职称英语理工类新增文章(带习题翻译)

2012年职称英语理工类

新增文章

阅读理解（6篇）

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第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep 第十九篇 Graphene\'s Superstrength

1 *第三＋八篇 \"Life Form Found\" on Saturn\'s Titan *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四＋五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as \"Ecosystem Engineers\"

完形填空（6篇）

…… …… …… ……20页

第三篇 Germs on Banknotes

第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneline *第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities *第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk +第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells +第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage

注：

1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；

2、阅读理解，请参见第3页；完形填空，请参见第20页；

3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化 。

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阅读理解

第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains.Similar to your bedside alarm clock， your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle.This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock.The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to.When your mother tells you it\'s time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay 3 upfor several hours more.And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift is natural for teenagers.But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body\'s clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5.It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too.Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don\'t get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI .It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset.In fact，it automatically resets itself every day.How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks.For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body\'s clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems.One system allows us to see.The second system tells our body whether it\'s day or night. 词汇：

circadian/s3:\'keidiən/ adj.昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的 adolescent/ædəu\'lesənt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的 puberty/ \'pju:bəti/ n．发育；青春期 sync/siŋk/ n.（口语）同步；和谐，协调

synchronize/\'siŋkrənaiz / V.（使）同时发生；（使）同步

注释：

1.make light of ：轻视，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements．我们不应当低估他们的成就。

2.your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains ，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock （生物钟）。 3.stay up：不睡觉，熬夜

4.This shift：这种调整。指上文所描述的由于生理时间的变化青少年上床时间越来越晚的现 象。

5.get your body\'s clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打乱了你的生物钟与

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昼夜时间循环之间的平衡

6.gray cloud ：提不起精神的状态

7.Brown University in Providence， RI：位于美国罗得岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学。RI是Rhode Island（罗得岛）的首字母缩写；Providence 是罗得岛州的首府。布朗大学是美国一流大学， 创建于1764 年，是世界闻名的美国“常春藤联盟”（还包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、达特茅斯大学和康奈尔大学）中的一员。 8.the signals that synchronize the body\'s clock：平衡生物钟的光信号

练习：

1 .The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because A it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2.What is implied in the second paragraph? A Young children\'s biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers\' ability to think and learn.C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs? A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be reset.5.According to the last two paragraphs， what did the previous researchers think about the human eye\'s light-sensing system? A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.B The human eye had one light-sensing system.C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.

答案与题解：

1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。 2.C 第二段主要内容是告诉读者，过了青春期（puberty），由于生物钟节奏的变化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡几小时。所以C是该段所隐含的内容。 3.B 第三段的最后一句直接给出了答案。

4.C 根据第四和第五段的内容，闹钟和生物钟都可以重新设定时间，但生物钟能通过眼睛接

受的日光来自动调节生理节奏。所以A、B和D都是这两段中所述内容，C是正确选择，因为闹钟不能自动重新设定时间。

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5.B 问题使用的是过去时，问的是研究者在最新发现（recent discoveries）之前对眼睛感光系统的认识，即，the signals that synchronize the body\'s clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see （眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系 统），也就是说，研究者之前认为人类的眼睛只有一个感光系统。但最新发现却是，人的眼睛有两个感光系统。

第十九篇

Graphene\'s Superstrength1

Big technology comes in tiny packages.New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and they\'ve turned their

2eyes to graphene，a superthin material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year\'s Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4，UK.for the discovery of graphene.Graphene isn\'t just small, it\'s“the thinnest poible material in this world，” says Novoselov.He calls it a“wonder material.”It\'s so thin that you would need to stack about 25,000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers，you\'d have no idea because you wouldn\'t be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe.Every known kind of life contains carbon.Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick.You don\'t have to look far to find grapheme —it\'s all around you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive tape.Use the pencil to shade a small area on the paper, and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area7.When you pull up the tape，you\'ll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up —there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper.Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest poible layer of material on the paper.This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn\'t be able to see it.Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest poible layer，you\'ve found graphene. 词汇：

graphene/ \'græfi:n/ n．石墨烯

abundant/ə’bʌndənt / adj．丰富的，充裕的 atom/ \'ætəm/n．原子

adhesive/ əd\'hi:siv/ n．胶粘剂； adj.黏着的 stack/stæk/ v．使成堆，堆放 graphite / \'græfait / n．石墨

注释：

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51.superstrength：超强的力量。该词是一个合成词，由两部分组成， super（超级的）和strength （力量）。 2.superthin：超薄。见注释1。

3.Nobel Prize for Physics ：诺贝尔物理学奖

4.the University of Manchester：曼彻斯特大学。这是一所位于英国曼彻斯特市的公立研究型大学，创建于1851 年。

5.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers：句子使用的是虚拟语气，因为不可能将几乎肉眼看不到的石墨烯放在指尖上。

