英美文学论文范文

推荐第1篇：英美文学选读论文

周雪婷 英语093 090602320

英美文学论文

作为学语言学专业的学生来说，学习不应该拘泥于课本，而英美文学选读这门课程给我们提供了一个可以熟悉国外文化的环境。

就如苏老师所说：若一个学习英语专业的学生竟不知道国外的文学著作，就太土鳖了。最重要的是这门课上的比较轻松，通过电影和PPT给我们展示英美文学比较栩栩如生，并不是单纯的给我们看书或者读书，我感觉比上学期的那个英美概况学到的多很多，这些归功于老师！对于这门课程，若在别的老师教授可能又是无聊的读读，但是苏老师教的时候，即使有事也不想错过这门精彩的一课，不是只为了看点电影，更重要的是觉得自己充实了，或许有些同学觉得看电影丝毫补充不了多少，但是我认为电影不光可以鲜明的展示主人公的性格特点，而且情节衔接紧凑，引人入胜。我想，不止我，我们班的所有同学都喜欢苏老师的上课方式，一点都不夸张啊。

老师需要我们对这门课的建议，用辩证的角度看问题。其实有一小点，在轻松愉快了解英美文学史的同时，我们也希望吸收点名家的语录。就像那次苏老师让我们抄的《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）中简对罗切斯特说的那段话，我希望就是可以多学一点。不一定让我们抄，可以推荐让我们课后自己搜，然后汲取精华。

通过这期课程的学习，《英美文学通论》通过展示异地文化使从原来的我们只模糊的知道莎士比亚到现在却可以对英美文化整体概况有了大致理解。这门课程整体上增进我们对英美文学的了解，了解了各种文学思想、题材、写作方式等，提高了我们的艺术修养，整体激发我们对外国文学的兴趣和热情，进一步陶冶了我们欣赏艺术的情操。本书有两个部分，一部分是整体概括英国文学史，而另一部分是进一步精确阐述各个时期阶段，每个典型作家的特点，风格等。其实每一本文学史都是一个时代的缩影，而这本文学通论也不例外。它从不同的历史阶段阐述了不同历史时期的生活形态。从中古世纪的民族史诗到现实主义文学时期的浪漫主义小说，从杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey

Chaucer )的《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)到托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）的《德伯家苔丝》(Te of the D’Urbervilles)，每一位作家，每一部作品都透露着作者的的情怀。我欣赏士比亚的挑战喜剧爆满时代的才华;我钦佩丹尼尔·笛福(Daniel Defoe)的现实主义的始创之作——《鲁宾逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)的时代精神；我感慨拜伦和雪莱的英年早逝；我赞扬简·爱的追求个性自由、主张人生平等、不向人生低头的坚强性格；我悲伤苔丝的悲惨命运…… 我相信每个国家都有自己一段辉煌的文学史，并不只有中国的上下五千年源远流长的文学史。这本英美文学通论就像一枚发着光的玉，将英美文学的历史隧道栩栩如生的展现在我们面前，我们边走边观光着，或感慨，或唏嘘，或赞叹……

下面三篇是对《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）、《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）和《老人与海》（The old man and the sea） 的观后感。

《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）观后感

《简爱》这本小说主要通过描写简·爱与罗切斯特的一波三折的爱情故事塑造了出身低微、生活道路曲折、受尽欺侮和白眼，却从不低头，坚持维护独立自由、追求个性、主张自由、平等、不向人生低头的坚强女性形象。它阐述了这样一个主题：人生的价值=尊严+爱。简·爱是个孤儿，从小寄居篱下，受尽委屈，承受着同龄人不一样的待遇，也许就是因为这些，使她拥有顽强的和百折不屈的精神，一种不可战胜的人格魅力。在罗切斯特面前，她从不因为自己出身卑微而感到卑贱，相反，她觉得人是平等的，也应该受到尊重，也许正是因为这种自尊、高尚的心灵，使得罗切斯特觉得他们是精神上可以与他平等交谈，而且无可自拔的爱上她。但是她们结婚的时候，当简·爱得知他已有妻子时，并没有受到金钱的诱惑而屈尊做他的情妇，而是选择离开。这是多么难能可贵，她多么纠结的离开，在她内心深处她是那么爱罗切斯特，但她依旧选择离开。这种精神需要给现在这个社会浮躁的人，在这个“小三”泛滥的社会，尤其是女士们，在美好，富裕的生活诱导下，坚持自己的个人尊严，这是简·爱教给我们的。我想这种思想对于我们来说真的很重要，它就像导航灯一样，让我们

在这个灯红酒绿的社会不要迷失自己，时刻掌握自己的方向。作者赋予了小说一个圆满的结局，虽然过于完美，甚至有点不切实际的浪漫，但是我依然尊重作者这种对美好的生活的向往。当今社会人的理想常常离不开金钱的帮助，人们都疯狂地为了金钱和地位欺骗自己，宁可抛弃自己爱的人，抛弃自尊，来寻找所谓物质上的富足，而最后变成了没有灵魂，只有漂亮躯壳的外表。故事完美的结局也告诉我们生活并不是一直昏暗，相信明天肯定是美好的，同时也告诉我们要像简·爱一样坚持真爱，时刻保持善良。

《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）观后感

其实我并不是很喜欢呼啸山庄的故事情节，就像老师说的一样，呼啸山庄的故事甚至有点变态，都是在相互的报复。但是，我们这是从普通生活的角度看待，从艺术的角度来说，这部小说展示的是畸形的生活画面。其实每个人都有过极端的内心想法藏在心底角落，正常人都不会做，一旦表现出来就变成了畸形扭曲的人性。就像这部小说一样，作者艾米丽·勃朗特古怪、孤僻的性格，感觉也比较怪异。但是她是内容：旷野，西风，杂草，苍凉的落日，崎岖的地形„„这一切都似乎是一幅完美沧桑的画。故事一开始描写了希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳朝暮相处的童年生活，高潮就是凯瑟琳因为虚荣、无知和林顿结婚，而希斯克利夫出走，终于在发达之后开始回来复仇。最后一阶段希斯克利夫的死亡，而哈里顿和凯蒂的相爱最终恢复了正常的人性。希斯克利夫的感情变化；爱—恨—复仇是贯穿整个小说的始终。艾米丽将所有的感情都赋予了这个受苦的弃儿身上，或爱，或恨。最后希斯克利夫临死前放弃了下一代身上报复的念头，表明了他的本性还是善良的，只是由于残酷的现实扭曲了他的天性，迫使他变得残酷无情。我之所以一样的欣赏这部小说，不仅因为作者独特的思想性格，还有哥特式的渲染气息。有些场景看起来气氛压抑，令人恐惧。窗外是凹凸不平的荒野，光线很昏暗，风呼呼的把窗帘吹起来，枯枝忽然伸进窗内„„整个画面多少有点怪异，回想起来都有点不寒而栗，但是我就喜欢那种感觉。所以我也喜欢这种电影，像《暮光之城》，《吸血鬼日记》等，但是《呼啸山庄》是这类文学的鼻祖，因此我特别钦佩艾米

丽的才华，一个与外界没有多少交集的人竟然有这些细腻的思想和非凡的艺术，真的很钦佩。

《老人与海》（The old man and the sea） 观后感

小时候就读过《老人与海》，但是可能比较小，并不知道它的真谛，只是觉得就是一个普通的故事。时间从指缝间流逝，现在我忽然觉得这部作品很伟大！海明威（ErnestHemingway）用他的笔向我们诠释了一个硬汉子的特征：面对大海，他从不畏惧，对他向往的理想义无反顾的追求，即使遇到了凶猛的鲨鱼，他依然搏斗，直到筋疲力尽，拖着大马林鱼的鱼骨架回到岸上。虽然表面上，老人是个被鲨鱼打败的失败者，恰恰相反，他用自己的鱼骨架向人们证明他完全是个胜利者。这个故事给我留下最深刻的印象是这样一句话：But a man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed, but not defeat.他没有多少豪言壮志，也没有多少饱读诗书，这样的话只能是一个人高尚灵魂的倾诉。人生的旅途上，不可能一帆风顺，等待我们更多的是荆棘的困难、险阻，因为我们都在生活着，也有很多无奈，难过的时候，迷惘地时候，失落的时候，想想《老人与海》中的圣地亚哥，心就会豁达了许多。这部小说就像潜伏在心底的一轮太阳，在你低谷的时候，它忽然为你照亮前面的路。有时候，就是这样，为了自己的理想，在困难面前，需要拿出想圣地亚哥这样的铁汉子精神，执着、刚强、勇敢、毫不畏惧，只有这样，才能真正的驾驭自己命运，做自己的主人。

这门课程教给了我们远不止文学史这么简单，在受到文学艺术熏陶的同时，我们也伴随故事所传达的精髓一起成长。

推荐第2篇：英美文学

体验英美文学之美

——学习漫话英美文学选修之感悟

这学期已经是大二的第二学期了，这就意味着大学的一半即将过去，回想自己大学这两年的学习，我所学的课程全都是理科，但作为一个理科生，所欠缺的正是文学素养与人文情怀，而这也正是当今社会所必需的。美国心理学家布鲁纳认为,学生的学习是受一定的学习动机所支配的,学习过程中的外在动机是短暂的,而内在动机效用长久。我内心渴望获得这些，因此，我选修了“漫画英美文学”这门课。通过这学期的学习，我对此深有感悟。

