糊上两个灯罩,用树枝撑开,放置在坟前两侧,把蜡烛或者煤油灯放去点燃,然后敬上几炷香,磕上几个头,燃一串鞭炮,化数叠纸钱,一切的追思和怀念尽在这一切的举动中,过年了,还有故去的先人和亲人需要记住啊。

晚上要熬夜,一般都在“笼火烤”,一家人围着火炉,边烤火边聊天,饿了,烤几个馍馍,下一碗浆水面吃吃。“烤火”很讲究,有俗语说:“三十晚上的火,十五晚上的灯”,三十晚上就是要烤火“坐夜”,还有一句话:“有钱人烤炭,没钱人烤柴”,这里的“炭”就是指木炭,农村叫“板炭”,形容木质好;这里的“柴”指的是“木头疙瘩”,平时挖的木头疙瘩这时早已风干,像“黄荆木疙瘩”,一边烤,一边还吡吡吧吧作响,一家人“坐夜”、“烤火”真是其乐融融。

这一天还有几个讲究,一个是“三十的垃圾不能倒,要堆起来”,还有一个是“忌口”,尤其是小孩子不能说不吉利的话,到这一天,大人都要给自己的孩子交待不要乱说话,以免带来不吉利。 到晚上再把次日的饺子一包,半夜十二点放一个鞭炮就迎来了新的一年。 辞旧迎新,这一刻,意味着新年已经到来了。

大年初一:“大拜年”

初一一早,天不亮就起来,把自家的孩子从熟睡的热被窝中悄悄地叫醒,穿上新衣,戴上新帽,把锅里的水烧开,出门放一挂鞭炮,俗称:“出行”,鞭炮一放完就可以不用忌口了,说话也可以随意了,不用那么讲究了,然后就开始煮饺子吃。

有的家初一早还要给自家的牛喂馍馍,把白面馍馍和黑面馍馍(一般是苞谷面的粗粮馍馍)拿给牛,看牛吃什么,如果吃白面馍馍,意味着来年的收成好;如果吃黑面馍馍,意味着来年的收成要欠一些。 吃完早饭,女儿带着女婿和孩子一起回娘家拜年,外甥也要给舅舅家拜年去了,背上至少“六色礼”(烟、酒和馍馍等)一大早出门,还等着去赶晌午饭呢。

这一天,倒洗脸水时不能叫“倒水”,因为农村说:“水了”,就是穷了,水就是财,这和中国传统文化如出一辙。

这一天的垃圾仍然不能倒,直到正月初五;这一天,妇女还不能做针线活儿。

正月初五:“出五清”

自大年三十的垃圾起,初一到初五这几天的垃圾都不能倒掉,初五这一早,要烧点香、放个炮,把积攒多天的垃圾选择一个十字路口倒掉,香就点在十字路口上,所谓“出五清”,终于送走了过去,清清静静,干净利索了。

正月初十:“看天管物”

还有这样的说法,从正月初一到初十这十天,每天都有一个“实物”被天看管,分别是:“一鸡、二犬、三猫、四鼠、五牛、六马、七人、八谷、九豆、十麦”,举例来说,到了初一,如果天气非常好,那就说这一年的鸡就喂的好;到了初四,如果天气不好,说明这一年老鼠就不好过了;到了初九天气不错,说明今年的豆类作物长势会喜人,反之亦然。

正月十

一、十二:“不做针线活”

有这样的说法:“如果大年初一做了针线活儿,整个正月可以不忌手;如果正月初一没有做,则整个正月是不能做针线活儿的。” 而到了正月十

一、十二这两天,是传说中的“老鼠嫁女”,是万万不可做针线活儿的,

当地还流传一句话:“懒婆娘没一双,勤快婆娘一箩筐”,“懒婆娘哼哼,还有谷雨、清明”,是说懒婆娘经常找借口,说正月不能做针线活儿,正好可以不用干了,正月过了,还有谷雨和清明节,理由很多,总有不想干活的理由;而勤快的媳妇,则每一天都可以找活儿干,单单一个正月就可以做上一箩筐的针线活儿。

这两句话,也被人们用来形容好吃懒做的人成天找借口,这两句谚语有很大的教育、警示作用。

正月十五:“狮子、龙灯、彩(采)莲船”

其实,有的从正月十三就开始玩了,但大多以正月十五最多,“花鼓子”中唱到:“正月十五月儿圆,狮子龙灯采莲船”。

正月十五下午吃完饭,再给故去的先人和亲人“送完亮”,自个的家里也是点上长明灯,挂上灯笼,天一黑,人们就开始疯狂的载歌载舞,玩起了狮子龙灯,毕竟是“三十晚上的火,十五晚上的灯”嘛。 “狮子”是用麻布做的身子,头是用钢丝箍,用布缝制,用纸装饰的彩色头盔,还有九个大的疙瘩在头顶,一般两个人玩;“龙灯”是一组长龙,分别有龙头和龙身构成,下边隔一截就有一个手柄,多人在举着玩,这些和电视上没有两样。“采莲船”是用木棍铁丝搭建而成,形状像小船,有篷、有船头船尾,中间站立一个人,用手提起两侧就可以玩。边上还各有一个少女,称作是“帮船”的,船尾有艄公“撑船”,并伴有一个“摇婆子”(类似媒婆,很疯癫),船的前边还有一个大头和尚开路。

