初中英语教学大纲语法项目表
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初中英语教学大纲语法项目表
（Grammar Items）（加“*”号的项目只要求理解） 1.词类：1）名词 2）形容词 3）副词 4）动词
5）代词 6）冠词 7）数词 8）介词
9）连词 10）感叹词
*2.构词法：
1）合成法 claroom, something, reading-room
2）派生法 worker, drawing, quickly, careful, kindne,
cloudy, unhappy
3）转化法 hand （n.）—hand （v.）
dry （adj.）—dry （v.）
3.名词
1）可数名词和不可数名词
A,通常在单数名词后+ B, 2）名词的复数
3）专有名词
4）所有格
名词词尾+’s或 of+名词或 of+’s 4.代词
1）人称代词的主格和宾格形式
I—am--me
you—are--you
he—is--him
she—is--her
it—is--it
they—are--them
wo—are--us
2）物主代词的形容词与名词性形式
形容词的
My
your
his
her
its
their
our 名词性的 mine yours
his
hers its
theirs ours 3）反身代词 myself,
yourself, himself, herself, itself, Ourselves, yourselves,
themselves 4）指示代词 this, that, these, those
5）不定代词 some, any, no, etc.
6）疑问代词 what, who, whose, which, etc. 5.数词 基数词和序数词
6.介词 词汇表中所列介词的基本用法
7.连词 词汇表中所列连词的基本用法
8.形容词
1）作定语、表语、宾语补足语的基本用法
2）比较等级 （原级、比较级、最高级）的基本用法
（1）构成 -er, -est; more, the most
（2）基本句型
as＋原级形式＋as...
not as （so）＋原级形式＋as...
比较级形式＋than...
the＋最高级形式＋...in （of）...9.副词
1）表示时间、地点、方式、程度等的基本用法
2）疑问副词when, where, how
3）比较等级 （原级、比较级、最高级）
（1）构成 -er, -est; more, the most
（2）基本句型
as＋原级形式＋as...
not as （so）＋原级形式＋as...
比较级形式＋than...
the＋最高级形式＋...in （of）...*10.冠词 (a,an,the) 一般用法 :1)可数名词的单数前，表示“一，一个”或泛指某人某物，a用在以辅音开头的单词前，an用在以元音开头的单词前.2) the用来指特定某个事物，“这个，那个，这些，那些” 11.动词
＊1）动词种类
（1）行为动词或实义动词
1、及物动词 ：词典里词后标有 vt .的，直接跟宾语
2、不及物动词 ：词典里词后标有 vi.的，不能直接跟宾语，若要跟宾语必须加上某个介词，如：of,to,at等
（2）连系动词 be, look, turn, get, become, etc.
（3）助动词 be, do, have, shall, will, etc.
（4）情态动词 can, may, must, need, etc.
2）时态
（1）一般现在时
I get up at six o\'clock every morning.
He doesn\'t speak Ruian.
They are very busy.
The moon moves round the earth.
When you see him, tell him to come to my place.
I\'ll go to see you tonight if I\'m free.
（2）一般过去时
I was in Grade One last year.
I got up at five yesterday.
（3）一般将来时
1.shall （will）＋动词原形
I shall （will）go to your school tomorrow afternoon.
She will be here tomorrow.
2.be going to＋动词原形
I\'m going to help him.
（4）现在进行时
We\'re reading the text now.
They\'re waiting for a bus.
（5）现在完成时
I have already posted the letter.
They have lived here for ten years.
*（6）过去进行时
We were having a meeting this time yesterday.
The teacher was talking to some parents when I saw her.
*（7）过去完成时
We had learned four English songs by the end of last year.
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema.
She said that she had not heard from him since he left Beijing.
*（8）过去将来时
He said he would go to the cinema that evening.
Betty said she was going to visit her uncle next Sunday.
3）被动语态
（1）一般现在时的被动语态
English is taught in that school.
（2）一般过去时的被动语态
The song was written by that worker.
（3）一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态
She must be sent to hospital at once.
4）动词不定式
*（1）作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
（2）作宾语
They began to read.
（3）作宾语补足语
Jim asked me to help him with his leons.
We often heard her sing.
*（4）作定语
I have an important meeting to attend.
（5）作状语
She went to see her grandma yesterday.
（6）用在how, when, where, what, which等之后
I don\'t know how to use a computer.
Do you know when to start?
He didn\'t know what to do next. 12.句子种类
1）陈述句 （肯定式和否定式）
2）疑问句 （一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句）
3）祈使句 （肯定式和否定式）
*4）感叹句
＊13.句子成份
1）主语
Betty likes her new bike.
He gets up early every day.
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
2）谓语
We work hard.