初选这门课时，我看到书上对这门课有以下简介——随着对外交流的发展，大学生对英美文学的兴趣 日益增长。了解英美文学的文化背景及简史，便显得尤为重要。本课程力求以通俗的方式简括够了英美两国文学的历史背景，概述它们的来龙去脉。与此同时，该课程基本涵盖了能反映英美文学风貌的经典文学作品。希望这门课能帮助学生打开窥视英美文学宝库的窗口。通过上面的简介，我了解到这门课能够切实有效的帮助我，这对我在以后的学习当中起到了一个抛砖引玉的作用，使我对这门课充满了信心与希望，这对我在学习当中起到了很大的作用。

英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁—萨克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶

段。战后英国文学大致呈现从写实到实验和多元的走势。 美国文学在19世纪末就已不再是“英国文学的一个分支”。进入20世纪,美国文学日趋成熟,成为真正意义上独立的、具有强大生命力的民族文学。战后美国文学历经50年代的新旧交替、60年代的实验主义精神浸润、70年代至世纪末的多元化发展阶段,形成了不同于以往历史时期的鲜明特色和特征。

首先,老师在英美文学历史方面知识的补充帮助我读懂一些文学作品。在英国被称为“第一个真正的小品文作家”的培根在他的《论求知》中曾说到:“读史使人明智”。文学史中包括了历史背景介绍,文学文化思潮,以及文学流派介绍,并分析了社会政治、经济、文化对文学发展的影响。这些背景性知识的补充给我以启迪,帮助我理解作品中的人物,理解作品的主题。

例如老师讲《简•爱》时,不仅是在读一个孤女的成长历程,更是在读十九世纪一名出身卑微的知识女性眼中的英国,我们通过简•爱的眼睛看到了维多利亚时期英国的教育制度、婚姻制度、阶级差异还有其他方方面面。我在读《鲁滨逊漂流记》,也不仅是在读一篇引人入胜的孤岛历险记,更是在读一部新兴资产阶级的发家史。有英美文学史方面的知识作铺垫,可以使我们切实领悟到任何一部作品都是时代的产物,作品的情节,人物的刻画无不在传达着作者对当时社会的看法;读文学,即是在读社会、读人生。这是我的感悟之一。

其次,文学是语言的艺术,重视对作品的研读才能挖掘到文学作品的美,理解作品的思想观点,欣赏其谋篇布局,体味其语言技巧及文体

修辞,从而提高语言分析理解能力,研读英语原著的能力,并培养审美情趣。

例如老师在诗歌的讲解中，告诉我们欣赏英文诗歌特有的头韵、尾韵;在朗读中体会音步带来的节奏之美;在解读中进一步感受诗歌中的意象之美。使学生在对文本的字斟句酌、反复推敲中体会作者之用心,感受文学之魅力。这使我对莎士比亚的诗歌有了更深层次的理解。这是我的感悟之二。

通过课上老师分析英美文学作品，深化了我在基础阶段所学的知识，提高了语言的运用能力，增强了西方文学及文化的了解，培养了文学鉴赏力和审美的敏感性，以及敏锐感受生活、认知生活的能力，进而从整体上促进了我人文素质的提高。随着时代的前进，现代社会已发展成一个环境复杂、文化多元的社会。它要求人们具有独立思维的能力以及解决问题的能力，也就是说，弘扬人的主体性是我们这个时代发展的主旋律，因此我们必须培养这种能力，而在学习英美文学中时已在潜移默化的培养这种能力。这也是我感悟最深的。 总之，在这学期的英美文学选修中，我不仅学到了很多知识，还培养了自己的能力，同时更激发了我对英美文学的向往，我想借用一句话来概括：我不过就象是一个在海滨玩耍的小孩，为不时发现比寻常更为光滑的一块卵石或比寻常更为美丽的一片贝壳而沾沾自喜，而对于展现在我面前的浩瀚的真理的海洋，却全然没有发现。我愿进入文学的海洋去继续探寻真理。

推荐第3篇：英美文学。

一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America

1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith

《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》

“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”

《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》

“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”

《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”

2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop

《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”

3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop

《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”

4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams

《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”

或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》

Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”

5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet

《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》

”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America

二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution

1。本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin

※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”

《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”

2。托马斯•佩因Thomas Paine

※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”

《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”

《常识》“Common Sense”

《人权》“Rights of Man”

《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”

《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”

3。托马斯•杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson

※《独立宣言》

4。菲利浦•弗瑞诺Philip Freneau

※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”

※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”

※《致凯提•迪德》“To a Caty-Did”

《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”

《夜屋》“The House of Night”

《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”

《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》

“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”

《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”

推荐第4篇：英美文学

A summery of first two leons

From the previous claes, we＇ve eentially get an brief idea of some basic knowledge about the United Kingdom.The main knowledge points can be concluded as follows:

The full name of the complicated country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Britain is no longer an imperial country, though its past has huge effects.The two main effects respectively lie in Britain＇international relationships and the make-up of the British population.

UK, as a multiracial society, has the remarkable cla regional and economic differences.

London, the capital and the largest city, is dominant in the UK in all fields.England, the largest in geography and population of the four nations, dominant in culture and economy.

A British invasions history which experiences from stages.

Scotland, the most confident of its own identity, has spent a history as a unified state independent of the UK.

Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliament.

A brief introduction to Wales.

Northern Ireland has an active cultural life but has its problems because of the conflicts and the influence of UK.

Irish desires for an indepent Irish state all the time, therefore iues accurred in frequent succeion.The Home Rule Bill, the East Rising of 1916 and the Sinn Fein Party made Irish independent.

There exists religious conflicts between the Irish and the British because of the ethnical distinction.

British government organised a partition of Ireland as a compromise.

More violent campaign, IRA＇s violence and Bloody Sunday.

In order to halt the terrible conflicts, Ireland and Great Britain aim to cooperate with each other and arrive at a resolution.Finally, the Good Friday Agreement was emerged.

Learning first two leons has laid a good foundation for our further study on the following leons.I＇m looking forward to comprehend more knowledge about British politics, economy, culture and foreign relations and so on.

推荐第5篇：英美文学

John Milton

1.Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.

2.Literary career.

(1) The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent.L\'Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaiance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture.Next came Comus, a masque.The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.

(2) The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry.In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause.For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing.He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.

(3) The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity.This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets.The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaiance tradition and his Puritan faith.They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare.In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty.In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.

3.Major Works

(1) Paradise Lost

a.the plot.

b.characters.

c.theme: justify the ways of God to man.

(2) Paradise Regained.

(3) Samson Agonistes.

4.Features of Milton’s works.

(1) Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer.The two most eential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.

(2) Milton wrote many different types of poetry.He is especially a great master of blank verse.He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.

(3) Milton is a great stylist.He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long claical and biblical study.

(4) Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expreion.

推荐第6篇：英美文学

severalfamous sonnets – a powerful expose of social evils

of the poet’s age,– on steadfast love

Artistic achievement profound in their moral depth and more complex in their expreed feelings.University witsa group of talented youngdramatists

Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)

One of the “University wits”

The greatest tragedy playwright before William Shakespeare

His masterwork: Doctor Faustus (1604) (P75-76)

Doctor Faustus(1604)

Doctor Faustus’s contract with Lucifer, a devil.

His twenty four year long life in an exchange for some magic power:

----playing tricks upon the Pope (The bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church on earth.);

---calling for the spirit of Alexander the Great (the emperor ofMacedonia) and it appears;Doctor Faustus(1604)

---having succeeded in having Helen, the beauty of ancient Troy, as his wife.

Finally, Doctor Faustus is sent to hell because of the deadly sin has damned both his body and his soul.Doctor Faustus(1604)

Analysis of the hero: Doctor Faustus

Knowledgeable, but having blind faith in human intellect;

Ambitious and proud: A paionate seeker for

power, which comes from forbidden knowledge.

Doctor Faustus’s Biblical source:

The fall of Adam and Eve

William Shakespeare

He is the author of 37 plays, but we are not certain of his life story until now .

Drama: his career may be dividedinto four periods.(P78)

---Comedies in the four periods

---Tragedies in the four periods

Plot of Four Great Tragedies (P86-P87)

1 Othello:

---Othello: a capable general in Venice

---Desdemonon: a strong-minded, beautiful girl

---Iago: one of the officers under Othello

Reasons for the tragedy:

jealousy

Plot of Four Great Tragedies (P86-P87)

2 Macbeth:

--- Macbeth: to commit murder in order to become king knowing he will be the king of Scotland from the witch

---lady Macbeth: to encourage her husband

---Duncan: king of Scotand who was murdered by Macbeth

Reasons for the tragedy :ambition, lust for power

Plot of Four Great Tragedies (P86-P87)

3 King Lear:

---King Lear: a wish to divide his kingdom and give it to his daughters

---Goneril and Regan: his two elder daughters who flatter him

---Cordelia: his youngest daughter who speaks her true mind but loves her father most

Reasons for the tragedy: Misjudgment

Hamlet

Leading characters:

Hamlet : the Prince of Denmark

King Hamlet: Father of the Prince, wecan only see his ghost

Claudius: Hamlet’s uncle, now the King

Gertrude: Hamlet’s mother, and the Queen of Denmark.

