地震术语英语

Seismic 地震

abnormal events: Coherent events which are not reflections.Refraction, reflected refractions, diffractions, surface waves, and sometimes multiple reflections are included (though there’s nothing ―abnormal‖ about any of these ).

异常同相轴：相干非反射同相轴，包括折射波、反射折射波、绕射波、面波，往往也包括多次反射波（尽管这些波本身无任何异常）。

absorption: A proce whereby some of the energy of seismic wave is converted into heat while paing through a medium.Absorption for seismic waves is perhaps of the order of 1/2 db/cycle.Sometimes claimed to be proportional to the frequency squared rather than linear with frequency.See Q.吸收作用：为地震波通过某一介质时，其一部分能量转化为热量的一个过程。地震波吸收衰减约为每周期1/2 分贝，有时表述为吸收与频率的平方成正比，而不是与频率成简单的线性正比关系。见品质因数 Q。

acoustic: Sonic; pertaining to sound.Usually refers to compreional P waves, sometimes restricted to P-waves in fluids (liquids and gases ), sometimes generalized to include other elastic wave types.声学的，声的：声音的，声速的；属于声学范畴。通常指压缩纵波，有时仅指在流体中传播的纵波（液体和气体），广义上也包括其它类型的弹性波。

acoustic impedance: Seismic velocity multiplied by density.Reflection coefficient depends on changes in acoustic impedance.声阻抗，波阻抗：地震波速度乘以介质密度。反射系数依赖于波阻抗的变化。

acoustic wave: 1.Sonic wave.An elastic wave train, sometimes restricted to propagation though a fluid.2.The wave train generated and detected by a sonic-logging sonde（see acoustic log）.The wave train is a composite of various modes of energy transfer.The first arrival usually results from compreional (P- or longitudinal ) waves traveling in the formation; the inverse of its velocity is measured by the sonic log.A second arrival is sometimes identified as shear (S-) wave travel in the formation; it represents a pseudo-Rayleigh wave which travels at approximately the velocity of S-waves.Compreional waves traveling through the mud usually have relatively high frequency content; they are sometimes called fluid waves.One or more modes of high-amplitude, low-frequency tube waves (sometimes called Stoneley waves ) are usually very distinct arrival.3.More generally, an elastic wave or seismic wave.声波，地震波：1.声波。有时仅指在流体中传播的弹性波列。2.由声波测井电极系产生并检测到的波列（见声波测井）。该波列是由各种不同能量的波复合而成的。初至波通常是在岩石中传播的压缩（P-或纵）波；其波速的倒数是通过声波测井而测到的。续至波往往被看作在岩石中传播的剪切（S-）波；它表现为一个以近似S-波速度传播的伪-瑞雷波。通过软泥层的压缩波通常具有相对较高的频率成分；往往被称为流体波。一个或更多强振幅、低频率的管波（也称斯通利波）的波至通常特别明显。3.更一般的指弹性波或地震波。

air gun: 1.A marine seismic source which injects a bubble of highly compreed air into the water.Oscillations of the bubble as it alternately expands and contracts generate a sonic wave whose frequency depends on the amount of air in the bubble, its preure, and the water depth (or water preure ).Arrays of guns of different sizes are sometimes used so that a broader frequency spectrum will be generated.Different from gas gun.2.Air guns have also been adapted for lowering in a borehole or pushed down into the marsh.The adaptations prevent mud, sand, etc., from entering and fouling the air gun.3.Air guns are also used in small tanks of water which are set on the surface of the ground as a seismic source on land.空气枪：1.通过向水中排放高压气泡的一种海上地震震源。气泡交替收缩和膨胀的振动可产生声波，该声波的频率取决于气泡中空气量、压力和水深（或水压）。通常使用大小不同的空气枪阵列来得到更宽的频谱。它不同于单个气枪震源。2.空气枪通过改进后，可适用于钻孔和沼泽地区。这种改进可阻止泥浆、沙等进入和阻塞空气枪。3.空气枪也可以放在地表小型水池中作为陆上地震震源。

air wave: Energy from the shot which travels in the air at the velocity of sound:

1051(1+0.00218 F)1/2≈1051+1.1 F ft/sec, where F= Fahrenheit temperature, or 331.51(1+0.00366 C)1/2≈331.5+0.607 C m/sec, where C=Centigrade temperature. 空气波：爆炸产生的能量在空气中以声速传播：1051(1+0.00218 F)1/2≈1051+1.1 F英尺/秒，其中F为华氏温度，或331.51(1+0.00366 C)1/2≈331.5+0.607 C 米/秒，其中C为摄氏温度。

angle of incidence: The acute angle which a raypath makes with the normal to an interface.This is the same angle as an approaching wavefront makes with an interface in an isotropic medium.The angle between the raypath and the normal is the angle of incidence in the anisotropic case, the raypath not necearily being perpendicular to the wavefront in this case.The angle of incidence may be complex for electromagnetic waves.入射角：射线路径与界面法线所成的锐角。在各向同性介质中它等于波阵面与分界面的的夹角。在各向异性介质中，射线路径与界面法线的夹角为入射角，而此时射线路径与波阵面不一定是正交的。对于电磁波来说它的入射角为复角。

apparent velocity: 1.The velocity which a wavefront appears to have along a line of geophones.If the wavefront makes the angle θwith the spread and the true velocity of the wavefront if V, then the apparent velocity is V/cosθ.2.The inverse of the slope of a refraction time-distance curve.视速度：把波阵面看作沿地面测线传播时的速度。如果波阵面与检波器排列的夹角为θ，设真速度为V，则视速度为V/cosθ。2.折射波时距曲线斜率的倒数。

apparent wavelength: The distance between corresponding points on succeive cycles of a wave train as seen by a geophone spread.Differs from actual wavelength if the wave train direction makes an angle with the spread.视波长：在检波器排列方向上，波列两相邻周期相应的波峰或波谷之间的距离。如果波传播方向与检波器排列方向有一夹角，则与真实波长不同。

arrival: An event; a lineup of coherent energy signifying the arrival of a new wavetrain.

波至：波至；表示一个新的波列到达的一组相关能量。

arrival time: 1.The time from shot or other energy release to the time which is picked for an event, making allowance for static and dynamic corrections.2.The time of an event without corrections.

波至时间：1.从爆炸或其它能量释放后，到拾取到第一个波至之间的时间，它可用于静校正和动校正。2.未经校正的波至到达时间。

attenuation: 1.A reduction in amplitude or energy, such as might be produced by paage through a filter.2.A reduction in the amplitude of seismic waves, such as produced by divergence, reflection and scattering, and absorption.3.That portion of the decrease in seismic or sonar signal strength with distance not dependent on geometrical spreading.This decrease depends on the physical characteristics of the transmitting media, involving reflection, scattering, and absorption.4.If the amplitude of a plane wave is reduced by the factor e-α(f)x

in traveling a distance of x meters, then the attenuation factor isα(f).Often thought to be linear with frequency, sometimes thought to be quadratic with frequency.5.Regarding the rapid attenuation of electromagnetic waves in the earth, see skin depth.衰减：1.振幅或能量的减少，例如信号通过滤波器后就有可能发生衰减。2.地震波振幅的减少，由地震波的扩散、反射和散射、及吸收等所致。3.地震或声纳信号强度随传播距离的增大而产生的部分减弱，与信号的几何分布无关，主要依赖于传播介质的物理性质，包括反射、散射和吸收。4.如果α(f)x ，则衰减因子为 α一个平面波传播x米所产生的衰减为e-(f) 。通常认为衰减与频率成正比，也有人认为与频率的二次方成正比。5.关于电磁波在地下迅速衰减，见趋肤深度。

average velocity: The distance traversed by a seismic wavelet divided by the time required, both often corrected to a reference datum plane.For reflections, often refers to a ray reflected at normal incidence.平均速度：一个地震子波传播距离与所需时间的比值，其中距离和时间通常都被校正到一个参考基准面上。对于反射波来说，常指法线反射路径。