如果你赶得好,有时候还有“鹭鸶和蚌壳”的造型,时不时玩一下“蚌”啄“鹭鸶”被夹住的场景。 “锣鼓喧天一声响,花鼓子打的累香香”,一般玩这些,最抢眼的当属唱“花鼓子”了,伴奏的一般是“五件套”,分别是鼓、锣、大锸、勾锣、马锣五件。

演出的顺序也有“花鼓子”为证:“狮子龙灯头里钻,彩船花鼓子随后跟,你说爱坏多少人”,同样还有:“你不来了当我来,莫叫花鼓子冷了台”。

先是狮子龙灯舞到各家各户,走到谁家,这一家都要放炮迎接,还要送钱、送烟或送吃的东西,图个喜庆和吉祥;接着,彩船和唱“花鼓子”的就来到,照旧要给彩船喜钱和喜烟,如果遇到谁家的院坝大,场地宽,还要来个“盘滩”,就是指采莲船搁浅了,搁置到滩上去了,不得走了,要把船撑到水里去。这时候,一边“花鼓子”唱得欢,一边玩“采莲船”的很卖力的表演着,撑船的“艄公”更是夸张之至,不停的撑着船,看样子很卖力,“摇婆子”在后边也疯疯癫癫的玩耍,还不时的给“艄公”用扇子扇扇风,而大头和尚则在边上敲着木头棒棒,一边把场子维持住,不让看热闹得人群缩小表演场地。

而玩采莲船的大姐一般非常漂亮,不时的随着“艄公”的动作配合着或停或进,起起伏伏,煞是好看;而有幸能选作“帮船”的都是非常漂亮的少女,她们拿着手绢在“船”两边不停的来回走动,一扭一扭,成为正在表演队伍中最抢眼的一道风景。

而这时候,小孩子们也举着用竹篾做的各式灯笼,点上红色小蜡,还有的在县城买的电子灯笼,造型独特,色泽艳丽,不用担心小孩玩火的危险。三五成群,或自个成群玩耍,或跟在耍狮子龙灯采莲船的人群后嬉闹。

玩耍一直要到深夜才结束,大家才依依不舍得回到各自的家里睡大觉,这一夜,玩得真是酣畅淋漓、尽兴满意而归。

整个春节 ,就数这一夜最热闹不过。

正月十六:“游柏柏(音bei)”,

昨夜热闹了一夜,正月十六白天,人们则在头上插上“柏树”枝,到处游玩,走街访友,“窜门子、盘家常”,寓意百病消散,大吉大利。

这个时候,农历的“年”才算真正意义的结束。

第17篇:陕西(优秀)

陕西:种地成职业 农民有职称

他们曾经是“看风景”的人,如今他们成了最美的“风景”。近年来,陕西加快新型职业农民培育,一场由“身份”到“职业”的变革正在加速。这一变革的重大意义在于:曾经引以为忧的“70后”不愿种地、“80后”不会种地、“90后”不谈种地、将来无人种地的问题,在他们身上看到了希望和前景。广袤的农田和村庄,正在被他们赋予新的生机和活力。

最近,三原县曹惠村村委会办公室,挤满了学习农业知识的村民

A、由“身份”到“职业”的变革

春节前,走进凤翔县横水镇东白村内,一座座排列整齐的智能温室大棚煞是壮观,在冬阳的照耀下熠熠生辉。

对于“谁来种地”、“如何种地”的问题,59岁的中级职业农民宁索堂颇有发言权。他说:“今年温室大棚黄瓜和西红柿都丰收了,收入比往年增了近两成。”他一边向记者介绍大棚设施,一边向生意伙伴发微信、谈生意。

作为土生土长的东白村人,宁索堂的形象早已摆脱了人们对于传统农民“面朝黄土背朝天”的刻板印象。 2011年以来,我省通过调研试点,先后制定了新型职业农民培育整省推进工作方案、认定管理暂行办法、绩效考评试行办法3个规范性文件。截至目前,全省已认定高、中、初级职业农民3835名,职业农民培育走在了全国前列。

宁索堂就是拿到中级证书的3835名职业农民中的一员。对于啥叫职业农民?宁索堂说,“咱理解就相当于职业经理人,以种地为职业,用专业的水平,让土地发挥最大效益。”

在洛南县景村镇宏泰金银花专业合作社,理事长郭夏峰介绍说,合作社种植金银花1500多亩,他自己就种植了300多亩。是全省第一个集金银花种植、加工、育种、中草药、休闲观光为一体的专业合作社,下设公司、家庭农场各一个,还在西安设立了配送中心和代理店,在商洛设立8个专卖店,发展社员852户,被评为省级农民合作社示范社。

“都说种地利润薄,你们效益到底如何?”