The boy caught a bird.
He is my brother.
They all look fine.
3）表语
Her sister is a nurse.
It\'s me.
I\'m ready.
He got angry.
We were at home last night.
His cup is broken.
4）宾语
Tom bought a story-book.
I saw him yesterday.
He wanted to have a cup of tea.
5）直接宾语和间接宾语
He gave me some ink.
Our teacher told us an interesting story.
6）宾语补足语
Call her Xiao Li.
You must keep the room clean.
John asked me to help him.
7）定语
This is a green jeep.
This is an apple tree.
Are these students your clamates?
Winter is the coldest season of the year.
I have something to tell you.
8）状语
You are quite right.
She will arrive in Beijing on Monday.
He stopped to have a look. 14.简单句的五种基本句型
第一种 主语＋连系动词＋表语 （S＋V＋P）
The bike is new.
The map is on the wall.
第二种 主语＋不及物动词 （S＋V）
He swims.
第三种 主语＋及物动词＋宾语 （S＋V＋O）
Children often sing this song.
第四种 主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 （S＋V＋IO＋DO）
She showed her friends all her pictures.
第五种 主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 （S＋V＋O＋C）
We keep our claroom clean and tidy. 15.并列句 He likes maths, but he needs help.
I help him and he helps me. 16.复合句
1）宾语从句
He said （that）he felt sick.
I don\'t know whether （if）she still works in the factory.
I take back what I said.
I can\'t tell who is there.
Can you tell me where the Summer Palace is?
2）状语从句
The train had left when I got to the station.
I\'ll go with you to the cinema this afternoon if I\'m free.
The students went to the farm because the farmers needed some help.
The earth is bigger than the moon.
He was so tired that he couldn\'t walk on.
* Jack worked hard so that he might get a good job.
Doctor Wang went to the hospital though it rained heavily.
*3）定语从句
Find the girl who is wearing a red skirt.
Show me the picture that you like best.
Colour the birds which （that）are flying.
五、常用句型
1、There be (有)
2、must (must not)
问句的否定回答要用needn’t 或 don’t have to
3、can (can’t)
4、have (has)
5、had better +动词原形 或称为 或不带to的不定式
6、as + 形容词/副词原级 + as
六、英语时态
英语一共有16种时态 一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。
而区别他们要看谓语动词，时间状语或者助动词以及类似于will ，have,这种类型的标志词
在初中阶段，同学们应熟练掌握下列５个时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时，并了解过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时的用法。对于每种“时态”定义的理解不能含糊不清。
一、现在完成时：
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now，always 3.基本结构：have/has + done（过去分词）
4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑问句：have或has。
6.例句：I\'ve written an article. It has been raining these days.
二、一般现在时：
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构：V+do（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don\'t,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn\'t，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：.It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words.
三、一般过去时：
1.概念：在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态，或表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
2.时间状语：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982，just now 3.基本结构：动词+ed 4.否定形式： 5.一般疑问句： 6.例句：
四、一般将来时： 1.概念：
2.时间状语： next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
3.基本结构：shall (will) + 动词原形，或be going to + 动词原形 4.否定形式：
5.一般疑问句： 6.例句：
三、现在进行时：
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his leons.
四、现在完成进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻
2.时间状语：基本与现在完成时一致
3.基本结构：have/has+been+doing(动词是可延续性的动词，若是不可延续性的动词，则改为意思相同的延续性动词或短语） 4.否定形式：在have/has后加not即可
五、过去完成时： 1.概念：表示过去的过去
2.时间状语：before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 3.基本结构：had +过去分词 4.否定形式：
5.一般疑问句：
6.例句：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn\'t.He said that he had learned some English before.
六、将来完成时：
1.概念：a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验 2.时间状语：
3.基本结构：will / be going to do sth 4.否定形式： 5.一般疑问句：
6.例句： They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow
七、过去进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2.时间状语：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while 3.基本结构：had been +doing 4.否定形式： 5.一般疑问句：
6.例句：It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
八、将来进行时：
1.概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
2.时间状语：Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 3.基本结构： 4.否定形式： 5.一般疑问句：
6.例句： By this time tomorrow, I\'ll be lying on the beach.
九、1.概念： 2.时间状语： 3.基本结构： 4.否定形式： 5.一般疑问句： 6.例句：
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
（ 1 ）现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较：
We \' ve been living here for ten years.
We \' ve lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。
（ 2 ）在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如：
The students have been preparing for the exam.（还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。
The students have prepared for the exam.（已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。
（ 3 ）有些表示状态，感情，感觉的动词如： have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound 等动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：
They \' ve known each other since 1970.自从 1970 年起他们就相互认识了。
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