azimuth: The horizontal angle usually specified clockwise from true north.方位角：通常指由真北按顺时针方向指定的水平角。

binary gain: A gain-control system in which amplification is changed only in discrete steps by factors of 2.The times at which the gain steps occur is recorded so that the amplitude can be recovered later.二进制增益：放大倍数按2的阶次离散变化的增益控制系统。在增益阶处的时间被记录下来以便以后进行振幅恢复。

blind zone: 1.A layer which cannot be detected by refraction methods, also called hidden layer.The blind zone (a) may have a velocity lower than that of shallower refractors, in which case it will lead to an overestimate of the depth of deeper refractors, or it (b) may have a velocity intermediate between those of layers above and below but not have sufficient velocity difference or thickne to produce first-arrivals; in this case it is apt to cause an underestimate at the depth of deeper refractors.2.A zone from which reflections do not occur; a shadow zone.3.A zone from which no drill cuttings are returned to the surface.4.A portion of a formation in which a logging tool response is too low.A blind zone occurs because of the finite size or configuration of the logging tool.For the lateral curve a blind zone (abnormally low reading) is recorded when a bed which is highly resistive compared to the overlying and underlying formations is present between current and measuring electrodes.5.A layer which cannot be detected by electrical methods because its resistivity is not sufficiently different from the resistivity of other layers or because it is too thin.盲区：1.用折射波法无法检测到的区，也称隐蔽层。盲区中

(a) 速度低于更浅的折射层速度，这将会导致对更深折射层的深度估计偏大，或者 (b) 盲区中速度介于其上面和下面的折射层之间，但二者之间没有足够的厚度或速度差来产生初至，这种情况下容易对更深折射层的深度估计偏小。2.不产生反射的区域；阴影带。3.无钻井岩屑返回地表的区域。4.测井仪响应很低的岩层。这种盲区的出现主要与测井仪的大小和结构有关。对于梯度电极系测井曲线，当供电电极和测量电极之间出现比其上和其下岩层具有较高阻抗的地层时，该盲区（曲线上反常的低读数）就被记录下来。5.用电法无法检测到的层，这是因为它的电阻率与其它层之间没有明显的差异或者是因为它太薄。

body waves: P- and S-waves which travel through the body of a medium, as opposed to surface waves.See P-wave and S-wave.体波：在介质体中传播的P- 波和 S-波，是相对于面波而言的。参见P- 波和 S-波。

break: Onset of an event, especially the first break.A burst of energy indicating the arrival of new energy.see time break and uphole time.波跳：波列的前端，尤其指初至。能量的突然增大意味着新的能量的到达。参见起爆时间和〔初至波到达〕井口时间

buried focus effect: A situation where the concave upward curvature of a reflector is large enough that the energy focuses before it reaches the recording plane.A buried focus situation causes several branches (usually three) of a reflection to be observable from the same surface location (i.e., the law of reflection is satisfied for several points on the reflector from the same surface location).The portion which paes through the focus is called the reverse branch.For zero offset and constant velocity, a buried focus occurs if the center of curvature lies beneath the recording plane.Le curvature is required to produce the buried-focus effect for offset traces than for traces at normal incidence.Hence buried-focus effects are more likely on long offset traces as well as more likely deeper in the section.velocity gradients and curvature of isovelocity surfaces (which are opt to occur in structural areas) also affect buried-focus effects.Curvature of the reflector out of the plane of the seismic line can also cause multiple branches.There is a quarter-wave phase shift in the reverse branch.地下焦点效应：当向上凹的反射界面曲率足够大时，使反射能量在到达记录平面之前而聚焦的一种情况。在这种情况下，可观测到来自同一界面位置反射的多个分支（通常三条）（也就是说，反射定律满足同一反射面上多个反射点）。通过焦点的部分称之为回转波。对于零偏移和常速度情况，如果曲率中心位于记录面之下，则会形成地下焦点。非零偏移距记录道产生地下焦点效应比法线入射记录道所需的曲率要小。因此偏移距越大地下聚焦效应表现在剖面上越深。速度梯度和等速面曲率对地下焦点效应也有影响。地震测线平面外弯曲的反射界面也会造成反射的多分支现象。在回转波中存在四分之一个相移。

cable: 1.The aembly of electrical conductors used to connect the geophone or hydrophone groups to the recording truck.See also streamer.2.The aembly of electrical connectors and tensile members used to support a logging sonde or well geophone or bird.电缆：1.用来连接地震检波器或水听器组和记录车的导电体组合。见等浮电缆。2.用来支持测井电极系或井中检波器或水鸟的导电体和抗拉张体组合。 chirp: A Vibroseis signal; a sinusoidal signal of continuously varying frequency.often implies a linear change of frequency with time.线性调频脉冲: 一种可控震源信号；一组频率随时间连续线性变化的正弦信号。

coefficient of anisotropy: See anisotropy.Variation of a physical property depending on the direction in which it is measured.各向异性系数：见各向异性。物理性质随着被测量的方向而变化。

coherence: l.The property of two wave trains being in-phase.2.A measure of the similarity of two functions or portions of functions.If the functions have power spectra Pii and Pjj and cro-power spectra Pij (which may complex), their coherence is Pij/( Pii Pjj)1/2

Also called coefficient of coherence.Coherence is the frequency-domain concept which is analogous to correlation in the time domain.

相干性：1.两波列相位之间的属性。2.两函数或它们的一部分之间的相似性。如果两函数的功率谱分别为Pii 和 Pjj，它们的互功率谱为Pij（可能是复数），则相关性为

Pij/( Pii Pjj)1/2

也称之为相关系数。这里的相关性是频率域中的概念，它与时间域相关类似。

coherent: Having a fixed-phase relationship with respect to each other.A set of wave forms is coherent if the phase change from one to the next has a well-defined relationship.For example, seismic reflection events are coherent in a linear way with respect to dip, coherent in a hyperbolic way with respect to normal moveout, coherent with respect to weathering variations in a nonanalytic though systematic way with respect to geophone locations.The principal evidence for a separate seismic event is coherence among the members of a set of seismic traces over a short time interval of the order of 1-1 /2 or so cycles of the dominant frequency compared with le coherence elsewhere.Coherence is often measured in a qualitative way in record picking but quantitative measures of coherence are used in automatic picking scheme; see semblance.Coherence is used in connection with various types of wave trains, including electromagnetic and seismic waves.相关的：两者之间存在着固定的相位关系。一组波形如果相位从一种形式变成另一种形式且有明确的关系，则说明这组波形是相关的。例如，地震波反射同相轴与倾角线性相关，与正常时差双曲相关，与风化层变化非解析相关，与检波器位置系统相关。一地震波组中单个地震波相位与该组波相关的主要依据是与其它相关性差的地方相比它们之间有一很短的时间间隔约为1-1 /2个主频周期。相关性在记录拾取中是定性测量的，而在自动拾取中是定量测量的；见相似性。相关性常用于把各种不同类型的波联系起来，包括电磁波和地震波。

common-depth-point: l.The situation where the same portion of the subsurface is involved in producing reflections at different offset distances on several profiles.2.Common-depth-point shooting produces redundant reflection data from which a common-depth-point stack can be made.Different shotpoint-geophone combinations are used to record the same reflection from the same subsurface.Also call roll-along.Abbreviated CDP and CRP.