 Polonius:Ophelia’s father, the King’s trusted courtier

Laertes: Ophelia’s brother, Polonius’s son

Hamlet

Act 1:

Old Hamlet’sghost told Hamlet a tale of

horror.There has been murder andadultery; and the Ghost demands revenge for his wrongs.Hamlet makes a promise to revenge for his father’s death before the Ghostleaves.Act 2:

To dull his uncle’s vigilance, Hamlet pretends to go mad.However, his madne is taken by Polonius, an old courtier who is loyal to Claudius , to an emotionaldisturbance due to his paion for Ophelia, daughter of Polonius.At this moment, a company of playersvisits the castle, and Hamlet will have a play acted, which resembles the late king’s murder.

Act 3:

The guilty Claudius starts up in fear before the play ends, and goes out.Gertrude sends Hamlet to her chamber, where he reveals Claudius’s basene and exprees his indignation at her hasty marriage with Claudius, which renders the queen heart-broken.Then Hamlet becomes aware that he is being overheard in the conversation.Thinking it is Claudius that is in hiding, he runs his sword through the arras but finds the eavesdropper thus killed to be Polonius.Before he parts from his mother, Hamlet refers to the King’s decision to send him to England.

Act4:

The king now determines to kill Hamlet.He sends Hamlet to England, intending to have him killed there.But pirates capture Hamlet and send him back to Denmark again.Heart-broken at the death of her father, Ophelia goes mad and then is drowned in a stream.Hamlet returns just at the time of her funeral.

In the grave-yard he has a quarrel with Laertes, Ophelia’s brother.Laertes vows to avenge the death of his father and sister.

Act 5:

With Laertes, Claudius conspires to do away with Hamlet.The kings arranges that Laertes is to challenge Hamlet to a friendly duel andkill him with a poisoned rapier.In the duel, Laertes wounds Hamlet but is himself struck with the same poisoned weapon.

Before death, Laertes reveals the plot.The queen, at this moment, has drunk from a poisoned cup intended for Hamlet.Hamlet, in a paion, stabs the King, and then dies through his poisoned wound, giving the election to the crown to young Fortinbras, the prince of Norway.

推荐第7篇：英美文学

SIR THOMAS MALORY

(1405-1471 )

The OutlineI.SIR THOMAS MALORY

II.Morte d\' Arthur《亚瑟王之死》

III.Questions for Discuion

.SIR THOMAS MALORY (1405-1471 )

Life: He was very rich because he inherited a

considerable estate in Warwickshire (a county in west

central England ) upon his father\'s death in 1433 and he

seems to have quickly become drawn into the turmoil of

local politics.In 1445, he became a Member of

Parliament for his county: a rather unstable area during

this time because the usually powerful Earl of Warwick,

was only in his mid-teens.

A lot of political affairs in Warwickshire led Sir

Thomas into his numerous clashes with the law.From

1444 onwards, he was caught up in raids (袭击) on the

attacks on the Duke of Buckingham and Combe Abbey

大修道院,大寺院 , as well as a number of thefts in the county

of Eex.Keen to blacken his name, Sir Thomas\'

enemies branded (给某人加上污名) him “a rapist, church-

robber, extortioner (勒索者，敲诈者) and would-be

murderer\".Unlucky or incompetent,

Sir Thomas was certainly in prison almost

continuously throughout the 1450s, though he did

escape several times.His pardon came to him in

October 1462, followed by military service in

Northumbria.From then on he kept his head down,

but may have become embroiled (使卷入) in Cook\'s

Conspiracy (阴谋活动) of 1468, for which he was

imprisoned.There, he turned to writing and earned

eternal fame.Sir Thomas died on 12th March 1471,

probably in Newgate Prison (London).

He was buried in the nearby Friary Church of St.

Francis.

II.Morte d\' Arthur

《亚瑟王之死》

Malory\'s tale begins with the mysterious birth of Arthur and ends with his equally mysterious death.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table.The knights fight many battles and win glory, all of which is a credit to the name of King Arthur.Near the end of the story, however, the tide of good fortune turns.Launcelot, one of Arthur\'s knights, falls in love with Arfhur\'s queen, Guinever, and the lady

returns his love.One by one the other knight become discontented(使不满), selfish, or

disillusioned(使醒悟;使不再抱幻想;使...的理想破灭).Thus weakened, the kingdom is attacked by force under Sir Mordred, Arthur\'s treacherous (背叛的;不忠的) nephew, and ultimately it goes down in defeat.Arthur is borne away (被...所驱使) on a barge (大型平底船) by three mysterious ladies of the Lake.

Morte d‘Arthur was written in a time of transition.The feudal order was dying.By the time Malory began writing his story, soldiers were fighting with gunpowder, a middle cla of

tradesmen was arising; and the practices of chivalry were being replaced (代替,取代) by a new aristocratic code.Malory, in a desire to escape the disorder and uneasine of his day,

tried to recapture lost ideals of the romantic past as recounted (叙述,讲述) in his tale of noble kings, adventurous knights, and damsels (少女;闺女) in distre (悲痛; 苦恼; 忧伤; 贫困,穷苦; 危难; 不幸; 引起痛苦或悲痛的事物).

This book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.

III.Questions for Discuion

1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?

2.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?

3.Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?

1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?

See the last paragraph on Page 50 to the fifth paragraph on Page 51.of our text book.

What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?See Page 6 –9 of our PPt.

.Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?

See the first paragraph on Page 52 of our text book.

推荐第8篇：英美文学

Youth-青春

Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshne of the deep springs of life.

Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease.This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20.Nobody grows old merely by a number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals.

Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spring back to dust.

Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being\'s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what\'s next and the joy of the game of living.In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wirele station: so long as it receives meages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the Infinite, so long are you young.When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of peimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.

青春不是年华，而是心境； 青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝， 而是深沉的意志、宏伟的想象、炽热的感情；青春是生命的深泉在涌流。青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯弱， 进去压倒苟安，如此锐气，二十后生有之，六旬男子则更多见。年年有加，并非垂老；理想丢弃，方堕暮年。岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓唐必至灵魂。烦忧、惶恐、丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。无论年届花甲，抑或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一台天线， 只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，你就青春永驻，风华常存。一旦天线倒塌，锐气被冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生，几十年方二十，实已垂老矣；然则只要竖起天线，捕捉乐观的信号，你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉得年轻。

青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面，丹唇，柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炽热的感情；青春是生命的源泉在不息的涌流。青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯懦，进取压倒苟安。如此锐气，弱冠后生有之，耳顺之年，则亦多见，年岁有加，并非垂老；理想丢弃，方堕暮年。岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤，热忱抛却，颓唐必至灵魂。忧烦，惶恐，丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。无论年届古稀，抑或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆深植一片追求，只要你从天上，人间追求美好，希望，欢乐，勇气和力量，你就青春永驻，风华长存。一旦追求消失，锐气如同冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭，自暴自弃油然而生，即使年方二十，实已老矣。然坚持追求，你就有望在百岁高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年青。

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer\'s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer\'s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm\'d;

And every fair from fair sometime declines,

By chance, or nature\'s changing course untrimm\'d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose poeion of that fair thou ow\'st;

Nor shall Death brag thou wander\'st in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou grow\'st:

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this and this gives life to thee

莎士比亚Sonnet 18译文By Shakespeare

能否把你比作夏日璀璨?你却比炎夏更可爱温存。 狂风摧残五月花蕊娇妍，夏天匆匆离去毫不停顿。 苍天明眸有时过于灼热，金色脸容往往蒙上阴翳； 一切优美形象不免褪色，偶然摧残或自然地老去； 而你如仲夏繁茂不凋谢，秀雅风姿将永远翩翩，死神无法逼你气息奄奄，你将永生于不朽诗篇。 只要人能呼吸眼不盲，这诗和你将千秋流芳。（孙梁译）

thee〓you（宾格）, thou〓you（主格）, art〓are, hath〓has, sometime〓sometimes, thy〓your能不能让我来把你比拟做夏日？ 你可是更加温和，更加可爱： 狂风会吹落五月里开的好花儿， 夏季的生命又未免结束得太快： 有时候苍天的巨眼照得太灼热， 他那金彩的脸色也会被遮暗； 每一样美呀，总会离开美而凋落， 被时机或者自然的代谢所摧残； 但是你永久的夏天决不会凋枯， 你永远不会失去你美的仪态； 死神夸不着你在他的影子里踯躅， 你将在不朽的诗中与时间同在； 只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见， 我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延。

The themes that surfaced in the sonnet are love.This is a love poem where the poet exalts the one he loves.He doesn\'t want her beauty to be compared to a transitory period like summer.Love is a great motivator.He decides his beloved is more beautiful.Transcience of time is also the themes of Sonnet

18.The poet does not want his beloved’s beauty to fade with time.To him/her beauty must be like the eternal summer.The best way to preserve her beauty is to capture it in verse so that her beauty growl’s\' as eternal lines with time.

Beauty is the themes of Sonnet 18.Beauty should be appreciated.Should his beloved be compared to a summer\'s day? Summer is only temporary and has too short a lease.Sometimes; the sun shines too brightly, making the heat in summer hard to bear.Beauty can be easily destroyed by accident or fades with the paing of time.Beautiful things are temporary.Nothing is permanent on earth.

