马铃薯机械化生产技巧

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马铃薯机械化生产技巧

目前,云南省的播种机械整体适应性还不是很强,云南种植行距为50~60cm,株距15~32cm,深度8~25cm,差距较大。还有部分地区马铃薯实行套种,与当前推广的播种机规格不配套。云南马铃薯播种机在播种过程中主要存在漏播与重播的问题。一方面是因为马铃薯种子本身就存在形状不一,大小各异的情况。为了尽量较少漏播与重播,可在播种前对马铃薯种子进行筛选,对差异大的种子进行分级处理。另一方面可改进播种器结构。机械收获中存在的问题马铃薯收获机一次可完成挖掘、升运、分离、铺条等工序。在收获过程中,根据云南粘性土壤的性质应尽可能减少损失率,同时土薯应尽可能彻底分离,要确定好最合适的挖掘深度,即掘起的土壤量最少且没有过多的伤薯和漏挖现象,以减少工作阻力。马铃薯收获机械有牵引式、半悬挂式和悬挂式3种,选配时应根据当地的种植情况、土壤条件、动力匹配等因素综合考虑。云南使用的收获机械对土壤含水率要求较高,含水量过高,易造成土壤结块;含水量较低,土块难震碎,都影响土薯分离。此外,各地区种植方式等差异必须重视农艺和农机紧密结合,制定好一套统一的种植农艺要求。此外,云南省内从事马铃薯机械研发的科研单位及生产厂家较少,研制开发力度不够,不能很好的适应云南省马铃薯的实际生产情况。由于云南特殊的地理条件,一些外省引进的机具不能适应云南省马铃薯的收获要求,导致损失率、伤薯率高,明薯率低,分离效果不好,影响了机具的推广使用。应因地制宜,结合云南实际情况,从挖掘、分离等工序着手改进。对大中型机械,关键是防止抖动输出部件碰伤薯块,在升运链速度不变的情况下适当提高行进速度,降低链交接处的高度差、速度差以及末端的抖动幅值或者降低输送链输出端高度及抛薯速度等,达到一个速度最优值。

Currently, seeding machinery whole adaptability is not strong in http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

yunnan province, yunnan plant row spacing is 50 ~ 60 cm, planting distance 15 ~ 32 cm, 8 ~ 25 cm depth, the gap is bigger.There are parts of potato interplanting, seeding machine specs don\'t match with the current promotion.Yunnan in the proce of planting potato seeder leak seeding and the replay of the most important problem.On the one hand is because the potato seeds itself is a different shape, different size.To leak le as far as poible and replay, can be filtered for the potato seeds before seeding, the big differences of seed grading.On the other hand can improve planter structure.Mechanical problems that exist in the potato harvester harvest time can finish digging, elevator, separation, shop etc.During harvest, according to the nature of the cohesive soil in yunnan should as far as poible reduce the lo rate, soil potatoes should be completely separated as far as poible, to determine the most suitable excavation depth, namely, dig up the least amount of soil and no too much potato chips and dig the leakage, to reduce working resistance.Potato harvest machinery has traction type, semi-mounted and hanging 3 kinds, matching should be according to the local planting condition, soil condition, power matching factors such as comprehensive consideration.Yunnan use harvest machinery demand is higher, the water content of soil moisture content is too high, easy to cause soil agglomerate; Moisture content is low, clods are hard to break, potato can affect soil separation.Planting way in addition, the http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

regional differences must pay attention to combining agronomy and farm machinery, set a unified set of cultivated agronomic requirements.In addition, the yunnan province potato machinery research and development of scientific research units and manufacturers, research and development dynamics is insufficient, can\'t well adapt to the actual situation of the yunnan province potato production.Due to special geographical conditions in yunnan, some provincial import machine can not adapt to the yunnan province potato harvest requirements, lead to high lo rate, injury rate of potato, potato rate is low, separation effect is bad, affect the use of machines and tools.Should adjust measures to local conditions, combining with the actual conditions in yunnan province, from mining, such as separation procees to improve.For large and medium-sized machinery, the key is to prevent jitter output components potato pieces, bruised in the elevator chain under the condition of invariable speed increasing speed, reduce the height difference, speed difference and chain junction at the end of the jitter amplitude or decrease the output conveyor chain end height and to potatoes speed etc., to achieve an optimum speed.