共深度点：1.在几条测线上以不同偏移距产生反射的地下同一点。2.共深度点爆炸产生冗余的反射数据从而可进行共深度点叠加。不同的炮点检波器组合用来记录来地下自同一反射面的同一反射波。也称逐点爆炸法。缩写为CDP 和 CRP。

common-depth-point stack: A sum of traces which correspond to the same subsurface reflection point but which are from different profiles and have different offset distances.The traces are corrected for statics and normal moveout before summing (or stacking).The objective is to attenuate random effects and events whose dependence on offset is different from that of normal moveout for primary reflections.Hence multiple reflections which show a different NMO, surface waves, refractions, diffractions, etc., will be attenuated relative to primary reflections.Also called roll-along and horizontal stacking.Petty Geophysical Engineering Company patent.共深度点叠加：相应于对地下同一反射点的地震道的相加，但它们来自不同测线且具有不同偏移距。这些道在叠加之前都已经过静校正和正常时差校正。其目的就是衰减随机影响和那些与一次反射波随偏移距的正常时差不同的波至。因此，正常时差不同的多次反射波、面波、折射波、绕射波等相对于一次反射波来说都会被削弱。也称逐点爆炸和水平叠加。佩蒂地球物理工程公司专利。

common-offset gather: A side-by-side display of traces which have the same shot-to-geophone distance (offset).共偏移距道集：具有相同炮检距的道显示。

common-offset stack: A stack of traces which have the same offset and which are located within a limited range of depth-point locations.共炮检距叠加（同距叠加）：限定的深度点位置范围内的且炮检距相同的地震道的叠加。

common-range gather: Common-offset gather.共炮检距道集（选排）：同偏移距道集（选排）。 Common reflection point: Common-depth-point.共反射点：共深度点。

compreional wave: An elastic body wave in which particle motion is in the direction of propagation; the type of seismic wave aumed in conventional seismic exploration.Also call P-wave, dilatational wave, and longitudinal wave.压缩波：质点运动方向与波传播方向相同的一种弹性体波；常规地震勘探中一种假设的地震波类型。也称为P-波、膨胀波和纵波。

configuration: Arrangement (as of geophones in a group); array.排列形式：排列（检波器组合）；阵列。

converted wave: Seismic energy which has traveled partly as a P-wave (longitudinal wave) and partly as an S-wave (shear wave), being converted from one form to the other upon reflection or refraction at oblique incidence on an interface.Since mode conversion is small for small incident angles, converted waves become more prominent as offset increases.转换波：部分以P-波（纵波）和S-波（剪切波）形式传播的地震波倾斜入射到某一界面上经反射或折射，从一种形式转换成另一种形式。在小入射角情况下转换能量小，随着炮检距的增加，转换波变得更为显著。

critical angle: Angle of incidence θc for which the refracted ray grazes the surface of contact between two media (of velocities V1 and V2): sin θc = V1 / V2.临界角：当折射线与两介质的分界面（界面速度分别为V1 和

V2）相切时，所需的入射角θc：sin θc = V1 / V2.critical reflection: A reflection at the critical angle.Amplitude may be exceptionally large in this vicinity.临界反射：入射角为临界角时的反射。这时的反射波振幅最大。

curved path: A seismic raypath which is curved because refraction changes the direction of the ray as the velocity changes with depth.Increase in velocity with depth makes the raypath concave upward.弯曲射线路径：由于速度随深度的变化使得折射方向也随之改变，从而得到一个弯曲的地震射线路径。速度随深度增加，使得射线路径向上弯曲。

deconvolution: The proce of undoing the effect of another filter.Usually an inverse filter is designed and convolved with the signal, the objective being to nullify an objectionable effect of an earlier filter action.反褶积：解除一个滤波器所带来的影响的过程。通常是设计一个逆滤波器，然后与信号进行褶积，目的是使以前的滤波器对信号的影响变为零。

deep seismic sounding: DSS.深地震测深：DSS

diffraction: 1.A phenomenon common to all waves(light waves, radio waves, seismic waves, surface water waves, etc.).See Huygens principle.2.Scattered seismic energy which emanates from an abrupt discontinuity of rock type, particularly common where faults cut reflecting interfaces.绕射：1.一切波（光波、无线电波、地震波、水面波等）都会出现的一种现象。参见惠更斯原理。2.来自岩性突变处，尤其是来自断层反射面处的散射地震能量。

diffraction stack: A weighted stack of all the elements of reflected energy along a diffraction curve which yields a migrated section (to the extent that the data were two-dimensional).A method of automatically migrating reflection seismic data.绕射叠加：沿绕射曲线所有反射能量的加权叠加从而得到一个偏移剖面（如果数据是二维的）。是一种自动偏移反射地震资料的方法。

dilatational wave: P-wave.膨胀波：P-波。

dispersion: 1.Distortion of the shape of a wave train because of the variation of velocity with frequency.The peaks and troughs may advance toward (or recede from) the beginning of the wave as it travels.Leads to the separation of group velocity u from phase velocity v.Where λ = wavelength and f = frequency, v = f/(1 /λ) u = df/d (1 /λ).

The dispersion of seismic body waves is very small under most circumstances, but surface waves may show appreciable dispersion in the presence of near-surface velocity layering.The dispersion of electromagnetic body waves is large in most earth materials.2.A statistical term for the amount of deviation of a value from the norm.扩散，频散：由于速度随频率的变化使得波列形态发生畸变。在传播过程中波峰和波谷相对于波端可能超前或后退。从而导致群速度u与相速度v彼此分开。v = f/(1 /λ)，u = df/d (1 /λ).其中λ为波长，f为频率。多数情况下，地震体波频散非常小，但是面波在近地表速度层的频散是非常明显的。电磁体波在多数土质材料中扩散是非常大的。2.计算偏离标准值程度的一个统计学术语。

display: A graphic representation of data, especially of seismic data.The historic display mode for seismic records graphs amplitude as a function of time for each geophone group output, giving wiggle trace or squiggle or conventional display.Variable area display in which the area under the wiggle trace is shaded (often involving a bias and trace clipping) has the advantage that coherent events are more evident.Variable density has also been used but requires very careful proceing to retain a full spectrum of gray shades.Superimposed modes or combined model which involve the use of both wiggle trace and variable area or variable density simultaneously retain many of the good features of each type display.Other display modes are also used.显示：数据资料特别是地震资料的图形显示。以前的地震记录图形显示方式是把每一组检波器的输出振幅作为时间的函数，给出波形道或波形曲线或常规显示。变面积显示是把波形道下的区域涂上阴影（通常加斜线和修饰线），这样就使相干同相轴显得更突出。变密度显示也是常被用到的，但它需要细心的处理来保留一个完整的灰色阴影频谱。叠加或组合的显示方式就是综合使用波形曲线和变面积或变密度两种方法，使得显示同时保留各种方式各自的优点。另外还有一些其它的显示方式。

diving waves: Refraction in a strong velocity-gradient zone may reverse the component of seismic rays in the downward direction and return them to the surface, where they may be observed (at offset ) as refraction arrivals even though they have no appreciable path through a distinctive refractor.If there are no velocity reversals, diving waves may be used to derive the velocity distribution by means of the Wiechert-Herglotz intergral.弓形射线波：强速度-梯度带中的折射波，使得向下传播的地震射线分量方向发生逆转并返回地表，且可能被看作折射波波至，尽管它们不是来自一个明显的折射层也没有明显的折射路径。如果没有速度逆转弓形射线波可以通维歇特-赫格劳兹积分求出速度分布。 Dix formula: For reflections from a sequence of flat, parallel layers, the velocity in the nth layer vn (interval velocity) is given by

2vn(vn2tnvn21tn1)(tntn1)

where vn1 and vn are the average velocities from the datum to reflectors above and below the layer and tn-1 and tn are reflection arrival times.This formula, is sometimes misused to calculate interval velocities in situations which do not satisfy Dix\'s aumptions.