Other themes included youth and youthfulne.The poet is adamant that his beloved\'s beauty will not disappear.She will be able to live forever once she is the subject of his poem.In this way, the beauty of the poet\'s beloved will be transfixed forever in the minds and hearts of all its readers.Her beauty will continue to exist as long as men continue to read this poem about her.

推荐第9篇：英美文学

术语解释：

Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.

Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.

Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.

5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.

6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:

1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI

1591The First part of King Henry VI

1592The Life and Death of King Richard III; The Comedy of Errors

1593Titus Andronicus; The Taming of the Shrew

1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona; Love’s Labour’s Lost; Romeo and Juliet

1595The Life and Death of Richard II; A Midsummer Night’s Dream

159615971598Much Ado About Nothing; The Merry Wives of Windsor; The Life of King Henry V

1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar; As You Like It

1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will

In the second period:

1601 1602 Troilus and Creida; All’s Well That Ends Well

160416051606Antony and Cleopatra

1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus; Timon of Athens

1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre

In the third period:

1609Cymbeline, King of Britain

1610The Winter’s Tale

1612The Tempest; The Life of King Henry VIII

7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.

To die, to sleep, no more.

8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, eayist.

John Donne, a metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人)

John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1

out of Eden.

John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部现实主义小说，作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画，歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦，充满野心和冒险精神，富有百折不挠，顽强毅力和斗志，依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。 Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the succefully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.

John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力，通过描写格列佛四次遇险，写出了作者看透了当代的腐败，以讽刺的方法，抨击了当时腐败的社会。Attack the Britain

parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distre to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.

Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.

John Smith is the first American writer.

Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.

The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.

combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on

surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to expre

Transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验，认为世间万物都是平等的。

Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.

Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between

mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.

9.诗歌鉴赏

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer\'s day?我能否将你比作夏天？

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，

And summer\'s lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空，

And often is his gold complexion dimm\'d,转眼会云雾迷蒙。

And every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零，

By chance or nature\'s changing course untrimm\'d:催折于无常的天命。

But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新

Nor lose poeion of that fair thou ow\'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。

Nor shall Death brag thou wand\'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁，

When in eternal lines to time thou grow\'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，

So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。

全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），包括三个四行组（quatrain）和一个对偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式，即abab cdcd efef gg。

二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇，破坏意美

Sonnet 29

When, in disgrace with fortune and man\'s eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼，

I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，

And trouble deaf heaven with my bootle cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,

And look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰，

Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望，

Featured like him,like him with friends poe\'d面貌相似，又和他一样广交游，

Desiring this man\'s art and that man\'s scope希求这人的渊博，那人的内行，

With what I most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；

Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，当我正要这样看轻自己，

Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，

Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地

From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven\'s gate振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门：

For thy sweet love remember\'d such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有，

That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。

赏析：对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）.韵式，即abab

cdcd efef gg。

To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鸟 》

-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特

Whither, \'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠，

While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束；

Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际，

Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？

总结：As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you (waterfowl) are

going?

Vainly the fowler\'s eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施，

Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾；

As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬，

Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。

总结：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without succe, a hunter (fowler) might try to

bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.

Seek\'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨，

Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？

Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩，

On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？

• 总结：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,

the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?

There is a Power whose care有上苍把你关照，

Teaches thy way along that pathle coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路，

The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际，

Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。

• 总结：There is a Power that leads you on your way acro deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.

You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.

All day thy wings have fann\'d你成天翕动翅膀，

At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷，飞在高处，

Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地，

Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。

总结：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.

And soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦，

Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处；

And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴，

Soon o\'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。

• 总结：you have a strong desire to be with your family; or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will

end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall graes.

Thou\'rt gone, the aby of heaven你的身躯全被吞没，

Hath swallowed up thy form; yet, on my heart天堂深渊里，你踪影全无；

Deeply hath sunk the leon thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底，

And shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。

• 总结:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the leon you taught me.

He, who, from zone to zone,谁，从一个地方到另一个地方，

Guides through the boundle sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越无限的天空作必然的飞翔，

In the long way that I must tread alone,也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上，

Will lead my steps aright.正确地引导我的脚步。

赏析：There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.

推荐第10篇：英美文学

2007级 英语翻译班 王晓玲学号 200704830116

Reading Anne Bradstreet

Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) is one of the most important figures in the history of American Literature.Bradstreet was born as Anne Dudley in Northampton, England.She was the daughter of Thomas Dudley and Dorothy Dudley, Earl of Lincoln, and she grew up in cultured circumstances.Bradstreet was an unusually well-educated woman for her time, which allowed her to expre herself through writing.She wrote about politics, history, medicine, and theology.

Much of Bradstreet\'s poetry is based on observation of the world around her, focusing heavily on domestic and religious themes.Long considered primarily of historical interest, she won critical acceptance in the 20th century as a writer of enduring verse, particularly for her sequence of religious poems \"Contemplations\",

It is clear to see that Anne\'s faith was exemplary, and so was her love for children and her husband, Governor Simon Bradstreet.Anne\'s poems were written mainly during the long periods of loneline while Simon was away on political errands.Anne, who was a well educated woman, also spent much time with her children, reading to them and teaching them as her father had taught her when she was young.While it is rather easy for us to view Puritan ideology in a bad light because of it\'s attitude towards women and strict moral code, her indifference to material wealth, her humility and her spirituality, regardle of religion, made her into a positive, inspirational role model for any of us.Another one of Anne\'s most important qualities was her strong intuition, although only subtly hinted at in her work, probably for fear of reprisal from the deeply religious Puritan community, one cannot help but feel her constant fascination with the human mind, and spirit, andinner guidance.

Her style is deceptively simple, yet speaks of a woman of high intelligence and ideals who was very much in love, and had unconditional faith.While it was difficult for women to air their views in the 17th Century, Anne Bradstreet did so with ease, as her rich vocabulary and polyvalent knowledge brought a lyrical, yet logical quality to her work which made it pleasant for anyone to read.

Anne Bradstreet\'s poetry reflects Puritan thinking like sunlight softly shimmering on aquiet country pond.There is life and much activity just below the quiet surface,yet one must look below to discover its depth.As the first notable poet in American literature,it is fitting that this young woman,a product of an atypical upbringing,should use her extensive education to expre thought and emotion well beyond the writings of her time

第11篇：英美文学

英国文学知识点梳理：

1.Renaiance: ( from 14th century to 17th century)

Definition: Renaiance is commonly applied to the movement or period in Western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world.An age of drama and poetry.

Reasons:the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astronomy, the religious reformation and economic expansion

Significance: a reflection of the cla struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal cla and its ideology.

William Caxton—the first person who introduced printing into England.

Sonnet: originated in Italy, sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a distinctiverhyme scheme and metrical pattern.It was introduced to England by Sir Wyatt in the early stage of English Renaiance and then further cultivated by Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare so as to produce respectively the Spenserian stanza and

Shakespearian stanza, both of which exerted great influence on the succeing poets.Shakespearian Stanza: Shakespearean Sonnet is made up of three quatrains(四行诗节) with different rhymes, followed by a couplet.The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza: invented by Edmund Spenser.It is a stanza of 9 lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步& the last line in iambic hexameter抑扬格六音步, rhyming ababbcbcc.

blank verse—is unrhymed poetry with each line written in iambic pentamet Metaphysical Poetry:



 Definition:The term is commonly used to name the work in the 17th century written by the writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Representatives: John Donne & George Herbert

Technique: Peculiar/Metaphysical conceits(奇喻)

 General Features: a.The diction is simple and echoes the words and cadence of

common speech.The imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical/peculiar

conceits”.The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s loved, with God, or with himself.

2.Neo-claic Period:

1)The Enlightenment Movement—The Age of Reason

Definition: The Enlightenment refers to a progreive intellectual movement

throughout Western Europe that spans approximately one hundred years from

1680s to 1789.

Purpose: to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and

artistic ideas.

2) Neoclaicism: (Main literary form—English Novels)

Definition: In literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and

styles of expreion of claical literature.It is generally used to describe a period in

European history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about

1800.

Characteristics of Neoclaical Literature: fixed laws and rules for almost every

genre of literature.Prose: lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, each cla

guided by its own principles.Drama: in Heroic Couplet; strictly observation of the 3

unity of time, space andaction; regularity in construction; type characters

rather than individuals.Mainstream of literature: realism—writers described the

social realities.

3.Romantic Period: (an age of poetry)

1) Romanticism

English Romanticism is said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of

Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with

Sir Walter Scott’s death and the paage of the first Reform Bill in the

Parliament.

2) Characteristics of the Age





 The Romantic Age is emphatically an age of poetry.Women novelists appeared in this age.It was during this period that women aumed, for the first time, an important place in English literature.(Jane Austen)The greatest historical novelists Walter Scott belongs to this period.His

historical novels combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of

historical background and common people’s life.Scott marked the transition

from romanticism to the period of realism that followed it.

4.The Victorian Period:

1) Victorian Literature

 The novel became the most widely read and most vital and challenging

expreion of progreive thought.



 The Victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional prose.The poets of this period were mainly characterized by their experiment with

new styles and new ways of expreion.

