水库,英语介绍
2020-03-02 02:37:31 来源：范文大全收藏下载本文
Reservoirs 水库
When a barrier is constructed acro some river in the form of a dam, water gets stored up on the upstream side of the barrier, forming a pool of water, generally called a reservoir.拦河筑一条象坝的障碍时，水就被拦蓄在障碍物的上游并形成水塘，通常称之为水库。 Broadly speaking, any water collected in a pool or a lake may be termed as a reservoir.The water stored in reservoir may be used for various purposes.Depending upon the purposes served, the reservoir may be claified as follows: ①storage or conservation reservoir ; ② flood control reservoirs ; ③distribution reservoirs ; ④multipurpose reservoir.
总而言之，被蓄积在水塘或湖泊里的水就成为水库。水库所蓄的水可有多种用途。水库根据其用途可分为以下几类：①蓄水水库；②防洪水库；③配水水库；④综合利用水库； 1 storage or conservation reservoirs蓄水水库
A city water supply, irrigation water supply or a hydroelectric project drawing water directly from a river or a stream may fail to satisfy the consumers (consumers’ ) demands during extremely low flows, while during high lows, it may become difficult to carry out their operation due to devastating floods.A storage or a conservation reservoir can retain such exce supplies during periods of peak flows and can release them gradually during low flows as and when the need arises.
城市供水，灌溉供水或直接从河流或者溪流中取水的水电工程，在枯水期，也许不能满足用户的需要；在丰水期，由于洪水泛滥它们又可能无法发挥作用。蓄水水库在洪峰期能拦蓄多余的水量，而在枯水期需要水的时候又能平缓地把水放出。
Incidentally, in addition to conserving water for later use, the storage of floodwaters may also reduce flood damage below the reservoir.Hence, a reservoir can be used for controlling floods either solely or in addition to other purposes.In the former case, it is known as “flood control reservoir” or “single purpose flood control reservoir”, and in the later case, it is called a “multipurpose reservoir”.
顺便提一下，蓄水除为了今后的用水外，蓄洪还可减少水库下游的洪水灾害。因此，水库可以用于防洪或者还具有别的用途。前一种情况称为“防洪水库”；而后一种情况就称为“综合利用水库”。
2 flood control reservoir防洪水库
A flood control reservoir or generally called flood-mitigation reservoir, stores a portion of the flood flows in such a way as to minimize the flood peaks at the areas to be protected downstream.To accomplish this, the entire inflow entering the reservoir is discharged till the outflow reaches the safe capacity of the channel downstream.The inflow in exce of this rate is stored in the reservoir, which is then gradually released so as to recover the storage capacity for next flood.防洪水库一般称为减洪水库，以拦蓄一部分洪水流量的方式降低洪峰，保护下游地区，为了达到这一目的，流进水库的水是全部排放，直到排水流量达到下游河槽的安全泄量为止。超过这个泄量的入流量就蓄存在水库里，待洪峰消退后，在逐渐排放，为迎战下一次洪水恢复蓄洪容积。
The flood peaks at the point just downstream of the reservoir are thus reduced by an amount AB as shown in figure 8.1.A flood control reservoir differs from a conservation reservoir only in its need for a large sluiceway capacity to permit rapid drawdown before or after a flood.
如图8.1所示，水库下游的洪峰流量减小了一个AB值。防洪水库和蓄洪水库不同之处仅仅
在于它需要一个大的泄洪能力，以便在洪水之前或之后可以迅速向下游放水。
Types of flood control reservoirs.There are two basic types of flood-mitigation reservoir.①storage reservoir or detention basins.②retarding basins or retarding reservoirs.
防洪水库的类型。防洪水库有两种基本类型：①蓄洪水库或拦洪区；②滞洪区或滞洪水库。
A reservoir with gates and valves installation at the spillway and at the sluice outlets is known as a storage-reservoir, while on the other hand, a reservoir with fixed ungated outlets is known as a retarding basin.