Dix公式：对于来自水平层状介质的反射波，第n层的速度vn（层速度）由式：

2vn(vn2tnvn21tn1)(tntn1)

给出，其中vn1 和 vn为从基准面到反射层的上一层和下一层的平均速度，tn-1 和 tn是反射波到达时间。这一公式有时在不满足迪克斯（Dix）假设的情况下常被误用来计算层速度。

DSS: Deep seismic sounding; a long explosion seismic profile (usually refraction) which has the objective of studying the crust, Moho, and upper mantle.深地震测深：深层地震测深，一个很长的爆炸地震剖面（通常是折射剖面），其目的是为了研究地壳、莫霍面和上地幔。

dynamic corrections: Normal-moveout correction or corrections which depend on record time.动校正：正常时差校正或根据记录时间所进行的校正。 earthquake: Sudden movement of the earth resulting from faulting or volcanism.An earthquake is claified according to the depth of its focus or hypocenter: shallow 300 km (sometimes > 450 km).The seismicity of an area is its likelihood of having earthquakes.Some of the energy released in an earthquake is radiated as seismic energy.天然地震：地球的突然震动，其结果是导致断裂运动或火山活动。天然地震根据震中或震源的深度进行分类：浅层 300 km (有时 > 450 km)。某一地区的地震活动性就是该地区将要发生地震的可能性。天然地震所释放的部分能量也可被人工地震所利用。

earthquake seismology: Study of earthquakes and their resulting seismic waves as a means of understanding the structure of the earth.A schematic seismic record showing several of the wave arrivals from an earthquake is shown in Figure 65.The scheme for identifying different arrivals is discued under wave notation.Different types of waves may be detected at different distances.The time intervals between different arrivals depends on the distance from the earthquake hypocenter to the observing station.Intensity is a measure of the ground motion at a specific locality; magnitude is a measure of the energy released in the earthquake.天然地震测震学：对天然地震和其地震波进行研究从而进一步了解地球的内部结构。地震记录示意图如图65所示它可得到几个不同的波至。图中采用不同的震波符号来标识不同的波至。在不同的位置上可检测到不同类型的波。不同波至间的时间间隔取决于从震中到观测站之间的距离。地震烈度是某一区域地面运动的量度，地震震级则是地震所释放能量大小的量度。

elastic: Returning to its original shape after removal of distorting stre.The return of shape is complete and almost instantaneous rather than gradual.弹性的：在去除应力后，物体还能恢复原状的一种性质。物体形状的恢复是完全的而且几乎是瞬时的，而不是逐渐恢复原状。

elastic constants: Elasticity deals with deformations that vanish entirely upon removal of the strees which cause them.The paage of a seismic wave is an example.The general elasticity tensor relating stre and strain in anisotropic media poees 21 independent constants.In transversely isotropic media in which properties are the same measured in two orthogonal directions, these reduce to five independent constants.Isotropic media (properties the same measured in any direction) have only two independent elastic constants.For small deformations, Hooke\'s law holds and strain is proportional to stre.The elastic properties of isotropic materials which obey Hooke\'s law are specified by elastic moduli.These include the following: a.Bulk modulus k: The stre-strain ratio under simple hydrostatic preure: kp vvwhere ΔP = preure change, V = volume, and ΔV= change in volume.ΔV/V is called the dilation.The bulk modulus can be expreed in terms of other moduli as: k = E/3(l2σ )(l +σ) ]1/2, Vs = (μ/ ρ)]1/2= [E /2 ρ(l +σ) ]1/2,and Vp / Vs = [(0.5 -σ)/(l-σ) ]1/2.弹性常数：在去除应力后并使得由应力产生的形变完全消失时的弹性性质。以地震波所通过介质为例，在各向异性介质中与应力和应变有关的弹性张量具有21个独立的弹性常量。在横向各向同性介质中，在两个相互垂直的方向上性质相同，此时独立的弹性常量个数减少至5。而各向同性介质（在各个方向上测量的结果相同）只有2个独立的弹性常量。小形变情况下，虎克定律成立，应变与应力成正比。各向同性介质满足虎克定律，其弹性性质可用弹性模量来表示。它们包括a.体变模量k：受单位流体静压力时应力-应变的比值：

kp vv其中ΔP 为压力的变化量，V 为体积，ΔV 体积变化量.ΔV/V 称为膨胀度。体积模量也可由其它模量来表示：

k = E/3(l2σ )(l +σ) ]1/2 Vs = (μ/ ρ)]1/2= [E /2 ρ(l +σ) ]1/2 和

Vp / Vs = [(0.5 -σ)/(l-σ) ]1/2

elastic impedance: Seismic velocity multiplied by density.Reflection coefficient depends on changes in elastic impedance.Also called acoustic impedance.弹性阻抗：地震波速度乘以介质密度。反射系数随波阻抗变化而变化。也称为声阻抗。 elastic wave: An acoustic wave, seismic wave, or sonic wave.弹性波：一种声波或地震波。

electrodynamic geophone: Moving-coil geophone.电动检波器：动圈式检波器。

epicenter: The location on the earth\'s surface below which the first motion in an earthquake occurs.Compare hypocenter.震中：地球表面上某一位置处，当地震发生时其下面首先开始震动。参照震源。

event: A lineup on a number of traces which indicates the arrival of new seismic energy, denoted by a systematic phase or amplitude change on a seismic record arrival.May be a reflection, refraction, diffraction, or any other type of wavefront.同相轴：新的地震能量到达的多道记录线组成的排列。它由地震记录波至的系统相位或振幅变化来表示。可能是反射波、折射波、绕射波，或其它类型的波阵面。

expanding spread: 1.A spread moved to greater offsets for succeive shots from the same location so that the equivalent of many geophone groups is obtained from a single shot.used in refraction work, in noise analysis, and in velocity analysis.2.Depth probe.3.A Dix-type expanding spread is used in the field with the X2-- T2 velocity determination.

扩展排列：1.在同一位置逐次放炮同时使炮检距逐渐变大的排列。因此，等价于单炮激发，多检波器接收。常用于折射波勘探、噪声分析和速度分析。2.测深。3.迪克斯型扩展排列用于野外X2-- T2速度测定。

extended spread: In-line-offset spread.纵排列：纵测线偏移排列。

fathometer: A device for measuring water depth by timing sonic reflections from the water bottom; an echo sounder.水深计：通过计算声波从水底返回时间来测量水深的一种仪器；回声测深仪。

Fermat’s principle: The raypath which seismic energy will follow between two points is that for which the first order variation with all neighboring paths is zero.It is sometimes phrased as that path for which the traveltime is a minimum (or, in certain cases, a stationary value or a maximum) compared with all neighboring paths.If the intervening medium contains parts having different speeds, the path will not be straight, but will be such that the over-all traveltime is minimized (usually).The resulting raypath will be the least-time path or brachistochrone.Snell\'s law follows from Fermat\'s principle.

费马原理：两点之间地震波传播的射线路径，它与相邻路径的一阶差分为零。有时也可描述为与周围其它路径相比旅行时间最短（或特定情况，定值，或最大）的那条路径。如果两点之间的介质具有不同的速度，射线路径就不是直的，但尽管如此，仍使总的旅行时间最小的（一般来说）。其结果将是最小时间路径或最小时程。斯奈尔定律遵从费马原理。

first arrival: First break.初至：初至波。

first break: The first recorded signal attributable to seismic-wave travel from a known source.First breaks on reflection records are used for information about the weathering.Much refraction work is based principally on first breaks, although secondary (later) refraction arrivals are also used.Also ca1led first arrival.初至波：属于来自已知震源的地震波的第一个记录信号。反射波记录上的初至可用来获知岩层的风化信息。在折射波勘探中，虽然也用续至波，但多数主要还是使用初至波。

floating datum: A reference surface used in areas of rough topography.

浮动基准面：在起伏地形区使用的一个参考面。 flute: Mute.槽：切除。

focus: The location of the first rupture in an earthquake; the hypocenter.