马铃薯机具的改进

Potato machine improvements http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

要做到提高挖掘效果又要保证强度、耐磨性等符合工艺要求和拥有较长的使用寿命,应注意如下方面:(1)根据云南粘性土壤阻力对挖掘铲磨损大的特性,挖掘铲可采用多片组合,铲尖磨损后容易更换,铲片与铲片之间留有间隙,既可以减少铲尖与土壤的接触面积,减小阻力,又减轻了部分挖掘铲的重量,整体铲则不具备此特点。根据云南作业区域的整体农艺要求分别确定统一的单垄、双垄挖掘幅宽,使改进后的收获机适应云南马铃薯的收获要求。由于挖掘铲跟土壤的摩擦较大,凹面铲应力主要分布在挖掘铲两侧与机架侧板接触的位置,应力随挖掘铲入土角增大而增大;平面铲应力主要分布在挖掘铲中间与固定板接触的位置,应力也随入土角增大而增大。入土角为15°时,凹面铲最大应力值为25.708Mpa,平面铲则为33.456Mpa,屈服极限强度同为235Mpa,采用凹面铲在受力特性方面要优于平面铲。(3)云南粘性土壤多呈块状,不易碎。铲面倾角大,有利于破碎土块,但工作阻力会增加,也会造成较大的铲尖磨损。在结合云南粘性土对挖掘铲的受力特性基础上确定合适的入土角,同时铲形可由常用的三角形改为梯形,梯形面与三角形面相比,面积更大,所受的磨损相对较小,既有利于切入土壤,又可保证铲尖强度及耐磨度。此外,在确保掘起的泥土量最少且没有过多伤薯、漏挖的基础上,挖掘深度也不宜过大,挖掘铲的长度也不宜过长,以减少耕作阻力。云南土壤具有粘性和重塑性,为了达到更好的碎土效果可根据需要加入一个液压机构,使之成为液压式振动起土铲,振动式入土较一般的平推式入土更易于将上下土层切开,碎土效果也相对更好,且机具所受到的阻力相对于平推式要小很多。分离部件的改进云南省马铃薯收获机多采用升运链式输送分离机构,工作时挖掘铲将薯块跟土壤一起铲起,送到杆条式升运器,在边抖动边输送的过程中,将大部分土壤从杆条间筛下,薯块在机器后铺放成条,此机构能有效地解决雍堵问题,机构周期摆动,起到筛选作用,但对于云南粘性土的分离不够彻底。可以着手从分离部件的振幅、http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

长度、速度等方面着手改进。振幅分离部件振幅的大小对分离效果有很大的影响,振幅太小,不利于薯土分离。山东太阳能由于云南土壤的粘性特点,导致引进的外省机具必须在原有的基础性能上提高振幅。振幅加大,虽然能够提升分离的效果,但是加大了机械的负荷和功率的消耗,且容易伤薯。应在研究云南粘性土壤特性和结合云南马铃薯机械农艺的基础上选择合适的振幅。

To improve the effect of excavation and conform to the technical requirements as to ensure the strength, abrasion resistance and long service life, we should pay attention to the following aspects: (1) according to yunnan cohesive soil resistance of digging shovel wear big features, digging shovel can be used multi-plate combination, blade tip wear is easy to change after, leave space between the shovel and spade pills, can reduce the contact area of spade pointed with soil, reduce the resistance, and reduce the weight of the part of the digging shovel, a spade, do not have this feature as a whole.According to the requirements of the operational areas in yunnan whole agronomic, respectively, to determine the unified single ridge, double ridge mining width, the harvester can improve the adapt to the harvest of potatoes in yunnan.Due to digging shovel with friction of soil is larger, concave shovel digging shovel on both sides of the stre mainly distributed in the location of the contact with the frame lateral plate, a digging shovel the grave stre with Angle increases; Plane stre mainly distributed in the middle of the digging shovel shovel the location of the contact with http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

the fixed plate, the stre varies with the grave Angle increases.The grave when the Angle is 15 °, concave shovel maximum stre value of 25.708 Mpa, 33.456 Mpa flat shovel, yield limit strength of 235 Mpa, using concave shovel is superior to plane shovel in mechanical characteristics.(3) yunnan cohesive soil is more maive, non-friable.Dip Angle is large, the shovel to break clod, but working resistance will increase, will cause larger scraper tip wear.In combination with yunnan on the basis of cohesive soil to the digging shovel mechanical characteristics determine the right Angle of the grave, and shovel can be instead of the commonly used triangle trapezoid, trapezoid and triangle surface, compared to larger, wear and tear of relatively small, can be cut into the soil, guaranteeing spade pointed strength and wear resistance.Are guaranteed, moreover, dig up the least amount of soil and no too much potato, digging on the basis of the leakage, digging depth also shoulds not be too large, the length of a digging shovel also shoulds not be too long, to reduce working resistance.Yunnan soil has the viscosity and the plasticity, in order to achieve better broken soil effect according to need to add a hydraulic mechanism, make it become the earth shovel, hydraulic vibration vibration type soil into a general horizontal pushing type soil cut from top to bottom, the grave better soil effect is relatively better, and the machine by the resistance smaller relative to the push lot.Separation of components to improve yunnan province potato harvester http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

with hoisting chain conveyor separation mechanism, work digging shovel will potato piece of scooping up with soil, to the bar type elevator, in the proce of shaking while conveying, from most of the soil between bar screen, potato piece of article in the machine shop is put into the, the agency can effectively solve the problem of harmony wall, agency cycle oscillation, filtering effect, but for the separation of the cohesive soil in yunnan are thorough enough.Can be set about from the separation of components in the aspects such as amplitude, length, speed improvements.Amplitude separation components has a great influence on the separation effect, the size of the amplitude is too small, is not conducive to potato soil separation.Introduced due to viscous characteristics of soil, yunnan provincial machinery must increase amplitude on the basis of original performance.Amplitude increase, while can improve separation effect, but increased the mechanical load and power consumption, and easy for potato chips.Should combine in studying the characteristics of cohesive soil in yunnan province and yunnan potato machinery and agronomy to choose the appropriate on the basis of the amplitude.