2) Critical Realism



 English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and early 1850s.It found its expreion mainly in the writing of novels and the greatest

English critical realist of the time was Charles Dickens—a humorist and

satirist, a great bourgoisie intellect who could not overstep the limits of

 his cla.The English critical realism of the 19th century not only gave a satirical

portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling claes, but also showed

profound sympathy for the common people.

5.The Modern Period—marked by the publification of T.S.Eliot’s The Wast

Land: (Prevailing Genre: Fictions)

1) Cultural Background

Darwin’s Origin of Species and social Darwinism;Einstein’s theory of relativity; Freud’s

analytical psychology; irrational philosophers including Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and

Bergson.

2) The Differences Between Realism and Modernism:

Realism: Theoratical Base ---Rational PhilosophyFunction of Literature--- Educate

People and Criticize Social EvilsSubject--- Public, Exterior WorldConception of

Time &Space--- Clock Time, Geographic spaceForms and Techniques--- Hero, Plot

Tone--- Optimistic

Modernism: Theoratical Base --- Irrational PhilosophyFunction of Literature---

Expreion of \"Self\"Subject--- Private, Interior World

Conception ofTime &Space--- Psychological Time &SpaceForms and Techniques---

Anti-hero, Anti-plot

Tone--- Peimistic

Modernism is , in many aspects, a reaction against rationalism, it rose out of

skepticism and disillusion of capitalism.The Major theme of Modernism:

distoreted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society,

man and man, and man and himself.

Literary Trends: expreionism, surrealism(超现实主义), futurism, imagism and stream

of consciousne, existentialsm.

美国文学

1.Literature of Colonial Period

a.Indian tribes had a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, spells, charms,

omens ,riddles and stories.

b.Three stages: Traditional literature, Transitional Literature, Modern Literaturec.The first permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

d.Puritanism :Origin of Puritan

Doctrines:based on Calvinism1)predestination2)original sin and total depravity

3)limited atonement4)theocracy

Influence on American Literature 1)Its optimism has exerted a great influence on

American literature2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed

gradually into a literary symbolism

e.Literature of Colonial Settlement: Forms: histories, travel account, biographies,

diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons and poems.Characteristics:1) American

colonial literature is neither real literature nor American.2) Their writings served either

God or colonial expansion

2.The Literature of the Revolutionary Period:

a.The Age of Reason: Definition:A rational society is that “reforms the mind,

sweetens the temper, cheers the spirits, and promotes health”(by Thomas

Jefferson).

b.The forms of literature: ballads, skits, broadsides, newspaper poems, editorials,

eays, private and public letters, satires, pamphlets

3.The Literature of the Romantic Period

1) American Romanticism: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe

in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on

the individual’s expreion of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and

forms of claicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

native factors: It is a period following American independence.(Political independence,

economic development and territorial expansion contributed much to literature.

foreign influence: Romanticism emerged from England and it added impetusto the

growthof Romanticism in America.

2) Distinct Features of American Romanticism

a.It was in eence the expreion of a real new experience

b.American Puritanism served as a cultural heritage in American literature.c.American new ideals were strong enough to inspire Romantic spirit

d.both imitative & independent

4.The Literature of the Realistic Period:

a.Realism:is a term applied to literary composition that aims at an prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.

b.Time:Realism flourished from the Civil War to the turn of the century.

c.Features: (1) It strees truthful treatment of material.(2) Characterization is the center of the story.(3) Open ending is a good example of the truthful treatment of material.(4) Realism focuses on common characters and everyday events.(5) Realism emphasizes objectivity.(6) Realism presents moral vision.

d.Two Literary Trends:

1)Local Color(or Local Corlorism/Regionalism etc.)

a.Local Color is a term applied to literature which, asthat have escaped standardizing cultural influences

b.Features: Presenting a locale which is distinguished from the outside world; Describing the exotic and the picturesque; Nostalgia; Showing things as they are; The influence of setting on character（environmental determinism）

2) Naturalism:

a.Background: 1) Darwinism’s key points: the struggle for existence or evolution, the survival of the fittest, natural selection.2) SocialDarwinism: the weak and stupid would fall victim in the natural course of events to economic forces.

b.Definition: Naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary

composition

c.Features:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godle, indifferent, and hostile to human desires.

The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists.(Violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant and ugly vs.genteel)

5.The Literature of the Modernist Period:

1).Modernism:

Cultural Background: Darwin’s Origin of Species; Freud’s analytical psychology(libido, id, ego, superego); Irrational Philosophers: Schopenhauer & Nietzsche

Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions.

2) Imagism:(Leaders: Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell)

Definition: Imagism is the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of American and British poets calling themselves imagists between 1912 and 1917.Aiming at a new clarity and exactne in the short lyric poem, the imagists cultivated concision and directne, building their short poems around single images; they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular rhythms.

Features: Free choice of subject matter, Free verse, Image Without interpretation or comment

Influences: a.The imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as poible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.b.The second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.(The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningle clusters.)

2)The Lost Generation:

.first used by Gertrude Stein, an American woman writer, who was one of the leaders of the group,the term defines a sense of moral lo or aimlene.The WWI destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or

returned damaged, both physically and mentally; their moral faith were no longer valid--- they were “Lost.”

In the Narrow Sense: a group ofAmerican writers, including Hemingway,

F.S.Fitzgerald, J.Dos Paos, E.E.Cummings, Sherwood Anderson, and Hart Crane, etc.

In the Broad Sense: the entire post WWI American young generation

Main Characteristics: Suffering from the war, losing beliefs, being cut off from life, indulged in drinking and partying.

第12篇：英美文学

《英美文学》复习方法

一、找到《英美文学》的辅导书，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通车》等类型的汉语版辅导书。

二、先把汉语版辅导书的课文翻译通读，理解了全书每个章节的内容和知识点；用汉语记录重点；

三、第一轮复习顺序：

1、先看英国文学，后看美国文学

2、按照时间顺序看，每个时代都有代表性文学流派和代表作家及代表性作品

3、按照课本的章节顺序，看完汉语译文后，对照英语译文，划出课本上对每个时代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和评论。名词性描述一般是填空题和选择搭配题；评论部分是简单题和问答题；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介绍不用看；记住某个时代某个流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及该作品的简要介绍和评论。

4、按照章节划出重点信息，然后整理笔记；

5、全部整理完毕之后，基本上对文学史和代表文学作品有了基本了解。

四、第二轮复习顺序

1、找到历年真题，做题的时候对照答案，寻找该答案在课文原文中的原始线索，并作好整理记录；

2、整理理解全部真题的答案以后，对课本的重点知识就有了比较清楚的理解；

五、考前突击复习

1、依据真题笔记和第二轮复习的笔记，对不熟悉的部分进行重点复习。

2、根据以往考题的研究，旧题还会重新考，所以大家要关注所有做过的真题和各章节中没有考过的但属于代表性知识的部分，这些有可能是将要考的新题。自学考试已经有历史了，所以过去的真题加起来也就是全书的重点知识网络，所以认真复习真题并理解消化，整理帮助记忆，这对于考试制胜是最好的办法。

*警告：千万不要抛开课本直接做真题；

千万不要死记硬背，而是要在理解的基础上反复读，抄写，默记；反复整理笔记，新的笔记只记录没有掌握好的，直到最后的笔记成为提纲式的。

〈高级英语〉复习方法说明；

一、对照辅导书，精读课文，做课后练习；

二、找来历年考试真题，认真做，查到答案在课本中的相关地方

三、认真复习真题，总结知识点；错题本，反复研究错题

四、回到课本，从头到尾认真阅读课文，全面复习重点知识点；

五、整理真题，再次复习错题；

*高级英语上下册32个单元，复习面积很大，所以必须早动手，狠下功夫。

祝愿大家能够取得优秀的成绩！

第13篇：英美文学

Analysis of Robinson Crusoe

2009级师范三班刘静 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe ( 1660 ~ 1731 ), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a busineman, doing busine.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.

Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe\'s first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing busine, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real aet cla hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.

In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impre: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents\' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.

The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.

The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s

failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only

indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full

understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directne often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.

Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a

remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.

This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and

never lose hope.

第14篇：英美文学实践课论文

《英美文学评论》实践课论文

《红字》中象征手法的应用

2007级杨涛学号：200610510106

【摘要】《红字》使美国作家霍桑誉满全球，也是整个美国浪漫主义小说中最有声望的权威作品之一。作者在作品中采用的象征手法贯穿始终、无处不在，加强了作品的艺术效果，也使压迫下的真、善、美更加动人。本文从红字的多种象征意义、主要人物的人名寓意以及景物寓意等方面入手，研究《红字》中的象征手法。

【关键词】霍桑；《红字》；象征

The Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter

【Abstract】The Scarlet Letter makes the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world.Hawthorne uses the symbolism so skillful that it enhances the artistic effects of his work greatly and makes the sincerity, kind and beauty that are under the oppreion more moveable.This paper researches the symbolism in this novel from the following aspects: the changing symbolic meaning of the scarlet letter, the names of the major characters and many objects that are described in the novel to make the symbolism clear to the readers.