震源：天然地震中首先破裂的地方；（地震）震源

fold: Common-depth-point multiplicity.Where the same CDP point is sampled at 12 offset distances, e.g., it is referred to as \"12-fold.\" See also folding.覆盖次数：共深度点多次覆盖。例如同一个CDP点以12个不同的炮检距进行采样，这就是所谓的12次覆盖。见folding叠加。

format: The arrangement of data (as on a magnetic tape) involving the placement of bits of different significance, number of bits per byte and bytes per word, parity, multiplexing arrangement, timing and gain information, record identification and other auxiliary data, gaps, start-stop codes, etc.Standard formats have been specified by the SEG.Specific computer systems may use their own format for proceing so that the first step with new data may be to reformat it.数据格式：数据（在磁带上）的排放形式，包括有效数字位置、每字节的位数和每字的字节数、奇偶校验位、多路编排、同步和增益信息、记录标识和其它辅助数据、间隔、起止位等等。勘探地球物理学家协会（SEG.）已给出了一个标准的数据格式。特定的计算机系统在处理数据时可能使用系统本身的数据格式，因此对于一组新的数据，第一步工作就是进行数据重排。

Gardner method: A refraction interpretation method which involves separating intercept time into constituent delay time aociated with the shot end and the geophone end of the trajectory.The separation is not unique unle some aumptions are made.Gardner\'s concept of delay time is central to other refraction methods.

加德纳法：一种折射地震的解释方法，其原理是将截距时间分解成与曲线轨迹的炮点尾端和检波器尾端有关的延迟时间。除非是在某一假设的前提下，否则分解的方法不是唯一的。 加德纳延迟时间原理是其它折射波法的核心。

gather: A display of the input data to a stacking proce rearranged so that all the seismic traces corresponding to some criterion are displayed side by side.Used for checking corrections and evaluating the components of the stack.A CDP gather displays data for the same reflecting point after correction for normal moveout and statics.A common-range gather displays data for the same offset but a number of nearby reflection points.道集：叠加处理输入数据的重新排列，以便使所有地震道按某一标准并排排列。用于核对校正和计算叠加分量。共深度点道集显示的是正常时差校正和静校正后的同一反射点的数据。而同偏移距道集是对炮检距相同的相邻几个反射点的数据进行重排。

geophone: The instrument used to transform seismic energy into an electrical voltage; a seismometer, a jug, or pickup.Most land geophones are of the moving-coil type.A coil is suspended by springs in a magnetic field (the magnet often is integral with the case of the instrument).A seismic wave moves the case and the magnet but the coil remains relatively stationary because of its inertia.The movement of magnetic field with respect to the coil generates a voltage acro the coil which is proportional to the difference between the velocity of the coil and the magnet.Thus over a region which is above the natural frequency, the voltage output is proportional to the velocity of the seismic wave motion and relatively insensitive to frequency.At frequencies below the natural frequency of the geophone, the output (for input of constant velocity of magnet motion) is proportional to frequency and hence to the acceleration involved in the seismic wave.地震检波器：把地震能量转换为电信号的一种仪器；地震计、检波器或拾音器。大多数陆上检波器都是动圈式检波器，线圈通过弹簧悬挂在磁场中（磁铁通常是和仪器外壳连在一起的）。外壳和磁铁随地震波而运动但线圈由于其本身的惯性仍保持相对静止。磁场相对于线圈的运动将在线圈内产生电压，该电压正比于线圈和磁铁的相对速度。因此在地震波频率大于检波器自然频率时，输出电压正比于地震波速度，和其频率关系不大。当频率低于检波器的固有频率时，输出（磁铁运动速度为常数）正比于地震波频率和其加速度。

geophone interval: 1.The distance between adjacent geophones within a group.2.Sometimes used for group interval, the separation between the centers of adjacent geophone groups.检波距：1.一组检波器中相邻检波器之间的距离。2.有时用于组合检波距，相邻检波器组合中心之间的间隔。

ground roll: Surface-wave energy which travels along or near the surface of the ground.Usually characterized by relatively low velocity and low frequency but high amplitude.Ground roll tends to mask desired signals; shot and geophone patterns, filtering, and stacking are used to discriminate against it.Rayleigh waves are usually the main source and ground roll is sometimes called pseudo-Rayleigh wave.地滚波：沿地表或近地表传播的面波。通常具有低速低频强振幅等特征。地滚波酷似有用信号；常用炮点检波点组合、滤波和叠加等方法对它进行区分。地滚波的主要成分是瑞雷波，有时也称伪瑞雷波。

group interval: The horizontal distance between the centers of adjacent geophone groups.

组合间距：相邻检波器组合中心之间的水平距离。

group velocity: The velocity with which the energy in a wave train travels.In dispersive media where velocity varies with frequency, the wave train changes shape as it progrees so that individual wave crests appear to travel at a different velocity (the phase velocity) than does the envelope of the wave train.The velocity of the envelope is the group velocity.

群速度：一组波列中能量的传播速度。在扩散介质中速度随频率变化而变化，随着波列向前推进其波形也发生变化，因此单个波峰的传播速度（相速度）与波列包络的速度不同。这里包络速度就是群速度。

guided wave: l.An interface wave or surface wave.2.A channel wave.导波：l.界面波或面波。2.槽波。

hammer: A hammer striking a steel plate is used as seismic source for shallow refraction measurements.The hammer incorporates a switch which starts a timer when the hammer strikes; the timer is stopped when energy received by a geophone reaches some threshold value.冲击锤：浅层折射法中用于锤击钢板来作为震源的锤。冲击锤装有一计时触发开关，当锤落下开始计时，当检波器接收到的能量达到某一阈值时计时停止。

head wave: A refraction wave or Mintrop wave; a wave characterized by entering and leaving the high-velocity medium at the critical angle.Particularly the wave which gives a refraction first break.首波：折射波或敏车普波；以临界角进入和离开高速层的波，尤其是产生第一个折射波初至的波。

hodograph: The figure described by the terminus of a moving vector. 矢端线：由变矢量端点所绘制的图形。

Hooke\'s law: Stre is proportional to strain.See elastic constants.虎克定律：应力和应变成正比。见弹性常数。 horizontal stacking: Common-depth-point stacking.水平叠加：共深度点叠加。

Huygens principle: The concept that every point on an advancing wavefront can be regarded as the source of a secondary wave and that a later wovefront is the envelope tangent to all the secondary waves.惠更斯原理：波前面上的每一点都可看作一个二次扰动的点震源，下一个波前面就是所有子波波前的包络。

impedance: l.The apparent resistance to the flow of alternating current, analagous to actual resistance in a dc circuit.The impedance is (in general) complex, of magnitude |Z| with a phase angle θ.These can be expreed in terms of the resistance R (in ohms), the inductive reactance Xi = 2πfL and the capacitive reactance Xc = 1 /2πfC

Z = [R2 + (Xi －Xc)2 ]1/2 ohms tan1XiXc Rf is frequency in hertz, L is inductance in henrys, and C is capacitance in farads.2.See acoustic impedance.3.In magnetotelluric exploration, if Ex is the electric-field component in an arbitrary horizontal direction and Hy is the magnetic-field aociated with it (in the orthogonal horizontal direction), the wave impedance (or field impedance or surface impedance) Zs is: Zs = Ex/Hy

The surface impedance is a complex number because of phase differences between Ex and Hy.Measurements of surface impedance versus frequency can be interpreted in terms of the electrical properties of the subsurface.阻抗：l.交流电的视电阻，与直流电的真实电阻类似。阻抗（一般来说）是复数，大小为|Z|，相位角为θ。它可电阻R（欧姆）、感抗Xi = 2πfL和容抗Xc = 1 /2πfC来表达：