“那要看种啥呢,物以稀为贵嘛。”郭夏峰说:“我们社先后与商洛学院、西安交大、中国科学院西安分院合作,陆续推出金银花茶、金银花冰茶、金银花保健养生枕,金银花富晒黑花生、黑花生油、金银花中草鸡蛋等产品,深受消费者青睐。目前,珍珠鸡、贵妃鸡、黑乌鸡、土鸡存栏1.1万多只,销售特种鸡蛋10余吨、金银花茶15吨,合作社实现产值达1280万元,社员实现亩产值高达15200元,社员人均收入16000多元。”

“农民”,一场由“身份”到“职业”的变革,正在三秦大地潜移默化地进行。

“30多年了,我啥都种遍了,一直没有致富,也很苦恼。怪不得那么多人都出去打工了。”凤翔县新增务村55岁的村民寸封说,现在是:“70后”不愿种地,“80后”不会种地,“90后”不谈种地,那将来到底谁来种地?“去年听说县农广校搞职业农民培训,我试着参加了一下,结果心里一下子豁亮了,见识了不少东西。看来农业还是大有奔头的,但要讲科学,不能蛮干„„”

记者从省农业厅了解到,我省将新型职业农民分为生产经营型、专业技能型、社会服务型和新生代型。同时,划定了新型职业农民初、中、高三级在年龄、文化程度和收入等方面的标准。未来还将探索农业产业项目的职业农民准入制度,确保农业资源要素向职业农民聚集,并在政策上对职业农民进行扶持。到2020年,使全省职业农民培育总数达到20万人。

日前,三原县北权村“奶羊专家”范转娃,向记者展示她的初级职业农民证书

B、新型职业农民“新”在哪里

“刚育了20亩苗种,春天里就会发芽,来年就能给附近苹果园的更新换代升级派上用场。”春节前夕,常年被太阳晒得黝黑的陕西省首届高级职业农民王雨嘉,早年毕业于吉林农业大学,谢绝多家国营单位挽留,毅然回乡务农,现已成为“大老板”,也是大学同学中“混”得最好的一个。

“大学毕业后,我既种植苹果,也从事果树技术服务,20多年来,一直得心应手。在推广农业新技术方面,我依托县上‘12396’工程,设立了农技服务热线,通过手机全天候开展服务,解答群众农业生产中的难题。”王雨嘉说,“现在已引导上万名群众走上科技致富路,我觉得人生价值得到体现。虽然辛苦,但很值得。”

最初,王雨嘉在糜杆桥镇七家门前村从事苹果种植时,通过磕磕绊绊,悟出一个道理:只靠蛮干,土地不仅不产“金子”,还吸纳大量汗水。因此,必须依靠知识和科技种地。后来,在尝到科技的甜头后,他率先将自家果园内110余株国光、黄元帅等老品种,高接换头为短枝富士。再后来又陆续新建了矮化密植果园,现已发展到200多亩。不仅在黄土地上实现了绿色梦想,还刨出了“金子”。 那么,新型职业农民到底“新”在哪里呢?

从王雨嘉身上不难看出,新型职业农民是指具有科学文化素质、掌握现代农业生产技能、具备一定经营管理能力,以农业生产、经营或服务作为主要职业,以农业收入作为主要生活来源,居住在农村或集镇的农业从业人员。

省农业厅一位负责人说,与传统农民、兼业农民不同,新型职业农民除了符合农民的一般条件,还必须具备以下3个条件:新型职业农民是市场主体。传统农民主要追求维持生计,而新型职业农民则充分地进入市场,并利用一切可能使报酬最大化,一般具有较大经营规模和较高收入水平;新型职业农民具有高度的稳定性,把务农作为终身职业,而非短期行为;新型职业农民具有高度的社会责任感和现代观念,不仅有文化、懂技术、会经营,还要求其行为对生态、环境和社会承担责任,示范带动更多农民致富。

三原县北权村40多岁的农妇范转娃,去年获得职业农民证书时说:“获了证书不只是很自豪,更要把我的养羊技术传授给大家,带领更多乡亲科学养殖致富!”如今,范转娃已成为全村“奶羊专家”,乡亲们隔三差五都会来她家寻求技术指导,大家都说“知识就是财富啊!” C、“五位一体”,让更多农民成为“职业”

“职业农民”是一个新名词,职业农民教育更是一个新课题。

我省新型职业农民培育起步晚,经验少,不少地方还在摸索之中。但是,凤翔县“五位一体”职业农民培育模式,被农业部认定为全国职业农民培育十大模式之一,也是西北地区唯一的先进模式,在全国进行推广。

据宝鸡市农业局张锐平科长介绍,凤翔县以提高农民素质为目标,构建了以县农业广播电视学校为主体,以农业专家大院、科技园区、农民专业合作社、农业产业化龙头企业为补充的“一主四元”、“五位一体”紧密结合型职业农民培育新模式。其四大特点是:农广牵头,主体明确;离校不离训,注重继续教育;农科教结合,产学研一体;学历教育支撑,质量效果有保证。创新点有三:一是以培育具有中等专业学历职业农民为目标,构建培育体制;二是以保证培育质量为主线,探索职业农民培育教学模式;三是以职业农民科技致富梦为追求,推动农民教育革新。