【Key words】Hawthorne ; The Scarlet Letter; Symbolism

1.引言

霍桑是美国19世纪最杰出的浪漫主义小说家。由于他所处的时代是美国浪漫主义文学在美国轰轰烈烈的时代，因此他继承了小说创作中的浪漫主义传统。同时他的作品寓意严肃，大多着力于探索人的道德和精神本性(金志平．崔国政，2003：887)。通过对《红字》中象征手法的探讨，旨在让我们能够更好的了解作者在小说中所要表达的主题。

2.象征

2.1 红字的多种象征意义

没读过此书的人大概不知道书名“红字”一词的含义。就其英文本义“The Scarlet Letter”来讲即红颜色的大写字母之意，实际指代红色的大写字母A (Adultery一词的缩写）。但这也仅仅是其书其文的表面含义，实质其包蕴扩展的隐含意义却更为开阔。海丝特胸前佩带的红字是本书最突出的象征之物。海丝特被迫公开佩带红字来表明她是一个犯了通奸罪的女人，这里红字意为通奸（Adultery）。同时对海丝特来说，这象征这极大的耻辱。然而随着时间的推移，这个字母的含义也发生了变化。从开始镇上的人想把它作为一种惩罚来羞辱海丝特，同时起到震慑别人的作用。但由于海丝特对镇上的人的关心与帮助，它渐渐

意指能干（Able），而非原来的通奸之意。到小说的后面部分，流星在天空中划出A字。在丁梅斯代尔看来这是象征这他的罪孽。而在小镇居民心中，那是天使(Angel)的象征，同时也象征着海丝特。

2.2 人名及景物的寓意

霍桑称《红字》是“寓言式的传奇”。总的说来，它是根据故事主题，也就是它本身以及隐含的意义来设定的（张伯香．龙江，2005：85）。

首先，邢台是象征清教的正义，或者法律的强制执行。此外，它还象征着真理的显示。它在全书中出现三次，而通奸的罪行在这三个场景中都得到揭示。且只有在邢台上，牧师丁梅斯代尔才获得一种内心的安宁。

其次，珠儿在小说中所具有的象征作用。她是海丝特活着的红字。她经常穿着类似红色鲜艳的衣服，她是她母亲罪行的象征。不仅是对母亲的惩罚，也是对她的祝福。她所代表的不仅仅是罪行，也是造成罪行的激情与活力。

最后，小说中的人名也是具有象征意义的。“齐灵沃尔斯”这个名字暗示该人物缺乏人性温暖，并给丁梅斯代尔和海丝特的生活带来寒冷。“丁梅斯代尔”暗示不清楚、昏暗，说明该人物性格软弱，不够果断，缺乏洞察力与坚强的意志。“水蛭”在古英语中指外科大夫，霍桑在这里把它用作双关语。用它的另一个意思是牺牲他人而获得利益。

3.结论

霍桑一生都关注着诸如罪与恶这样的道德问题。对他来说，人性本是恶的。而且这种罪恶长存与人的心中。霍桑认为罪过是会遭到惩罚的。在霍桑的作品中，对十九世纪的宗教控制下的思想充满了随处可见的矛盾。这篇他最著名的《红字》即为鲜明的一例。对于霍桑的评价，有人说他在作品里体现了对于宗教的极其复杂与矛盾的心态，从而体现在作品中，最后的结局总是带着那种宗教式的空虚感。《红字》是霍桑长篇小说的代表作，其故事简短。作者却极其精炼的使用象征和意向来表达主题，他在这一点上的成功恐怕很少人能与之媲美。

【参考文献】

［1］常耀信．《美国文学简史》［M］．天津：南开大学出版社，1990．

［2］霍桑．《红字》［M］．北京：人民文学出版社，1991．

［3］李公昭．《20 世纪美国文学导论》［M］．西安：西安交通大学出版社，2000．

［4］金志平．崔国政．《中外文学名家名著词典》［M］．北京 ：国际文化出版公司 ，2003.［5］张伯香．龙江．《英美经典小说赏析》［M］．湖北：武汉大学出版社，2005.

第15篇：英美文学4

Shakespeare’s Later Works, Poems and Features of his Dramap.85—89

 1.Shakespeare’s plays written between _____ are sometimes called “romances” and all end in reconciliation and reunion.

 A.1590 and 1594B.1595 and 1600 C.1601 and 1607D.1608 and 1612  D

 2.Miranda is a heroine in Shakespeare’s ______. A.Pericles

 B.Cymbeline

 C.The Winter’s Tale

 D.The Tempest

 D

 3.Shakespeare’s narrative poem, Venus and Adonis, is full of vivid images of the ____________, and aphorisms (格言、警句) on life. 4.In _____ appeared Shakespeare’s Sonnet.Never before Imprinted.（《莎士比亚十四行诗》“迄今从未刊印过”）which contains 154 sonnets.

 A.1606B.1607

 C.1608D.1609

 D

 5.Shakespeare’s sonnets are divided into three groups: Numbers 1—17, Numbers 18—126, and

Numbers 127—154.

 T

 6.Shakespeare’s sonnets are written for variety of virtues.

 T

 7.Shakespeare is one of the founders of ____. A.romanticism

 B.realism

 C.naturalism

 D.claicism

 B

 8.Engels said “Realism implies, besides truth in detail, the truthful reproduction of typical characters under typical circumstances.”

 T

 9.Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of ____________________.

 10.Shakespeare’s drama becomes a monument of the English _____________.

 11.Shakespeare wrote about his own people and for his own time.

 T

 12.Shakespeare was a _________________ for play-writing.

 13.Shakespeare’s one play contains one theme. F

 (…contains more than one theme)

 14.To reproduce the real life, Shakespeare often combines the majestic with the funny, the poetic with the prosaic(散

文体的) and tragic with the comic.

T

 15.Shakespeare’s ___________ people represent all the complexities and implications of real life.





 16.Engels called Shakespeare’s plays the “Shakespearean vivacity(活泼、快活) and wealth of (大量的) action”.T 17.Shakespeare was a great ________ of the English language.

18.Among many poetic forms, Shakespeare was especially at home (good at) with the _______.

A.dramatic blank verse

B.song

C.sonnet

D.couplet

A

19.In the plays, Shakespeare used about

______words.

A.15000

B.16000

C.17000

D.18000

B         



 20._____has been called the summit of the English Renaiance.

 A.Christopher Marlow

 B.Francis Bacon

 C.W.Shakespeare

 D.Ben Johnson

 C

第16篇：英美文学选择

1.Charles Dickens is a great writer in 2.The early inhabitants in the island we now call England were __.B.Britons

3.In 55 B.C., Roman troops led by

4.The Roman occupation in Britain5.Old English came into being by theD.7th

6.In Britain became a Roman province.B.43 A.D.

7.The Anglo-Saxon period ended inD.1066

the life of the gleeman.A.“Deor’s Lament”

is an early English poem about love.C.“The Husband’s Meage”

10.is an early English poem about the adventures of the sea.B.“The Wanderer”

the early English literature.D.“Beowulf”

12.Grendel isa monster described in

13.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years in Britain, and in all the Roman troops went back to their continent and never returned.D.410 A.D.

14.__C__ is the first important religious poet in English literature.C.Caedmon 15.When we speak of the old English prose, the first name that comes into our minds is who is the first scholar in English literature and has been regarded as father of English learning.D.Venerable Bebe

16.The great majority of the romances fall into groups as matters of __ABC___.A.Britain B.FranceC.Rome

rimed English verse.A.Layamon’s Brut feudalism in England.D.Norman Conquest

19.Shakespeare’s plays written between are sometimes called “romances” and all end in reconciliation and reunion.D.1608 and 1612

20.Miranda is a heroine in Shakespeare’sD.The Tempest

Shakespeare’s Sonnet.Never before Imprinted.（《莎士比亚十四行诗》）which contains 154 sonnets.D.1609

22.Shakespeare is one of the foundersB.realism

23.Among many poetic forms, Shakespeare was especially at home (good at) with the A.dramatic blank verse

24.In the plays, Shakespeare used aboutB.16000

has been called the summit of the English Renaiance.C.W.Shakespeare

26.In 1066, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A.William the Conqueror

27.In the 14th century, the mostD.Chaucer 28.The prevailing form of Medieval English literature isC.romance

of the Arthurian romances.A.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

30.William Langland’s is written in the form of a dream vision.B.Piers the Plowman

31.After the Norman Conquest, three

languages existed in England at that 43.Spenserian Stanza is created by time.The Normans spoke A.Edmund Spenser for hisB.Frenchpoem

44.It was the first English religious reformers and the first printer, who gave the readers Chaucer’translator of the Bible.C.Wycliffe s The Canterbury Tales.B.

33.Piers the Plowman describes a series William Caxtonof wonderful dreams the author dreamed, through which, we can see a Bible.C.Authorized Bible

46.The sea-dogs as Francis Drake and

B.feudal John Hawkins encouraged by established the first English colonies.was repeatedly emphasized in romances.B.Queen Elizabeth

A.loyalty47.The English bourgeoisie came to

35.The most famous cycle of English froe in the arena of history after the ballads centers on the stories about a

legendary outlaw calledB.48.is the key-note of the Robin HoodRenaiance.D.Humanism

36.the “father of English 49.English Renaiance started in the poetry” and one of the greatest

narrative poets of England, was born in 50.The period of is called the London about 1340.A.Geoffrey Elizabethan Period or the Age of ChaucerShakespeare.B.1516—157837.Chaucer died on the 25th October 6 knights representing 6 1400, and was buried inD.virtues: Holine, Temperance, Chastity, Westminster Abbey Friendship, Justice and Courtesy.A.