Z = [R2 + (Xi －Xc)2 ]1/2 欧

XiXctanR1 其中频率f为赫兹，电感L为亨利，电容C为法拉。2.参见声阻抗。3.在大地电磁勘探中，如果Ex为任意水平方向的电场分量，Hy为与它相应的（水平正交方向）磁场分量，波阻抗（或场阻抗，或表面阻抗）Zs为：Zs = Ex/Hy。因为Ex 和 Hy的相位不同，所以表面阻抗为复数。表面阻抗相对频率的变化可用来表述地下电性。

incident angle: The angle which a raypath makes with a perpendicular to an interface, which is the same as that which a wavefront makes with the interface in isotropic media.入射角：射线和分界面的垂线所成的角，在均匀介质中，与波阵面和分界面所成的角相等。

interval velocity: Seismic-wave velocity measured over a depth interval.1.In sonic log determinations the interval may be 1 to 3 ft, in well shooting it may be 1000 ft or more.Usually refers to compreional velocity and usually implies measurements perpendicular to the bedding.2.Often used for velocity calculated by the Dix Formula from velocities measured from normal moveout.层速度：在一定的深度间隔上测得的地震波速度。1.声波测井的测定间隔为1到3英尺，地震测井的间隔则为1000英尺或更大。通常指纵波速度和特指垂直于层方向测得的速度。2.通常用于速度计算，先由正常时差进行速度测定，然后再经Dix公式进行计算。

Kirchoff diffraction equation: An expreion of the wave amplitude at a point P which is several wavelengths λ from a diffracting aperture in the plane B.If α and β are the angles between the normal to B and the rays from Q and P to B, the lengths of the rays being r and s, then the wave amplitude u at P can be expreed as an integral over the aperture area, dσ: ui21i(rs)/e(coscos)d rs基尔霍夫绕射方程：波在某点P的振幅表达式，P点到平面B上的绕射孔的距离为多个波长λ。如果α 和 β分别是Q 和 P到平面B的射线与B的法线的夹角，两射线的长度分别为r 和 s，则波在P点的振幅u可由对绕射孔面积dσ的积分来表示： ui21i(rs)/e(coscos)d rslaw of reflection: The angle of reflection = angle of incidence, for the same wave mode in an isotropic medium.This is a special case of Snell\'s law.The more general form of Snell\'s law must be used for the wave generated by mode conversion upon reflection.If ip is the incident angle for an incident P-wave (or is for an incident S-wave), then the angles of the reflected P-wave will be rp and the angle of the reflected S-wave will be rs:

sinipVpsiniinrpsinrs VsVpVswhere Vp is the P-wave velocity and Vs is the S-wave velocity.反射定律：在均匀介质中，同一波的反射角等于入射角。它是斯奈尔定律一种特殊情况。斯奈尔定律更一般的形式满足由反射波波型转换产生的转换波。如果一个入射P-波（或S-波）的入射角为ip，则反射P-波的反射角为rp，反射S-波的反射角为rs：

sinipVpsiniinrpsinrs VsVpVs其中Vp为P-波速度，Vs为S-波速度。

law of refraction: The sine of the angle of incidence is to the sine of the angle of refraction as the velocity of the incident wave is to the velocity of the refracted wave.Usually called Snell\'s law. 透射定律：入射角的正弦和透射角的正弦之比等于入射波和透射波速度之比。通常也称为斯奈尔定律。

least-time path: The path between two points which takes the least time to traverse (subject to certain constraints).The path which a seismic ray takes according to Fermat\'s principle.Also called minimum-time path or brachistochrone.The raypath will generally be curved or bent because of velocity variations.Also applicable to light rays, etc.最短时程：通过两点之间所需时间最短的那条路径（服从一定的约束条件）。满足费马原理的地震射线路径。也称为最小时程或最速路径。由于速度发生变化，射线路径一般都是弯曲的。同样适用与光射线等。

Lg-wave: \"Long\" surface waves including both Rayleigh wave and Love waves.Lg-波：“长”面波，包括瑞雷波和勒夫波。

longitudinal wave: P-wave or compreional wave.纵波：P-波或压缩波。

long-path multiple: A seismic reflection whose travel path is much longer than required for a primary reflection from the deepest interface reached.A long-path multiple tends to appear as a separate event rather than blending into the tail of the primary.For example, the energy might be reflected by a deep reflecting interface, then at or near the surface, and again by the same or another deep interface.See multiple.全程多次反射波：传播路径比来自最深界面的一次反射波路径长得多的地震反射波。长程多次波常以单独波至的形式出现而不是掺混在一次波的尾部。例如，来自某一深层反射界面的反射波在地表或近地表被反射回去，而在同一个或另一深层反射界面又一次被反射回来。参见多次波。

long wave: Surface wave.长波：面波。

love wave: A surface seismic wave aociated with layering, characterized by horizontal motion perpendicular to the direction of propagation with no vertical motion.Designated Q-wave, LQ-wave, G-wave, or SH-wave.Love waves may also be thought of as channel waves with the earth\'s surface the upper channel boundary.Total reflection occurs at the boundaries of the channel so that the waves represent energy traveling by multiple reflection.The energy builds up because of interference.Different interference modes are designated by the number of nodal planes within the layer but usually only zero mode is observed.The dispersion of Love waves can be used to calculate the thickne of the surface layer.Earthquake Love waves have velocities up to 4.5 km/sec, faster than Rayleigh waves.

勒夫波：与层状介质有关的一种地震面波，其特征为质点水平运动且与波传播方向垂直，不发生垂向运动。被命名为Q-波、LQ-波、G-波或SH-波。勒夫波也可看作是地表上部通道边界的槽波。所有反射都发生在孔道边界上，所以能量以多次反射的形式传播。由于干涉现象而使能量聚集。不同的干涉类型取决于层内的节面数，通常只能观测到零型干涉。勒夫波的频散可用来计算表层厚度。天然地震勒夫波的速度在4.5千米/秒以上，大于瑞雷波速度。 low-velocity layer: 1.Weathering; a near-surface belt of very low-velocity material.2.A layer of velocity lower than that of shallower refractors.See blind zone.3.The B-layer in the upper mantle from 60 to 250 km deep, where velocities are about 6 percent lower than in the outermost mantle.4.The region just inside the earth\'s core.低速层：1.风化层；近地表低速带。2.速度低于其上面折射层的地层。参见盲区。3.上地幔中从60到250千米深度的B-层，它的速度比最外面的地幔低6%。4.地核内部的区域。

marker bed: 1.A bed or sequence of beds which yields characteristic reflections over a more-or-le extensive area.2.A bed which accounts for a characteristic segment of a refraction time-distance curve and which can be followed over a reasonably extensive area.3.A bed with distinctive magnetic or electrical effects.标准层：在一个较大的范围内产生特征反射的一层或一组层。2.用来解释折射波时距曲线的特征段并且在更广范围也适用的层。3.具有明显磁效应或电效应的层。

migration: 1.Plotting of dipping reflections in their true spatial positions rather than directly beneath the point midway between the shotpoint and center of the geophone spread.Some automatic migration schemes utilize the complementary properties of wavefront curves and diffraction curves (curves of maximum convexity).An unmigrated event is tangent to a diffraction curve (which defines the particular diffraction curve) and its arrival time defines the wavefront.The migrated event lies at the other intersection of these two curves and is tangent to the wavefront curve.Migration often is limited to the plane of the section, although, properly, three-dimensional positions should be considered.2.Where the velocity varies laterally, data will migrate differently and ray tracing is used to determine the migrated positions.3.Movement of ions in a solution because of electric-field gradient.偏移，运移：倾斜反射点实际空间位置的展绘，而不是直接将炮点和检波器排列中心位置的中点下方作为反射点位置。一些自动偏移方法是利用波前曲线和绕射曲线（最大凸度曲线）的互补性质来实现的。偏移前的反射波同相轴与绕射曲线相切（由此可确定绕射曲线），而它的波至时间可确定波前面。偏移后的同相轴在两曲线的另一个交点上与波前面相切。偏移通常限制在剖面所在的二维平面内，然而，为了更准确，就应该考虑三维空间位置。2.速度发生横向变化会使偏移位置不同，通常采用射线追踪的方法来确定偏移位置。3.由于电场梯度的存在而使离子在溶液中发生运动。