在范家寨、五曲湾、柳林、田家庄等乡镇,记者就看到很多准新型职业农民(职称待评)的身影。县农技中心的几位干部说,凤翔县农业后继乏人的问题已初步得到解决。全县粮食面积连年稳定在90万亩左右,总产28万吨以上;苹果面积达到18.4万亩,全面推广“双矮”栽培技术,年实现产值10亿元;蔬菜面积达到14万亩,其中设施蔬菜3.2万亩,年实现产值4.5亿元;全县牛存栏12万头,生猪15万头,年实现产值11亿元。“粮为基础、果为主导、菜为特色、畜为支撑”的农业主导产业体系稳步建立。

日前,记者悄悄坐到凤翔县农业广播电视学校四楼大教室的最后一排,聆听了宝鸡职业技术学院教授关于电子商务和互联网营销的知识讲座。记者和大家一样,听着听着便入了迷。几十位农民不仅听得津津有味,还不断地做着笔记„„据校长郭晓红介绍,像这样的讲座长年都在举办,不光本县的农民来听,周边县区的农民也赶来听。

职业农民培育,不同于传统农民职业技能培训,具有准学历教育的性质,但围墙内、封闭式的教育办法又根本行不通。郭晓红说,在准确全面把握职业农民培育的成人教育、职业教育、继续教育特征的基础上,他们确定了“一体多元”、“五位一体”职业农民培育新型体制。这既是“凤翔模式”的特色之所在,也是培育质量得以保证的根本。

据了解,凤翔县农广校教学,不仅有固定课堂,还有流动课堂、田间课堂、空中课堂,并采用启发式、互动式、参与式、咨询式4种教学方式,一切讲求实效,备受群众欢迎。

2月16日,在省政府大院,一位处长向记者展示凤翔县农广校开通的“凤翔职业农民”微信公众平台。记者仔细浏览后发现,该微信公众平台图文并茂,信息量大,比一些省级微信公众平台还要前卫时尚。有一条微信是这样说的:让一批年富力强、有干劲、有梦想的新型职业农民,在希望的田野上抒写自己精彩的人生。虽然只是星星之火,但却可以悄然影响和改变几亿农民大军!

链接:

我省今年将培育万名职业农民

目前,我省已认定第一批高级职业农民84名,中级职业农民399名,初级职业农民3696人,第二批高级职业农民182人。据初步统计,全省符合职业农民特征的培育对象达到20多万人,其中生产经营型占74.65%,专业技能型4.15%,社会服务型19.21%,新生代型1.99%。同时,我省在新增财力中落实专项资金4000万元,其中列支1000万元设立了职业农民创业基金。今年,我省还将以整省推进为抓手,以农广校、农机校体系为承载,建成12个标准化县级培训学校,依托现代农业园区认定50个省级、300个市县实训基地,依托职业院校开展全日制研修深造,系统培育1万名职业农民。到2020年,全省将培育新型职业农民20万人。

第18篇:陕西学校

张长安 西安新城区教师进修学校 校长 710003 87459092 董哲 西安莲湖区教师进修学校 校长 710003 87214713 王永宁 话安碑林区教师进修学校 校长 710048 83030053 王养民 西安雁塔区教师进修学校 校长 710061 13991181538 蔡唯希 西安未央区教师进修学校 书记 710016 13991292731 宋望宁 西安阎良区教研室 主任 710089 13072995975 尤鹤龄 西安长安区教研室 主任 710100 13700284816 郭铁军 西安灞桥区教师进修学校 校长

13072955835 雷晓民 西安临漳区教研室 副主任

13572510877 张继堂 西安蓝田县教研室 主任 710050 13991272329 申升旗 西安高陵县教研室 主任 710200 029—86914375 杨永厚 西安户县教研室 副主任

李强 咸阳市教育局 副局长 712000 13992918199

胡亚光 咸阳市教育局 基教科科长 712000 13609216193 曹建业 咸阳市市教研室 主任 712000 l3609216930

李友彬 咸阳市秦都区教研室 主任 712000 13609217913 第五继华 咸阳市渭城区教研室 主任 712000 13891016988 吕建恒 咸阳市兴平县教研室 主任 713100 13008547990 李歆 咸阳市武功县教研室 主任 712200 13891000805 黄小放 咸阳市乾县教研室 主任 713300 13891061758 张崇海 成阳市礼泉县教研室 主任 712000 13891065798 刘维泉 咸阳市泾阳县教研室 主任 713706 13152332678 吴玉贵 成阳市_原具教研审 主任 713800 13992033858 张向宇 成阳市永寿县教研室 主任 713400 13636735168 马根胜 咸刚市长武县教研至 主任 713600 13038555699 李政涛 成阳市旬邑县教研室 主任 711300 13991028398 李串强 顾阳巾局耕区教针至 主任 712000 15929879800 唐德新 安康市教育局