38.Chaucer’s earliest work is his The Faerie Queene

a translation of the French 52.The answer to the dominant Roman de la Rose, which was a love thoughts in The Faerie Queene allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but is the first philosopher of throughout Europe.A.The Romaunt of industrial science .C.Francis Baconthe Rose__ is F.Bacon’s well-known

40.In his life-time Chaucer served in a book.D.Eays great variety of occupations which had is the most famous eay in impact on the wide range of his Bacon’s Eays.C.Of Study

writings.Which one is not his career? 56.Sidney’s _an attack on poetry and drama as “the

41.Chaucer composes a long narrative school of abuse.” A.Apology for Poetrypoem named based on 57._ is the Poet’s Poet of the Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”.Renaiance.C.Edmond Spenser B.Troilus and Criseyde

42.English Renaiance started from

第17篇：英美文学学习体会

英美文学学习体会

一、大学英语教学现状

新世纪外语人才培养的目标在于：(1)听、说、读、写、翻译语言基本功训练有素，特别是口头表达和写作能力应比较强。(2)中文基础好，能讲能写。(3)语言和文化知识比较系统，综合素质好。(4)有较好的哲学、逻辑学、伦理学、心理学、美学、语言学和文学的基本理论素养。[3]由此可见，外语教学中应当注重文学教育。但长期以来，国内大学英语课堂教学模式基本还是“以教师为中心”，注重“填鸭式”教育，学生只是被动地参与。对于应试教育带来的影响，大学英语教学往往偏重语言知识的传授，不够重视大学生文学素质的培养。以往，大学英语在教学上更多注重的是词汇、语法等语言技能的训练，而对于学生英语语言能力的考量也只是着眼于

四、六级考试的成绩。这种教学方式不但忽略了作为文字载体的文学语言所能传导的人文讯息，而且更加肥沃了应试教育，相应地，创造了许多“高分低能”的大学生，这不利于大学生语言综合素质的提高，而文化素质的一个重要组成部分就是文学素养。如果大学英语教学文学而只重语言，单纯性的语言传授在大学英语教学中就变成了单调乏味的训练符号。也就是说，语言这个工具，应是在接受并理解内容的前提下相对牢固掌握的。

二、英美文学课程在大学英语教学中的重要性

让学生能够良好地掌握并灵活地运用英语，是大学英语教学的重要目标。而对于一门外语的学习过程，就是对于一种新的文化深入了解的过程。所谓灵活，除了书面表达能力以外，还有口头表达能力，这包含口头交际能力，而交际能力的提高除了需要对所学语言知识有着良好的掌握外，还需要对使用目标语言的国家文化背景有所了解。

目前，各高校中，大学英语的授课对象都是非英语专业的学生，而这些学生存在诸多特点，如：人数众多、专业多样，学科各异。自从我国加入了WTO，国家各个方面的对外交往与日俱增。这就迫切地需要：大学英语教学培养出大量的各行各业的国际化人才，而这些众多的非英语专业的学生在今后跨文化交际中所产生的作用不可小觑。虽然世界在不断地变小，但要融入其中，一个关键的问题就是首先要有能力与使用目的语的人进行交往，必须了解其文化背景和语言习惯，只有这样，才不会因为语言的问题而影响深入的沟通。

每个民族的文化都是璀璨而又独一无二的，正因为它是独特的，所以，从词汇的含义、价值观及文化习俗方面都存在着差异。如果在英语教学的过程中，只注重语言上传递的表层含义，而忽略了其文化背景方面的引申义，就会引起误会和矛盾。如：Mend the fence when the weather’s better.依照中国文化背景，我们会自然地认为句意是天气好时修理篱笆。实际上，从目的语的文化背景来理解句意却是：未雨绸缪。这是由于词汇而引起的误会，勉强可以被谅解。但是，如果违反了用语习惯，如：询问对方的隐私，像年龄，就很可能招致对方的反感，甚至破坏已初步建立起的良好关系。如：在中国文化的背景下，朋友相遇，大多会问：上哪啊，啥事啊?而遇到外国朋友这样问，会招致对方的反感，认为是在询问对方的隐私。所以，在大学英语教学中，传授学生目的语的文化背景知识是必要的。以往的英语教学大多注重句型的背诵，而它的直接产物就是死记硬背的“语感”。语言学家L・R怕墨尔指出：“语言忠实地反映了它的各种游戏和娱乐，各种信仰和偏见。”要培养学生运用外语的能力，首先要使他们掌握目的语文化的基本知识，注意中西文化差异。因此，在大学英语教学中，脱离目的语的文化背景，只会让学生偏离到Chinglish(中式英语)的轨道，对培养学生的语言交际能力是事倍功半。

三、英美文学课程在大学英语教学中的教学模式

许多高校的文学课主要的教学模式由两部分构成：文学史外加选读，选读是作为文学史的补充内容。首先由教师把文学史知识“填”给学生，学生只是被动地“吞”，并加以死记硬背。即老师的文学史知识便是学生的，学生自己分析问题的能力在某种程度上被抹杀了。而文学选读只是作为文学史的补充，所以在课堂上，大多体现出来的都是文学片段的赏析，由于时间等关系，根本谈不到文学作品的完整性。加之，有些授课老师把重点又移到文学片段的句子、单词的分析上，导致学生大都认为英美文学课乏味透顶，所以对于英美文学课应适度加以改革：

1.适度缩短文学史所占课堂的比重，读完整的文学作品，可以将文学作品与由其改编的电影作品相结合，从多角度激发学生们对文学作品的兴趣。

2.可以尝试使用不同的方式来欣赏作品，如：利用网络资源，提高学生自主学习的能力。

3.写阅读鉴赏的读书笔记，加深学生的分析与总结能力。

4.转变学生被动的角色为主动的角色。如：让学生走上讲台，通过自主学习自己归纳分析，并表达出来，加强学生的表达能力。

对于文学课程可以采取灵活的评估方法，可以设置课堂讨论、展示、学期论文等多种方式。这种较为开放式的评估方法可以使学生更加积极主动地参与到学习当中。

四、结语

新世纪的发展需要各行各业的高素质的国际化人才。英美文学课的开设有助于培养高素质国际化人才。学文学不仅是学语言的最佳途径，更是素质教育和人文精神培养的有效渠道[4]。可见，英美文学课程在大学英语教学中的重要意义，因此，我们应倡导在大学英语教学中融入英美文学教学

第18篇：英美文学简史

新词

Chapter 1 the making of England

第一页

Primitive原始社会的

Clustering 丛 团

Hut茅草屋

Vitality生命力

Invade侵入

Occupy占有

Chieftain首领

Subjugate征服

Refinement改良

Christianity基督教christian 基督教的 第二页

Swarm大群人

Pirate海盗

Dialect方言

Kinship王权

Compose1写、创作（乐曲、歌剧等）2组成Booty战利品

Amusement娱乐

Democracy民主

Incompatible合不来的

Gemtile非犹太的

Territory领土

Feudalism封建制

Heathen不信教的、异教徒

第三页

Monastery修道院

Monk修士、僧侣

Chapter2

Relic遗风

Preserve保护

Minstrel（中世纪）游方诗歌演唱者 Fragmentv、n 碎片 片段

Devour吞食

Grapple （with）扭住（对手）扭打格斗 Avail（against sb） 抵挡

Combat格斗 搏斗 战斗

Retreat撤退 退却

Rejoice高兴

Avenge伸冤

Counseller顾问

Plunge猛进入38个单词1

第四页

Trophy奖品 战利品

Den穴

Belche喷（火） forth its fire

Bid说=say

Envelope包围 包住

Impenetrable不可穿越的forest

Marsh沼泽

Superstitious迷信的

Marvellous

第五页

Alliteration

Consonant

Metaphor

Attendant

Condemn

Tinge

Permanent

Chapter3

viking

plunder

prose

第六页

confescate

bestow

patch

baron

vaal

oath

secure

property

manifestation

supremacy

chronicle

prominent

dominent

intermingle

tend

bishop

archbishop

abbot

toil

第七页

sustain奇妙的 头韵 辅音 隐喻 侍者 责备 淡的色调或痕迹a tinge of 永久的 北欧海盗掠夺散文没收赠与小块土地男爵封臣誓言保护资产显示至高无上编年史的 突出的最突出的、占支配地位的混合照管主教大主教 男修道院长辛苦工作 支撑41个单词

2courageous勇敢的heretics犯异端罪的人perish毁灭

plague瘟疫

poll-tax人头税

impose对（）课税

pauperize贫穷

slogan口号 格言】

sermon讲道

bondage

velvet

stuff

ornament

ermine

spices

rye

manor

pomp

sovereign

第八页

remonstate

oppreor

treacherously

apeal

prevail

verse

tournament

code

moral

chivalry

apprenticeship

solemn

cycle

第九页

rim

culmination

collapse

patronize

charge

fabricate

illicit

convert

第十页

Masterpiece奴役天鹅绒布料 装饰 貂皮 貂香料黑麦庄园浮华最高统治者抗议。报复受压迫的背叛的 不忠的恳求 呼吁流行的诗体比赛、武士骑马比赛密码。道德标准道德的骑士精神学徒身份1表情严肃的2庄重的3隆重的正式的1循环周期2系列（如组歌或组诗）边缘结局 结果倒塌赞助 支持控告编造不正当的改变形式或用途名著 杰作41单词