长度升运链长度越大,升运链振动筛选的时间越长,分离得越彻底。高温冷凝水回收设备由于云南引进的外省机具普遍存在分离效果不好的情况,在引进的机具上加长升运链长度是非常必要的。增加长度虽然能够提高分离效果,但并不是长http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

度越大越好,当升运链长度过大时,土薯经过前端的分离,粘附的土壤大部分已经被筛下,末端的振动就不能起到筛选分离的作用,反而会伤害薯块。回柱绞机此外,升运链一般都有一定的角度,长度决定着末端抛薯的离地高度,高度过高抛出的薯块在落地时也容易损伤。速度包括机具的行进速度和升运链输送马铃薯的速度。机具的行进速度取决于外界的条件,例如土壤的湿度等。在较湿的土壤环境下可以适当提高机具的行进速度以提高效率。在干燥的土壤环境下则要适当的降低行进速度,以免增加行进的阻力、机具的功耗和挖掘铲的磨损。升运链输送的速度为了不增加额外的动力一般是与机具的行进速度匹配或者是固定的,在升运链长度增加的情况下,输送速度的大小决定了筛选时间的长短,速度太大则不利于土薯分离,且决定了末端的抛薯速度,而速度过小则会出现升运链末端伤薯。栅条形状马铃薯在筛选过程中,随着粘附的土壤越来越少,薯块与栅条的接触会发生碰撞损伤,因此栅条的形状和间距对分离效果也有影响土工膜价格。圆形截面的栅条对于马铃薯承受的载荷较小,可以采用“U”形圆截面栅条,避免了一般圆截面栅条易变形的特点,“U”形栅条受力均匀,保证了分离装置工作状态的稳定且工作时对薯块损伤较小。栅条间间距过大,同一栅条承受的载荷就会过大,容易变形,影响使用寿命,且形状较小的马铃薯容易随着土壤一起落下,而栅条间距过小则容易伤薯。分离部件的振幅、长度、速度、栅条形状是影响分离效果的重要因素,这些因素相互配合,相互牵制。一个分离部件的研制成功,是因素间相互权衡的结果,要使马铃薯机具分离效果能够适合云南粘性土壤,就必须对这些影响因素重新权衡,通过大量的试验与运动仿真,确立一套适合云南实情的指标。

The length of the elevator chain length, the greater the elevator chain vibration screening, the longer separation, the more thoroughly.Yunnan provincial machinery are widespread separation effect, http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

introduced in the bad situation, on the imported machines longer elevator chain length is very neceary.Increase length, while can improve separation efficiency, length is not the bigger the better, when the elevator chain length is too large, potato after separation of the front end, soil adhesion of soil has been under the screen for the most part, the vibration of the end will not be able to have the effect of filter separation, can damage potato piece instead.In addition, the elevator chain generally have a certain Angle, to potatoes at the end of the length determines the height from the ground, the height is too high throw potato blocks are also easy to damage when landing.Speed including machine speed and hoisting chain conveyor speed of potatoes.Machine speed depends on the external conditions, such as soil moisture, etc.In the wet soil environment can adequately increase the speed of the machine in order to improve efficiency.In the drying of the soil environment should appropriate reduce the speed, so as not to increase the resistance of the marching, machine power consumption and abrasion of digging shovel.Elevator chain conveyor in order not to increase the speed of the additional power is generally and machine speed matching or is fixed, in the case of elevator chain length increases, the size of the conveyor speed determines the length of filter, potato separation speed is too big is not conducive to soil, and determined the cast at the end of the speed of chips, and the speed is http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/ http://www.daodoc.com/

too small will be elevator chain end chips.Article grid shape of potatoes in the proce of screening, with le adhesion of soil, of contact with the gate of the collision damage will happen, so the shape of the bars and spacing on the separation effect may also be affected.Circular cro section of the grid for small potatoes carry the load, can be used in a \"U\" shape of circular cro section bars, avoids the general circular cro section bars are easy deformation, the characteristics of \"U\" shaped gate to receive strength evenly, guarantee the stability of the separation device working status and work on potato piece of damage is very small.Too much spacing between bars, in the same grid under load will be too large, easy to deformation, affect the service life, and the shape of small potato is easy to fall together as soil, while article grid spacing is too small easy to potatoes.Separation of components bars, length, speed, the amplitude of the shape is the important factors affecting separation efficiency, these factors work together, to contain each other.The succeful development of a separate component is the result of mutual balance between factors that make potato machine separation effect can be suitable for the cohesive soil in yunnan, it must influence on these factors to rebalance, through a lot of test and motion simulation, establish a set of suitable for yunnan index of the truth.

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