minimum-phase: 1.A two-term wavelet or couplet (a, b) is minimum-phase if |a| >|b|.Same as minimum-delay.Any wavelet may be represented as the convolution of couplets; the wavelet is minimum-phase if all the couplets of which it is composed are minimum-phase.For examp1e, the z-transform of a wavelet might be 6+z-z2 which can be expreed as (3-z)(2+z), each of which is minimum-phase and hence the wavelet is minimum-phase.Minimum-phase is sometimes expreed as having all roots outside the unit circle in the z-plane or as having no zeros in the right half of the Laplace transform S-p1ane.2.A multichannel matrix of vectors is minimum-phase if its determinant (which can also be expreed as the product of couplets) is minimum-phase.A multichannel response produced by impulsive inputs might be: input

input channel 1

channel 2 output channel l(2z)(z)

output channel 2(1)(6z)which has the determinant 12 + 7z + z2 = (3 + z)(4+ z) which is minimum-phase; hence the multi-channel response is minimum-phase.The principal feature of minimum-phase is that the energy arrives in a burst which is not followed by a larger burst.3.A minimum-phase filler is that one of the set of poible filters with identical amplitude response, which delays the energy the least; it also is called the minimum-delay filter.If the input to a minimum-phase filter is itself minimum-phase, then the output will also be minimum-phase.Many of the filtering actions to which seismic signals are subjected are minimum-phase and much of the filtering done in digital proceing is minimum-phase.A minimum-phase wavelet is sometimes called front-loaded because its energy is concentrated in the front end of the pulse.Maximum-phase or maximum-delay is the other extreme, and mixed-phase is intermediate.

最小相位：一个二项子波或双根子波(a, b)，如果有|a| >|b，则它是最小相位的。与最小延迟相同。任一子波都可看作是双根的褶积。如果组成它的所有根都是最小相位的，则该子波也是最小相位的。例如，一个子波的Z变换为6+z-z2，也可写作(3-z)(2+z)，它的每一项都是最小相位的，因此该子波是最小相位的。最小相位有时也可描述为在Z平面内的所有根都在单位圆外或拉普拉斯变换S平面的右半平面无零点。2.如果多道矩阵向量的行列式（即根的乘积）是最小相位的，则该矩阵向量是最小相位的。脉冲输入的多道响应为：

输入

输入

通道 1 通道2

(z)输出通道 l(2z)

(6z)输出通道 2(1)它的行列式12 + 7z + z2 = (3 + z)(4+ z)是最小相位的，因此该多道响应也是最小相位的。最小相位的主要特征是波至能量是一个脉冲而不是紧随其后还有一个更大的脉冲。3.最小相位滤波器是一套等幅响应的物理可实现滤波器，它的能量延迟最小，也称为最小延迟滤波器。如果最小相位滤波器的输入信号本身就是最小相位的，则输出信号也将是最小相位的。多数地震信号的滤波和数字滤波都属于最小相位滤波。最小相位子波也叫前载子波，因为它的能量主要集中在脉冲的前端。最大相位或最大延迟是能量集中的另一种极限情况，混合相位则介于两者之间。

multiple: Seismic energy which has been reflected more than once.lf this definition is strictly adhered to, virtually all seismic energy involves multiples, and primary energy which has been reflected only once is scarcely observable.The important distinction is between long-path and short-path multiples: a long-path multiple arrives as a distinct event whereas a short-path multiple arrives so soon after the primary that it merely adds tail to the primary.Usually it does not matter whether the reflections being mapped are primary but rather whether their attitude is indicative of the attitude of the appropriate portion of the section, so that the tailing produced by the many short-path peg-leg multiples does not detract seriously.The attitude of long-path multiples is not apt to be representative of the portion of the section aociated with their arrival time.Usually the long-path multiples have traveled more in the slower (shallower) part of the section than primaries with the same arrival time, so that they ordinarily show more normal moveout and can be attenuated by CDP stacking.

多次波：经多次反射的地震波能量。如果严格按照定义来说，实际上所有地震波均包括多次波，一次反射能量很难观测到。全程多次波和短程多次波的主要区别是：全程多次波具有明显的同相轴，而短程多次波紧随着一次波而到达，仅仅是给一次波加了一个尾巴。通常，所要成图的反射波是否是一次波无关紧要，而它们的形态是否能表示剖面的部分形态却是非常重要的。所以，短程微屈多次反射波产生的拖尾对剖面质量的影响不大。而全程多次波的形态就不能代表与波至时间有关的剖面部分的形态。通常相同的波至时间，全程多次波在剖面的低速（浅层）部分的传播路程比一次波要长，因此它们表现出更大的正常时差，这可以通过共深度点叠加来压制。

multiple coverage: Seismic arrangement whereby the same portion of the subsurface is involved in several records, as with CDP shooting.The redundancy of measurements permits various types of noise to be attenuated in proceing.多次覆盖：当采用共深度点放炮时，使得多道记录都能记录到地下相同部分信息的地震排列方式。这种冗余测量可使各种类型的噪声在处理时得到削弱。

multiplex: 1.A proce which permits transmitting several channels of information over a single channel without crofeed.Usually different input channels are sampled in sequence at regular intervals and the samples are fed into a single output channel.Digital tapes are sometimes multiplexed in this way.Multiplexing can also be done by using different carrier frequencies for different information channels.2.A stereoscopic plotting instrument used in preparing topographic maps by stereophotogrammetry.多路传输，多倍仪：在单个通道上传输多道信号并使它们不发生串音的一种传输方式。通常不同道的输入信号按顺序以固定间隔进行采样，然后被注入单个输出通道进行传输。数字磁带往往以这种方式进行多路编排。多路传输也可采用对不同信道使用不同载频的方式进行。2.一种立体测图仪，它通过立体摄影测量来绘制地形图。

multiplexed format: A sequence of data in which the first sample of channel 1 is followed by the first sample of channel 2, then the first sample of channel 3, etc., until the first sample of all channels is given; then follows the second sample of channel 1, the second sample of channel 2, etc.As opposed to trace-sequential format in which the first sample of channel 1 is followed by the second sample of channel 1, etc., until all of channel 1 is given, followed by channel 2, etc.If such an array of data is thought of as a matrix, then multiplexed format may be thought of as reading by columns and trace-sequential format as reading by rows.The data output of digital recording equipment is in multiplexed format whereas most data proceing is done in trace-sequential format.Converting from the one format to the other is one of the first steps in data proceing and usually part of the edit routine.Such a format conversion is called matrix transposition.多路编排格式：数据排列次序为：通道1的第一个采样，跟着是通道

2、通道3的第一个采样等等，直到所有通道的第一个采样都给出后，接下来是通道

1、通道2的第二个采样等等。它和道序传输格式相反，道序传输格式为：通道1的第一个采样，跟着是通道1的第二个采样，直到通道1的所有采样都给出，然后是通道2的所有采样等等。如果把一组数据编排看作一个矩阵，那么多路编排格式可以认为是按列读取，而道序传输格式是按行读取的。数字记录装置的输出数据是多路编排格式的，而大多数数据处理都是按道序传输格式进行的。数据处理首先要做的工作之一就是将数据从一种格式转换成另一种格式，这也是编辑程序的一部分。这种格式转换也称为矩阵转置。 mute: To change the relative contribution of the components of a record stack with record time.In the early part of the record the long offset traces may be muted or excluded from the stack because they are dominated by refraction arrivals or because their frequency content after NMO correction is appreciably lower than other traces.The transition where they begin to contribute may be either abrupt or gradual.A large abrupt transition introduces frequencies which may not be otherwise present and may distort the design criteria for a deconvolution operator.Muting may be done over certain time intervals to keep ground roll, air waves, or noise bursts out of the stack.For this last function, compare diversity stack.Also called fade.切除：改变时间叠加记录成分的相对贡献值。大偏移距记录道的前部往往在叠加前被切除，这是因为它们主要是折射波分布区或因为动校正后使其频率成分比其它道的低。记录道何时被切除可能是突然的，也可能是渐变的。突然的转变将引入本来不存在的频率成分，这会影响反褶积算子的设计准则。切除可以通过一定的时间间隔来使地滚波、空气波或其它噪声不参与叠加。对最后这一功能，请参照多样化叠加。也叫噪声衰减。