3Vivid鲜明的

Amuse是某人消遣 第十一页

Chapter4

Amid在（）当中 Barren贫瘠的 Scanty不足的 Industriously勤劳的 Plough耕田 Idler

Exposure

Parasite

Deacon

Preach

Flock

Leap

Clerk

Despoil

Cardinal

Virtues

Friar

Hermit

Altar

Roamer

Manor

Hood

Plead

Mete

Mist

Mutter

Aught=anything

Sum up

Confer

Sternly

Counsel

无工作（的人） 暴漏揭露寄生物、靠他人生存的人会吏、助祭布道仪仗队1跳跃2冲。窜 1文书、办事员2（议会法院等）书记员、秘书4教士牧师掠夺sth 红衣主教 1美德2.（女子）贞操 托钵修士 隐士、隐居修道士祭桌 慢步行走的人领地 风帽 提出（理由或借口） 给与（奖励） 雾气 咕哝（某事）、低语声 形成对（）的看法 1（with sb）（on/about sth）讨论、探讨、商谈、请教2sth（on sb）授予某人（学位或头衔） 严厉的 建议

第19篇：英美文学复习资料

英美文学复习资料

文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)

1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)

2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法

3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）

例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,

To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.

二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)

Canto 诗章

1、romance 传奇文学

2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗

三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟 时期

1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父

2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)

3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)

大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.

朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体

小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.

这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。

小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happine.He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).

他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。

4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)

Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmiion(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式

代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教

代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔

四、The Renaiance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期

（Greek and Roman） 戏剧 drama 诗章 canto

The term Renaiance originally indicated a revival of claical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.

文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。

The epoch of Renaiance witneed a particular development of English drama

文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。

1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement

2、代表人物：

1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦

2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(eayist)

3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人

sonnet(十四行诗)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter

4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)

5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛

blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。

6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚 戏剧 drama

四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)

五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟

prose 散文

1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.

清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。

2、代表人物：

1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物

sonnet 十四行诗 《Death be not proud》(笔记)

作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankne and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)

② novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)

③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)

2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 （ poem 诗歌 blank verse ）

《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护

《Paradise Lost》失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人

《Paradise Regained》复乐园

)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”Pilgrim’s Progre》天路历程 prose 散文

该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream”

六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动

prose 散文

1、Emphasized formality or correctne of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。

The Enlightenment was an expreion of struggle of the then progreive cla of bourgeoisie against feudalism.

启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。

The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousne of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.

启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。

Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happine and social justice.

无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。

2、18th century 文学的三个方面：

Claicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)

3、代表人物：

1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说

Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记 《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德 《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯

2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)

《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯 受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发

作家之间的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教

Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗,精神焕发，讲述流浪者的故事。

《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him

3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特

《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记 novel 反讽

作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。

《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议

4)、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森

《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法

In the form of letters 书信体小说

5)、Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹

《School for Scandal》造谣学校，喜剧 comedy

6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯 散文作家 eayist

《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说 novel

《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy

《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌 poems

4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰

The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progre that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.

感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。

代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌

七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义

散文 prose

1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克 诗人 poet

Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poet

Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。

2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱

3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的\"抒情歌谣\"开始

4、lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth

5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate (桂冠诗人)《The Prelude》序曲 自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry

With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”.与s.t.coleridge一起,联合发表了“抒情民谣”

作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry

简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜伦 《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德?哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章 成名作 《Don Juan》唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作《Hours of Idlene》闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗 3)、Percy Byhe Shelley 雪莱 《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂 poem 诗 4)、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂 poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者和历史小说大师 6)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁 女 《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见 《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感 《Emma》爱玛 写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live.She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middlecla people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人。

7)、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 eayist散文家

6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the eay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。 Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expreion.在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定

八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义

1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。

2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 《Hard Times》艰难时刻 《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外传 《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿 《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution)特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。 2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 《Shirley》雪利 《Jane Eyre》简.爱 Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr.Heathcliff） 特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3)、Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton, North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场 — this title was borrowed by Thackeray

from The Pilgrim’s Progre by Bunyan.Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlely criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousne.在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义 人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。 特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。 5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特 女 《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the flo》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。 特点：the significance of G.Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettine and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。

3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)：1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning《My last duche》已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒) Stingy(小气) 贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇

九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期

1、Aestheticism 唯美主义 “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术

2、代表人物。1)、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Peimists《Te of the D’Urbervilles》 苔丝 《Jude the obscure》裘德 novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术 3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家(playwright) 《Mrs.Warren’s profeion》华莱夫人的职业4)、D.H.Lawrence《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰莱夫人的情人 《The Rainbow》彩虹 《Sons and lovers》儿子与情人

3、“stream of consciousne”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs.Dalloway》 《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce 《Ulyes》

第20篇：英美文学名词解释

名词解释（英国）

Epic（叙事诗）: Epic is a narrative poem on the grand scale and in majestic style concerning the exploits and adventures of a superhuman hero (or heroes) engaged in a quest or some serious endeavor.Among noted epics are

Homer’s Iliad and Odyey, old English Beowulf and Milton’s Paradise Lost.is a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.It generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures and a series of love stories.anonymous narrative song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and the fourth lines rhymed.The word “Renaiance” means “rebirth”(of learning).The Renaiance period was marked by a reawakening of interest in learning, in the individual and in the world of nature.The revival of learning led scholars back to the culture of Greece and Rome.The rebirth of interest in the

individual gave rise to a new appreciation of beauty, to a desire for self-expreion in varied activities and to the creation of great works of art.The renewal of curiosity about the natural world ultimately drew men to discover new lands and new scientific truth.Humanism was a literary and philosophic system of thought which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the centre of its concerns.According to humanists, man should mould the world according to his own desires, and attains happine by removing all external checks by the exercise of the human intellect.Sonnet（十四行诗）：A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.

Puritanism was the religious doctrine of revolutionary

bourgeoisie during the English Revolution.It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labor, with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor.Worldly

pleasures were condemned as harmful.Puritans opposed

churches,squandering property.Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The movement, on the whole, an expreion of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism, cla inequality, stagnation and prejudices.The enlighteners believed in the power of reason and the watchword was Common Sense.

Neo-claicism（新古典主义）：Modeling itself on the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, neoclaicism exalts the virtues of proportion, unity, harmony, grace, taste, manners, and restraint.It values realism and reason over imagination and emotion.Wit and satire flourished in this period, as did the ode and verse written in heroic couplets.

Romanticism is a movement prevailing the Western world in the 19th century in literature, art, music and philosophy, beginning as a reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and customs of

neo-claicism to unfetter human spirit.It returned to nature and plain humanity for material.It is a movement of expreion of individual originality.Imagination is highlighted and a dream of golden age is required against stern reality.义）：Critical realists

described with much vividne and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.In their best works, the greed and hypocrisy of the upper claes are contrasted with the honesty and good-heartedne of the obscure “simple people” of the lower claes.Humor and satire abound.Without finding a way of solution, they do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or

reformism with happy endings.basic theory of the Aesthetic movement---“art for art’s sake”.Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to

objective.Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal.Stream of Consciousne（意识流小说）：First, it reveals the action or plot through the mental procees of the

characters.Second, character development is achieved

through revelation of extremely personal and often typical thought procees.Third, the action of the plot seldom corresponds to real

chronological time, but moves back and forth through present time to memories of past

events and dreams of the future.Fourth, it replaces narration, description, and commentary with interior monologue and free aociation.

动）：feminism is a belief in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes, and a movement organized around the conviction that biological sex should not be the

pre-determinant factor shaping a person\'s social identity or socio-political or economic rights.

结）：In Greek myth, Oedipus is the king who is said to kill his father and marry his mother.According to Freud, children may have sexual drives subconsciously toward the opposite parent.Here, Oedipus complex refers to that boy’s obseion to his mother.In English literature, Lawrence is the first to introduce male characters’ impotence to females because of mother’s exceive love.

（美国）

清教）

The settlements grew out of religious controversy, out of an urge for religious freedom and determination, out of fleeing from religious and political oppreion and persecution, out of human thirst for greater

economic opportunity, for land, and for adventure.American Puritans streed predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement from God’s grace.They built a way of streed hard work, diligence and thrift, piety and sobriety, rigid sense of morality, self-reliance.

Transcendentalism （超验主义）

Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary

movement centered in Concord and Boston, which was

prominent in the intellectual and cultural life of New

England from 1836 until just before the Civil War.It strees mode of knowledge grounded in feeling and intuition; self-trust, self-reliance and self-sufficiency; a turn away from modern society; a faith in a divine “Principle”, or “Spirit”, or “Soul”.

In gothic novel, there is usually a gloomy castle furnished with dungeon.The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent

heroine by a cruel and lustful villain, and made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other sensational and supernatural occurrence.The principal aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and a variety of horror.

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