6.wonderstuff：神奇物。该词为合成词，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（东西）两个词构成。 wonderstuff 指的是第二段提到的wonder material。

7.apply a small piece of adhesive tape over„ ：将一小片胶带敷在„„上。

练习：

1 .What would change the future of electronics according to engineers? A Big technology.B Creative ways.C Graphene.D Both A and B.2.According to the second and third paragraphs，what is true of graphene? A It can be used to make paper.B It is poible to see it with our naked eye.C It is easy to find graphene.D It is poibly the thickest material in the world.3.Which of the following can be used to replace the word “apply”in paragraph 4? A request.B polish.C use.D put.4.Which of the following is NOT meant in the last two paragraphs? A Graphene is made of graphite，one of the softest materials in the world.B Graphite is made of layers of graphene，the thinnest material in the world.C When we get to the thinnest poible layer of graphite，we find graphene.D With a pencil，a sheet of paper and a piece of adhesive tape，we can find graphene.5.Graphene\'s superstrength lies in the fact that A It is the thinnest material in the world.B It is made of the most abundant elements in the world.C It can help to make electronic components smaller.D It helps engineers to produce more sensitive electronic products.

答案与题解：

1.C 第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程师将眼光投向石墨烯，一种由碳原子组成的超薄材料， 这种材料能够改变电子产品的未来。

2.C 第二段倒数第二句告诉我们，25,000 层石墨烯才能堆砌成一张普通白纸的厚度，这是为了说明石墨烯是多么的薄，而不是说它可以用来造纸，所以A不是正确答案。第三段最后一句说明石墨烯就在我们周围，因此C是答案。B和D的表述内容都与该两段内容不符合。

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3.D apply...over：将„„涂（敷）在„„上。

4.A 最后两段告诉我们，用一张纸，一支铅笔和一片胶带就能找到石墨烯；无数层石墨烯构成石墨，当铅笔留在纸上的石墨被胶带剥离到最薄一层时，我们就得到了石墨烯。因此只有A不是最后两段的表述内容。

5.C 第一段提供了答案。随着电子产品越来越小，需要更小的电子组件（components) ，而石墨烯作为最薄的材料可以帮助工程师实现这一目标。这就是石墨烯力量所在。

*第三＋八篇 \"Life Form Found\" on Saturn\'s Titan

Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn\'s moon2.The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA,analyzed data from spacecraft Caini,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn\'s biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are\"breathing\" in Titan\'s dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan\'s planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers.This,they say,points to the existence of some\"bugs\"5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon le than half the size of the Earth.\"We suggested hydrogen consumption because it\'s the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,\"says NASA scientist Chris McKay.\"If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.\" To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid- water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product.On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living procees, but not water itself.Water is frozen solid on Titan\'s surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Sun\'s interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan\'s surface.But Caini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan\'s surface can very well have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.\"Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addreed,\"Allen said.\"We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 poible non-biological explanations.It is more likely that a chemical proce,without biology,can explain these results.\" 词汇：

Saturn /\'sætən/ n．土星 methane/\'mi:θein/ n．甲烷，沼气 Titan/\'taitən/ n．土卫六 acetylene/ə\'setili:n/ n．乙炔 alien/\'eiljən/ n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相异的 conservatism/kən\'sʒ:vətizəm/ n．保守主义,守旧

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3注释：

1.hints of alien life：外星生命迹象。

2.the Saturn\'s moon：指土卫六（Titan) 。土卫六又称泰坦星，是土星卫星中最大的一颗。 3.NASA：美国国家航空航天局的缩写，全称是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。 4.spacecraft Caini：卡西尼号探测器，以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名，其任务是环绕土星飞行，对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六吨的“卡西尼”号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道。这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大飞船。“卡西尼”号用了将近七年时间，在2004 年7月1日飞达土星轨道。 5.bugs：微生物。非正式口语表达，所以使用了引号。

6.Kelvin：可翻译成“绝对温度”。Kelvin Scale ，绝对温标，开氏温标，是由Kelvin 勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法，其零度相当于摄氏一273.15\" C ，被认为是宇宙中最低温度。这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用。

7.principal investigator：研究项目负责人 8.rule out：排除„„的可能性

练习：

1 .What have scientists found about Saturn? A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn\'s moon.2.What do scientists say about Titan? A There are life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.3.To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does\"this form of life\" refer to? A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4.What can be inferred from what Allen said? A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a poible explanation.5.Which of the following can replace the title of this paage? A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan,a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Poibility.答案与题解： 1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。该段告诉读者，科学家在土星的卫星土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了生命的迹象，这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的。

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2.A根据第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are \'breathing\' in Titan\'s dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，说明土卫六（Titan）有生命迹象。因此A是答案。

3.B this form of life 指的是土卫六（ Titan ）上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，即该文讨论的主题。

4.A科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释。Allen 说要做出土卫六上有生

物的结论，首先必须对Titan 上没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们还须付出努力。所以只有A是正确选择。

5.D该短文的主题是，科学家在土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象，即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现。第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”

*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.\"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine.In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers.The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn -- and teach.The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.Researchers use the word \"anxiety\" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasine or worry.The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math.The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest.The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy.Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came acro math, such as when reading a sales receipt.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher\'s anxiety.On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.