13772962702 程玉林 安康市教研室 主任

13772962702

邓锋 安康市汉滨区教研室 主任 725000 13991539792 陈显威 安康市汉阴县教研室 主任

13992526966

云宗玲 安康市石泉县教研室 副主任 725200 13991510588 蒲易安 安康市紫阳县教研室 主任

0915—4491901 常维全 安康市岚皋县教研室 主任

13992513553 杨平安 安康市平利县教研室 主任 725500 0915—8495496 马兴国 安康市旬阳县教研室 主任 725700 13992581571

陈大勇 安康市宁陕县教研室 主任 711600 13992583608 cdy739@163.tom 段林荣 铜川市教育局 副局长 727000 13992919316 武忠民 铜川市教研室 主任 727000 13038502775

党全明 铜川市耀州教研室 主任 727100 13571588501

李海霞 铜川市王益区教研室 副主任 727000 13309191628 高生军 铜川市印台区教研室 干部 727007 13239195531 张树平铜川市宜君县教研室 主任 727200 l3992997989 杨金安 汉中市教研室 主任 723000 13700263252 高继东 汉中市教育局 副局长 723000 0916—723000 李富泉 汉中市教育局

723000 0916—2626670

伍中兴 汉中市汉台区教科室 主任 723000 l3359166650 徐荣 汉中市南郊县教研室 主任 723100 13509169536 严振军 汉中市城固县教研室 主任 721816 13509167046 谢军民 汉中市洋县教研室 主任 723300 13891673698 蒙恩文 汉中市鹾乡县教研室 主任 723500 13335458786 赵真强 汉中市留坝县教研室 主任

13399162809 党极科 汉中市勉县教研室 书记 724200 13239168109 左哲 汉中市略阳县教研室 主任 724300 13892613928 马剑 榆林市教育局 局长 719000 13809125001 李宝林 榆林市教研室 主任 719000 09l2—3593388

李平榆林市教研室 教研员 719000 0912—3593911

苏飞林 榆林市府谷县教研室 副主任 719400 0912—8899958 乔文清 榆林市定边县教研室 主任 718600 0912—8082182

陈国胜 榆林市靖边县教研室 主任 718500 16309399220

刘仁 榆林市横山县教研室 副主任 719100 13119293612 1iurenhs@163.com’ 冷永良 榆林市绥德县教研室 主任 718000 13609226339 张锦贵 榆林市佳县教研室 主任 719200 0912—672322l 郝玉川 榆林市清涧县教研室 主任 718300 13891226808

乔治军 榆林市子洲县教研室 主任 718400 0912—7218269 qjqabc@126.com 张新奇 榆林市米脂县教研室 主任 718100 0912—6383682 JYS6223418@126.com 王富生 榆林市神木县教研室 主任 719300 13892283838 范全民 渭南市教科所 所长 71002l l337934006 柏峰 渭南市教科所 教研员 710021 1309340059

王景贤 渭南市韩城市教研室 副主任 715400 1308761199l 陈素珍 渭南市合阳县教研室 副土任 715300 1399375936 成高海 渭南市澄城县教研室 主任 715211 13759632811 张建国 渭南市蒲城县教研窒 主任 715500 13892515990 刘顺祥 渭南市富平县教研室 主任

0913—8964138 郭崇智 渭南市白水县教研室 主任 715400 13572355588 赵根全 渭南市临渭区教研室 主任 714000 13008530358 赵安锁 渭南市华县教研室 主任 714100 13991695058 马选民 渭南市华阴县教研室 主任 714200 13509139060 张随乐 渭南市潼关县教研室 主任 714300 13008538546 药培年 渭南市火荔县教师室

715100 13809133386 王智兴 K庆石油移交管理中心 主任 71002l 13892810838 张芸 长庆石油移交管理中心 科长 710021

郭怀文 延安市甘泉县教研室 716100 13991791788 0ne499803@126.com 冯中和 延安市延川县教研室 717200 13571102298 高清学 延安市黄陵县教研室 主任 727300 1389l152985 李荣垒 延安市延K县教研室 主任 717100 13892153819 王志富 延安市教育局 副局长 716000 0911一2122348 侯塞玲 延安市宝塔区教研室 主任 716000 13389110013 李学东 延安市教研中心 书记 716000 0911—2280022

倪明东 延安市安塞县教研室 主任 717400 0911一6283663 周春荣 商洛市教育局 副局长 726000 13992438080 张斌 商洛市教育局 于部 726000 1399248918l

任晓萌 商洛市教研室 副主任 726000 09l42325336 侯耀斌 商州区教研室 主任

13992488180

蔺爱舍 商洛市洛南县教研室 主任

15829564188 周新城 商洛市丹凤县教研室 副主任

13509143887 梁书海 商洛市商南县教研室 主任 726300 13891416679

朱才宝 商洛市山阳县教研室 主任 726400 13992460638 Zcb1960@163.com 王侠 商洛市镇安县教研室 主任

13209142936 Zawx699@163.com 刘焕明 宝鸡市教育局 调研员 721000

攀天让 宝鸡市教育局 科长 721000 13892730596 李伟华 宝鸡市教育局 干部 721000

田海龙 宝鸡市教研室 主任

13772656588

王锋 宝鸡市渭滨区教研室 主任 721000 13571728089 罗兆民 宝鸡金台区教研窒 书记 721001 1399l’700802

俱拉孝 宝鸡市陈仓区教研室 副主任 721300 13892418781 julaxiao@163.com 关广生 宝鸡市风翔县教研室 主任 721400 13335466555