在溢洪道或泄水口处设有闸门和阀门的水库称为蓄水水库，反之，具有固定的敞开式泄水口的水库称为滞洪水库。
Functioning and disadvantage of a retarding basin:
A retarding basin is usually provided with an uncontrolled spillway and an uncontrolled orifice type sluiceway.The automatic regulation of outflow depending upon the availability of water, takes place from such a reservoir.The maximum discharging capacity of such a reservoir should be equal to maximum safe carrying capacity of the channel downstream.As flood occurs, the reservoir gets filled and discharges through sluiceways.As the reservoir elevation increases, outflow discharge increases.The water level goes on rising until the flood has subsided and the inflow becomes equal to or le than the outflow.After this, water gets automatically withdrawn from the reservoir until the stored water is completely discharged.The advantages of a retarding basin over a gate controlled detention basin are: ①cost of gate installations is saved.② there are no gates and hence, the poibility of human error and negligence in their operation is eliminated.③since such a reservoir is not always filled, much of land below the maximum reservoir level will be submerged only temporarily and occasionally and can be used for agriculture, although no permanent habitation can be allowed on this land.
滞洪区的功能和优点：
滞洪区通常具有一个无控制的溢洪道和一个无控制的孔口式泄洪道，根据入流量的大小自动调节水库的出流量。这种水库的最大泄水能力等于下游河槽的最大安全输水能力。洪水发生时，水库就蓄满水并经泄水道放水。水库水位上升时，出流量随之增加。当洪水消退、进水量等于或小于出水量时，水位就不再上升。此后，水便自动地由水库泄出，直到放完蓄水为止。与有闸门控制的拦洪区相比，滞洪区有以下的优点：①节约了安装闸门的费用；②没有闸门，因而不存在人为事故和玩忽职守的可能性；③这种水库并不总是蓄满着水，水库最高水位以下的大片土地只是被暂时或偶尔淹没，尽管不允许居民在此落户，但是仍能有效地进行耕作。
Fig.8.1 the principle of flood control reservoir
Functioning and advantages of a storage reservoir:
A storage reservoir with gated spillway and gated sluiceway, provides more flexibility of operation, and thus gives us better control and increased usefulne of the reservoir.Storage reservoir are, therefore, preferred on large rivers which require better control, while retarding basins are preferred on small rivers.In storage reservoirs, the flood crest downstream can be better controlled and regulated properly so as not to cause their coincidence.This is the biggest advantage of such a reservoir and outweighs its disadvantages of being costly and involving risk of human error in installation and operation of gates.蓄水水库的功能和优点:
蓄水水库的溢洪道和泄水道有闸门控制，运用起来就具有较大的灵活性，能更好地控制洪水，
提高这种水库的效益。因而，这类水库通常用在需要良好控制的大河流上。而滞洪水库则用在小的河流上。蓄水库能更好地控制和适当地调节下游洪峰，使它们不会同时叠加。这就是这类水库的最大优点，尽管这种水库的缺点是投资较大，闸门的安装和操作包含着人为误差的风险。
3 distribution reservoir配水水库
A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir constructed within a city water supply system.Such a reservoir can be filled by pumping water at a certain rate and can be used to supply water even at rates higher than the inflow rate during periods of maximum demands (called critical periods of demand).Such reservoirs are, therefore, helpful in permitting the pumps or water treatment plants to work at a uniform rate, and they store water during the hours of no demand or le demand and supply water from their “storage” during the critical periods of maximum demand.
配水水库是小型蓄水水库，建在城市供水系统内。这样的水库按一定的流量用抽水的方式注满，在需水量最大的时期（称为临界需水期），它的供水流量甚至大于水库的入流量。因此，这样的水库可以使水泵或水处理厂以均匀的流量进行工作，在不用水或很少用水的时期，配水水库就蓄存水量；在最大蓄水临界期，它就从“仓库”里供水。
4 Multipurpose reservoirs综合利用水库
A reservoir planned and constructed to serve not only one purpose but various purposes together is called a multipurpose reservoir.Reservoir, designed for one purpose, incidentally serving other purposes, shall not be called a multipurpose reservoir, but will be called so, only if designed to serve those purposed also in addition to its main purpose.Hence, a reservoir designed to protect the downstream areas from floods and also to conserve water for water supply, irrigation, industrial needs, hydroelectric purposes, etc.shall be called a multipurpose reservoir.
设计和建造的水库，若不仅为一种目标服务，而且同时为多种目标服务，就称之为综合利用水库。按单一目标设计，偶尔也为其他目标服务的水库，不能称为综合利用水库；在设计时除考虑主要目标之外，也考虑为其他目标服务的水库，才能称之为综合利用水库。因此，若设计的水库用于保护下游地区免遭洪水灾害，同时又兼顾蓄水，为供水、灌溉、工业用水和水力发电等提供多种目标服务，它既可以称之为综合利用水库。
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