54\"This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,\" said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Miouri7 in Columbia.

词汇：

snowball /\'snəubɔ:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事 replication/repli\'keiʃən/ n ．重复，复现 superstar/\'sju:pəsta:/ n．超级明星

练习：

1.University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。

2.keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。

3.snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。

4.end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事 5.sales receipt：销售清单

6.in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication 在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。

7.the University of Miouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。

练习：

1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph? A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers\' math skills have influence over girl students\' math skills.D Female teachers\' confidence in their math skills is related to girl\'s math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph? A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers\' confidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.B helple saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopele filling in the numbers of a sales report.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings A prove a strong link between female teachers\' math anxiety and their female students\' math achievements.

B show that male students are le likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.D discover a strong link between teachers\' math anxiety and their students\' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research proce.B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significant results.

答案与题解：

1.D 该段告诉我们女教师的想法（what female teachers think）和女学生的学习（what female students learn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。

2.B 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。

3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came acro math,such as when reading a sales receipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意为“记住数字”；saving the numbers意为“保存数字”；filling in the numbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案。

4.A 短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.)。D所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。

5.B 根据David Geary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。

+第四＋五篇 Small But Wise On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space.The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan.Don\'t let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.\"I\'m very excited because we\'re going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven\'t seen

3before,\"said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it croes close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes.After six months it will have taken pictures acro the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE won\'t be like everyday digital photographs,however.WISE stands for\"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.\"As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave.Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation.When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree.When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they\'re proceed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don\'t see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings.Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That\'s a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can\'t.Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light.Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them.They don\'t reflect light,so they\'re difficult to see.But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them.During its miion WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE\'s pictures.These objects are\"failed\" stars 一which means they are not maive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun.Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down.They\'re so dim that they\'re almost impoible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.词汇：

trashcan / \'træʃ,kæn/n．垃圾箱 infrared/\'infrə\'red/ adj．红外线 asteroid/\'æstərɔid/ n.小行星 dwarf/dwɔ:f/ n.矮星 注释：

1.NASA （美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2.the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天体。wild 有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”

10 87

意思。

3.faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。 4.polar orbit：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。 5.lap：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。 6.infrared radiation：红外线辐射

7.spectrum of light：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。

8.Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。 9.jump start: 启动 练习：

1 .What is so special about WISE? A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2.Which is NOT the synonym for the word \"snap\" in the third paragraph? A make.B shoot.C take D photograph.3.The camera on WISE A is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4.Which of the following is NOT correct about\"asteroids\" according to paragraph 7? A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids\' pictures by ordinary cameras, D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids 5.What is implied in the last paragraph? A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impoible to see with the WISE telescope.

答案与题解：

1.C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（ in the known universe ）的未知天文现象。其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。

2.A snap 是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同义词。

3.C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visible lights ，看不见

。

红外线辐射（ infrared radiation) ，而WISE 的相机能够看到。

4.A 短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids ，所以A是正确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。 5.B 最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE 照片中，根据上文对WISE 望远镜的描述只有WISE 望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。

+第四十六篇

Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as \"Ecosystem Engineers\"

Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as \"ecosystem engineers\" and predators.The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.

Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.

Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.

Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university\'s Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:\"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They\'re also very territorial and very aggreive, defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.\"

\"In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the graland food web,\" Sanders said.

The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found acro Europe, including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.

Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:\"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.\"

Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal bioma5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richne.However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem． Ants are important in below ground procees8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.词汇：

predator /\' predətə/ n．食肉动物

nutrient/\' nju:triənt/ n ．营养物；adj．营养的

12

32decomposer/,di:kəm\'pəuzə/ n．腐生物；分解体 prey/prei/ v．捕食；n．被捕食的动物 subtlety/ \'sʌtlti/ n ，微妙，精妙 herbivore/ \'hʒ:bivɔ: / n ．食草动物

注释：

1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大学。1851 年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。 2.nest building ：筑巢

3.territorial ：领地的。在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。

4.an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。

5.bioma ：物质名词，由bio和ma 两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。 6.biodiversity ：物质名词，由bio和diversity 两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。 7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。 8.below ground procees ：土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。 练习：

1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2.As predators, ants A prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soil C collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3.Dir Sanders\' study centered on how ants A can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants\' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? C How do human activities affect ants\' influence on a given ecosystem? D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案与题解：

1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正确答案，因为并不是因为蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程师，而是因为它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平，为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境

13

（见第二段）。

2.A答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的掠食范围很广，甚至包括比它们体积更大的动物（ larger animals) 。 prey 在这里的意思是“捕猎，捕食”，作为动词，后面跟介词on或upon。

3.D Dirk Sanders说：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正确选择。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：蚂蚁对环境影响的精妙之处。

4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a low density of ants）的话，能使其他动物的品种和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），从而给环境带来积极影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities），就不可能产生同样的影响，或者是相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表达了大体相同的内容。

5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（”it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。

14

完形填空

第三篇 Germs on Banknotes People in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand.They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing 1in common: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years.At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country.