李宗利 宝鸡市岐山县教研室 主任

13571166198 景红霞 宝鸡市千阳县教研室 副主任 721100 1371lOO

李小平宝鸡市扶风县教研室 副主任

‘722000 13571738559

刘金田 西安牛物陕药桔术学院 院长、高级讲师 西安市红光路和平工业冈 710068 13379049618

胡贻聪 西安市田家炳中学 教研室主任小学一级教师 西安市田家炳中学 710500 13891853897,029—82721433

陈鹏 陕西师人高等教育研究评估中心 教授 l3809193349 栗洪武 陕睡师范大学敦科院 教授

13892839060

陈晓端 陕西师范大学教科院 教授

13991388589

鞠洪生 西安体育学院教育学研究室 主任、副教授

029—88zt09063 万秦华 西安体育学院教育学研究室 教师、副教授

133849’79517 李越 西安文理学院科研处 处长 710065 029—88271428 王正文 安康学院科研处 处长 725000 13109269098 皎秋萍 西安高斯第一中学 校长 710075 13909261754

王佩东

王亚奇 幽安交通人学附中 西安铁一中 校长 校长 710048 029—82665088 029—82322369 张清彦 西安高新第一中学 副校艮 710075 13572155808

孙红梅 渭南师范学院科研处 科长 714000 0913—2133889 王忙生 商洛学院科研处 副处长

1399280758

腾勇 两安铁路职业技术学院 教科副主任、副教授 710014 13991970218 刘玲 西安师范附小 校长 71000l 029—87272756 王守文 榆林绥德中学 书记

0912—5886’755 郭友凯 榆林星元小学 校长 719000 0912—815880l 张艳英 榆林师范附小 校长 719000 0912—3261703 高飞 榆林市府谷中学 副校长 719400 13891291887 徐立人 柞水中学 教研主任 711400 l5909255823 张建国 铜川市景丰中学 校长

13571588938 邓俊虎 宜君县太安中学 校长

13992906228 王永君 洛南中学 教师、中高

13509143076 柯昌宁 商南县城关小学 副校长

13991486133 叶红霞 延安富县城关小学 主任

091l-3591365 王国强 安康中学 副校长

13325356378 王小娟 丹凤中学 副校长

3385032

第19篇:陕西新闻

陕西新闻

1.非基本药物目录药品明年3月前须用完

省卫生厅强调,除麻醉药品、精神药品、免费治疗传染病用药、免疫规划用疫苗、计划生育药品以及中药饮片外,国家基本药物目录中的药品和陕西省增补药品严格执行以省为单位的集中网上招标采购和统一配送的有关规定,实行药品“三统一”,确保基层医疗卫生机构按规定配备、使用基本药物,实行零差率销售。

今年10月启动的6个地市,要严格控制非基本药物目录药品的采购和库存。对于已经采购的非基本药物目录药品,采取过渡政策,原则上在2011年3月底前用完,但必须实行药品零差率销售。

2.免费师范生毕业后须“服务”满10年

首届免费师范毕业生将于2011年暑期毕业,省教育厅、省人保厅、省编办、省财政厅近日出台《师范大学免费师范毕业生就业实施办法》,明确免费师范毕业生在中小学校服务期限为10年。

3.陕西统一规范中小学作息时间和作业量

省教育厅11月28日下发规范全省中小学作息制度保证中小学生充足睡眠时间的通知,统一规定全省中小学生在校作息时间和相关年级作业量的同时,明确高中文理分科只能安排在高三年级进行,不得提前。,从今年12月起,对违反有关规定作息制度的学校,将予以公开通报批评,坚决制止违反规定擅自提早开展集体教育教学活动的行为,对违规学校将严肃处理。

4。首届免费师范生明年毕业 陕西出台规定可跨省就业

我省免费师范生就业实施办法规定:免费师范生到县级以上地区中小学校就业的,应先到农村中小学任教2年,任教期间,仍享受派出学校原工资福利待遇。《办法》规定,未签订就业协议的免费师范毕业生,派遣前由省教育厅在省内协调安排;仍未落实岗位的,派遣回生源所在市教育行政部门,由其会同有关部门统筹安排。免费师范毕业生不履行协议的,不到中小学校任教的,要按规定退还已享受的免费教育费用并缴纳违约金。

5.首届银行业公众教育服务日启动2010.11.28(陕西以“和谐金融、美好生活”为主旨,“多一份金融了解,多一份财富保障”为主题,向公众普及金融知识)