NMO: Normal moveout.NMO: 正常时差。

normal incidence: A wavefront striking an interface broadside; i.e., so that the angle between the wavefront and the interface (angle of incidence) is zero.法向入射：波阵面穿过分界面的侧面，因此波阵面和分界面的夹角（入射角）为零。

normal moveout: The variation of reflection arrival time because of variation in the shotpoint-to-geophone distance (offset).Normal moveout depends on velocity and (to a leer extent) dip as well as offset and decreases with reflection time.Many velocity analysis methods are based on normal-moveovt measurements.To the extent that long-path multiples travel at a lower average velocity than primary reflections for the same arrival time (because velocity usually increases with depth), they will show greater normal moveout and can be attenuated by common-depth-point stacking.Offset sometimes is thought of as an independent variable and normal moveout is illustrated in offset space.正常时差：由于炮点到检波点之间的距离（炮检距）的不同而产生的反射波至时间变化。正常时差依赖于地层速度和倾角（在更小的范围内）以及炮检距，且随反射时间的增加而减小。很多速度分析法都是以正常时差测量为基础的。对于全程多次波来说，在与一次波旅行时间相同的情况下，它们传播的平均速度却比一次波慢（因为速度随深度而增加），那么它们的正常时差将比一次波大。因此全程多次波可通过共深度点叠加进行压制。往往炮检距被看作是自变量，正常时差是在炮检距空间来描述的。

offset: l.The distance from the shotpoint to the center of the nearest geophone group.Often resolved into components: perpendicular offset, the distance at right angles to the spread line, and inline offset, the distance from the projection of the shotpoint onto the line of the spread.2.The perpendicular offset only.3.The distance between the shotpoint and the center of any geophone group.4.The distance between the shopoint and any geophone.5.Some times (in refraction work) the displacement.6.In marine shooting, the distance from the recording boat where the radio-location equipment is usually located to the mid-point of the subsurface coverage; stepback.7.Displacement of the plot of a reflection to its proper position on a cro-section; migration.8.Displacement of a formerly contiguous body.炮检距，偏移距，补偿：l.从炮点到最近的检波器组合中心之间的距离。通常被分解为：垂直偏移距，与测线排列的垂直距离；同线偏移距，炮点在测线上的投影到检波器排列之间的距离。2.仅指垂直偏移距。3.从炮点到任意检波器组合中心之间的距离。4.从炮点到任意检波点之间的距离。5.（折射波法中的）平移断层。6.海上放炮时，从无线电定位装置所在的记录船到地下覆盖段中点之间的距离；即回步。7.横剖面上反射曲线到其确切位置之间的距离；即偏移量。8.对以前邻接体的置换。

onset: The beginning of a wave train.See break.波端：一个波列的开始部分。参见波至。

phase velocity: 1.The velocity with which any given phase (such as a trough or a wave of single frequency) travels; may differ from group velocity because of dispersion.Sometimes called trough velocity or peak velocity.2.Apparent velocity.相速度：1.任一给定相位（如波谷或单频波）的传播速度，由于频散，可能与群速度不同。有时也称为波谷速度或波峰速度。2.视速度。

plane wave: Having wavefronts which are planar (with no curvature), as might originate from a very remote source.A common aumption in seismic and electromagnetic wave analyses which is not strictly true in actual situations.平面波：波阵面是平面（无弯曲）的波，如震源很远的波。地震波和电磁波研究中的常用假设形式，严格来讲实际情况并不是这样。

point source: 1.A source whose actual size is unimportant as far as the effects being observed are concerned.2.A single current electrode whose companion is a great distance away, such as the current pole of the pole-pole or pole-dipole arrays.点源：与所引起的效应相比，其大小并不重要的一种震源。2.与另一电极距离很远的单供电电极，如单极-单极排列或单极-偶极排列的供电方式。

Poion\'s ratio: The ratio of the transverse contraction to the longitudinal extension when a rod is stretched:

d/d

L/Lwhere Δd = change in diameter d and ΔL = the change in the length L.See also elastic constant.The ratio of the velocities of P- and S-waves, Vp and Vs can be expreed in terms of Poion\'s ratio: Vp2(1)Vs121/2 For liquids σ = 1/2 and Vs vanishes.泊松比：当一杆被拉伸时，它的横向收缩和纵向伸长之比：

d/d

L/L其中Δd是直径d的变化量，ΔL是长度L的改变量，见弹性常数。P- 波和S-波的速度Vp 和 Vs之比可用泊松比来表示：

Vp2(1)Vs121/2

液体的泊松比为σ = 1/2，Vs消失。

porosity: Pore volume per unit volume of formation.Often indicated by the symbol Φ.Porosity is determined from cores or from sonic logs (see Wyllie relationship), from density logs, from neutron logs, or from resistivity logs (see Archie\'s formula).See also movable oil plot.Primary porosity refers to the porosity remaining after the sediments have been compacted but without considering changes because of subsequent chemical action or flow of waters through the sediments.Secondary porosity is the additional porosity created by subsequent chemical changes, especially fiures, fractures, solution vugs, and porosity created by dolomitization.Effective porosity is the porosity available to free fluids, excluding unconnected porosity and space occupied by bound water and dieminated shale.孔隙度：单位体积岩层中空隙所占的体积。常用符号Φ表示。孔隙度可由岩芯或声波测井（见威利关系式）、密度测井、中子测井以及电阻率测井（见阿尔奇公式）等进行测定。也可见油气运移图。原生孔隙度指的是沉积物被压实后仍保留的空隙度，但它由于随后的化学作用或有水的流过而没有发生太大变化。次生孔隙度则是由后生化学变化，特别是裂隙、断裂、溶洞和白云石化作用而产生的附加孔隙度。有效孔隙度是指适用自由流体的空隙度，它不包括不连通的空隙度和周围水以及浸染泥岩占有的空隙度。

Primary reflection: Energy which has been reflected only once and hence is not a multiple.Strictly speaking, primary reflections are virtually undectable because they contain so little energy and short-path multiples usually are included.一次反射：只经过一次反射的波而不是多次波。严格来讲，实际上检测不到一次反射波，因为它们的能量很小且包含短程多次波。

primary wave: P-wave or longitudinal wave.一次波：P-波或纵波。

P-wave: An elastic body wave in which particle motion is in the direction of propagation.The type of seismic wave aumed in conventional seismic exploration.Also called compreional wave, longitudinal wave, primary wave, preure wave, dilatational wave, and irrotational wave.In an isotropic homogeneous solid, the P-wave velocity Vp can be expreed in terms of the elastic constants and the density:

Vp = [ (λ +2μ )/ρ ]1/2

=[E(l - σ)/ρ(1-2σ)(l +σ)]1/2, where λ and μ are Lame\'s constants, E is Young\'s modulus, k is the bulk modulus, and σ is Poion\'s ratio.See also wave

NBA英语术语

国际贸易英语术语

服装英语术语

新闻英语术语

地震英语话剧

英语演讲稿 地震

英语地震慰问信

地震英语作文

地震英语表达

地震英语作文

《地震术语英语.doc》

将本文的Word文档下载到电脑，方便收藏和打印

推荐度：

点击下载文档