6.国家超级计算长沙中心今天开工2010.11.28(国家超级计算长沙中心今天在湖南大学开工建设。该中心采用目前世界运算速度最快的“天河一号”高性能计算机,建成后,将成为世界运算速度最快超算中心之一)

7.西北第一家为树看病的医院位于宁夏:网络森林医院(宁夏森林病虫防治检疫总站开通了网络森林医院)

8.2009年12月27至28日,2010年中央农村工作会议在北京举行,会议要求,把统筹城乡发展作为全面建设小康社会的根本要求,把改善农村民生作为调整国民收入分配格局的重要内容,把扩大农村需求作为拉动内需的关键举措。

9、陕西出台政策规范学校和教育培训机构管理。全省各级各类学历教育学校和非学历教育助学培训机构的设置、变更等事宜,统一由各级教育行政部门管理;技工学校和各级各类技能培训机构的设置、变更等事宜,统一由各级人力资源社会保障部门管理。

10、明年1月1日起国税普通发票将换新版 防伪功能加强。2011年1月1日起在全省统一启用新版普通发票。

11、企业养老金月增140元:2010年12月22日会议指出,党中央、国务院高度重视企业退休人员的生活保障,2005年以来国家连续六年提高基本养老金,企业退休人员的总体待遇水平翻了一番。会议决定,自2011年1月1日起,继续提高企业退休人员基本养老金水平,提高幅度按2010年企业退休人员月人均基本养老金的10%左右确定,全国月人均增加140元左右。对国家设立机关事业单位艰苦边远地区津贴的省份,适当提高企业退休人员调整水平。在普遍调整的基础上,对具有高级职称的企业退休科技人员和高龄人员等再适当提高调整水平,对基本养老金偏低的企业退休军转干部按有关规定予以倾斜。,将未参保集体企业退休人员纳入基本养老保险,扩大大中专学校家庭经济困难学生资助范围、提高资助标准。

12、明年“三农”工作的首要任务是稳定发展粮食生产:中央农村工作会议2010年21日至22日在京举行。会议提出,稳定发展粮食生产是明年“三农”工作的首要任务,要确保稳住粮食播种面积,努力提高单产。会议明确,2011年农业农村工作的总体要求是:大兴水利强基础,狠抓生产保供给,力促增收惠民生,着眼统筹添活力。会议谋划了“十二五”时期农业农村的发展,重点研究加快水利改革发展问题,全面部署2011年农业农村工作。会议预计,今年全年我国农民人均纯收入超过5800元,实际增长10%左右。

2011年工作的总要求(六大举措保三农):

●继续大幅度增加“三农”投入,巩固完善强化强农惠农政策。(“三个重点、三个确保”) ●毫不放松抓好农业生产,切实保障主要农产品有效供给。(加快全国新增千亿斤粮食生产能力规划实施进度,加快健全粮食主产区利益补偿机制。下大力气抓好“菜篮子”产品生产。)

●大力改善农产品流通和市场调控,努力保持农产品价格合理水平,畅通农产品流通渠道,加快形成流通成本低、运行效率高的农产品营销网络。(规范和降低集贸市场摊位费和超市进场费。强化农产品市场监管,规范粮棉油糖等主要农产品收购秩序,严厉查处发布虚假信息、恶意炒作、哄抬物价等不法行为。运用多种调控手段,努力稳定农产品市场。)

●加强农业物质技术装备建设,强化农业发展基础支撑。

●着力保障和改善农村民生,建设农民幸福生活的美好家园(继续扎实推进农村饮水、公路、沼气、危房改造,促进农村教育、三级医疗卫生服务体系、公共文化服务体系的建设和发展,抓好新型农村社会养老保险扩大试点工作。)

●深入推进农村改革,不断增强农村发展活力(完善农村土地管理制度,研究出台农村土地承包经营权流转指导意见)

13、2011年三农投入要做到“三个重点、三个确保”:财政支出重点向农业农村倾斜,确保用于农业农村的总量、增量均有提高;预算内固定资产投资重点用于农业农村基础设施建设,确保总量和比重进一步提高;土地出让收益重点投向农业土地开发、农田水利和农村基础设施建设,确保足额提取,定向使用。

14、世界最长跨海大桥-青岛海湾大桥2010年12月22日合龙贯通全长41.58千米,总体规模也将成为世界跨海大桥中的第一。同时也是中国北方首座冰冻海域特大型桥梁,连接青岛和黄岛两地,是青岛至兰州高速公路青岛段起点,为双向六车道高速公路,设计车速为80公里/小时,桥梁宽度35米,设计基准期为100年。

15、教育部删除可向外地小学生收借读费的规定(教育部令第30号)2010年12月24日,教育部网站公布《教育部关于修改和废止部分规章的决定》,取消了《小学管理规程》中,可向非本地户籍学生收取借读费的规定。

16、教育部出“十招”治理择校乱收费:教育部网站2010年11月1日发布关于治理义务教育阶段择校乱收费问题的指导意见:规范招生入学秩序、完善招生入学政策、加快薄弱学校建设、合理配置师资力量、共享优质教育资源、支持发展民办教育、加大舆论引导力度、持续做好专项治理、健全完善督导制度、务求每年有新成效。

17、陕西省工资分区:划分为四类区:根据《陕西省最低工资规定》,原则上陕西省的最

低工资标准是两年调整一次。以下分类为2010年05月20日调整过的。

一类区12个:西安市新城区、碑林区、莲湖区、未央区、雁塔区、灞桥区、阎良区,咸阳市秦都区、渭城区,杨凌示范区,榆林市神木县、府谷县。

二类区33个:西安市长安区、临潼区、高陵县,宝鸡市金台区、陈仓区、渭滨区、凤县,铜川市王益区,汉中市汉台区、南郑县,榆林市榆阳区、定边县、靖边县,渭南市临渭区、韩城市、华阴市、大荔县、潼关县,咸阳市泾阳县、三原县、彬县、兴平市、礼泉县、武功县、乾县,延安市宝塔区、洛川县、志丹县、黄陵县、安塞县、甘泉县、子长县、吴起县。

三类区41个:西安市周至县、户县,安康市汉滨区、旬阳县,咸阳市淳化县、永寿县、

旬邑县、长武县,汉中市西乡县、城固县、洋县、勉县、略阳县,宝鸡市岐山县、眉县、凤翔县、扶风县、千阳县、陇县、太白县,渭南市澄城县、蒲城县、合阳县、华县、富平县、白水县,榆林市横山县、米脂县、子洲县、绥德县、吴堡县、佳县、清涧县,延安市宜川县、延长县、富县、黄龙县、延川县,铜川市印台区、耀州区,商洛市商州区。

四类区21个:西安市蓝田县,安康市石泉县、汉阴县、宁陕县、平利县、紫阳县、岚皋县、白河县、镇坪县,铜川市宜君县,汉中宁强县、镇巴县、佛坪县、留坝县,宝鸡市麟游县,商洛市洛南县、商南县、山阳县、镇安县、柞水县、丹凤县。

陕西2011年1月1日执行新标准:一类工资区全日制最低工资标准为860元/月,非全日制小时最低工资标准为8.6元/小时;二类工资区全日制最低工资标准为780元/月,非全日制小时最低工资标准为7.8元/小时;三类工资区全日制最低工资标准为730元/月,非全日制小时最低工资标准为7.3元/小时;四类工资区全日制最低工资标准为680元/月,非全日制小时最低工资标准为6.8元/小时。

18、陕西规定新任教师须到农村中小学校任教两年2010年12月24日:我省今后补充新任教师实行全省统一公开招聘考试,各地不得再以其他任何方式和途径自行补充和聘用教师。新任教师须到农村中小学校任教两年。省政府近日下发《关于加强中小学教师队伍建设的意见》做此要求。取得小学教师资格须具备国民教育大学专科及其以上学历,取得中学教师资格须具备本科及其以上学历。新任教师必须到农村中小学校任教两年,并作为其后职称评审、岗位聘用的必要条件。同时,全面实行中小学教师全员聘用制度和岗位管理制度。

第20篇:自荐信陕西

陕西经贸学院

求职自荐信

尊敬的领导:

首先真诚地感谢您在百忙之中来阅读我的自荐信,这对一个即将迈出校门的学子而言,将是一份莫大的鼓励。这是一份简单而又朴实的求职函。也许它的普通没深深地吸引住您的眼光,但它却蕴含着一颗真诚的心。

我叫***,河北***人 ,是一名即将于2012年6月毕业的河北能源职业技术学院的一名应届毕业生,所学专业工程测量。希望能成为贵单位一员,为贵单位的事业发展尽我全力。

我深深认识到社会和企业的发展需要综合素质的人才,因此在学好本专业知识的同时,积极地从各方面锻炼自己,让自己综合发展。我认真、积极、负责的做事态度得到了广泛的好评。在Auto CAD绘图方面,我已填补了过去的空白,从入学前的一无所识,到现在已能对Auto CAD绘图进行熟练的操作和基本识图能力,并获得二维建筑Auto CAD高级绘图师证书。同时,在学习各类知识的过程中,我更注重的是学习方法的培养,这将有助于我以后更容易地学习新知识、接受新事物,从而能使我更好地学习和工作、更好地与四海同仁一道,共创贵公司辉煌的明天!

在学好专业课的同时,为了补充和扩展自己的知识面,我广泛阅读各种书籍期刊,尽量使自身更快成长为一专多能型人才。三载匆匆,现在的我深懂得:昨天的成绩已成为历史,未来的辉煌要今天自己脚踏实地坚持不懈地去努力实现。

尽管在众多的应聘者中,我不一定是最优秀的,但我仍很自信,我相信我有能力在贵公司干得出色。给我一次机会,我会尽心尽责,让您满意。在此,我期待您的慧眼垂青,静侯佳音。相信您的信任与我的实力将会为我们带来共同地成功! 祝:贵公司事业兴旺发达,您工作顺利! 此致

随信附上我的个人求职简历,期待与您的面谈!

诚祝贵公司:贤才云集、鸿业永兴!

自荐人:***

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