3 In a new study, Frank Vriesekoopand other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .Vriesekoop is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia.He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations.The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businees often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter.Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter.Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isn\'t made from paper.The U.S.dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money.Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton.Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers.They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.3

4The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton.Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes.This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces.Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned.Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money \'s been.Or what\'s living on it 词汇：

pesos/pi:səvs/ n ．比索 bacterium /kæk\'tiəriəm/ n ．细菌（单数） germ/dʒə:m/ n．病菌 bacteria /bæktiəriə／细菌（复数）

banknote/bæŋknəvt/ n．纸币 centimeter/senti,mi:tə。/ n．厘米

microbiologist /,maikrəv,baiɔlədʒist/n.微生 polymer/pɔlimə / n.［高分子」聚合物 物学家 harbor/ha:bə/ v．怀有，藏有 vendor/vendəI/n．小贩

注释：

1.have one thing in common ：有一个共同点

1

2.well over ：大大超过

3.Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对至少10个国家的纸币展开了分析。他的研究结果是：相对于比较落后贫穷的国家，富裕发达国家的纸币所携带的病菌较少。重要的是，世界各地纸币上的病菌数量都没有达到令人担心的程度。研究还发现纸币使用的年限和材质对纸币的污染程度也有影响。

4.University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亚巴拉瑞特大学。该校建立于1994年，位于维多利亚省的巴拉瑞特市。 5.after all：毕竟

练习: 1.A coins B money C cheques D loans 2.A different B clean C hard D foreign 3.A anniversary B year C decade D century 4.A along B with C within D outside 5.A countries B areas C regions D provinces 6.A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed 7.A because B though C when D where 8.A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper 9.A languages B colors C substances D materials 10.A family B team C advisor D bo 11.A expenses B banks

C statements

D currencies 12.A nearly B mostly 13.A dirt B water

C likely D merely

C germs D oil

D command D clothes 14.A compare B connect C conduct 15.A arms B hands C face 答案与题解: 1.B 冒号后面说的是各国使用钱币的名称:“yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom ，dollars in the United States，Aus往\'alia and New Zealand” ，所以填人的词必 定与这些钱币有关，而且应该是钱币的总括词。因此选 money 最为恰当。coins 是“硬币”，cheques 是“支票” ，loans是“贷款”，它们都不会是答案。

2.A 本题的句子说的是:虽然各国使用的纸币各不相同，它们有一个共同点，那就是纸币上 有病菌。四个选项中 different 是答案。

3.D 选century 最合理。选 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合逻辑。 4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本题的线索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究与以前的科学家的研究不同，他比较了各国钱币上的病菌数量， 在他之前的科学家的研究范围局限于一个国家的纸币。四个选项中只有 within 表达“在(一个国家)里”的意思。

5.A 经过第四题选词的思索过程，本题的形容词很自然会在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的国家。

6.C 上一句说 Vriesekoop 比较不同国家纸币携带病菌的数量。本题的句子明确指出他对比 的纸币涉及十个国家。四个选项中只有 gathered (收集)与上下文的意思相匹配。 7.A 填词所在的句子与前面的主句存在因果关系。为什么要从食品店和食品摊收集纸币

呢?因为这些地方常要用现金支付。本题答案是 because。 8.C fabric 是“织物”，其制作原料不会是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡胶)。选 paper 也不对， 因为本句是说明纸币的制作原料通常不是纸。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton( 棉花)，这是合 乎常理的。而且该段倒数第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。

9.D 本段说纸币的材料一般不是纸，通常是用棉花织物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以选择

2

materials( 材料、原料)是正确的。

10.B 本题应当选 team。与 family (家庭成员)，advisor (顾问)或 bo (老板)合作研究不是 没有可能，但总有些离谱。与团队合作研究比较合理。

11.D 本段第二句提供了线索，它列出三种纸币，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealand dollar 和 some Mexican pesos。选 currencies 是最合理的。另外三个选项都不合适; expenses 是“支出”，banks 是“银行” ，statements 是“账单”。 12.B 本题只有选 mostly，上下文意思才连贯。 13.C 前一句说用高分子聚合物制作的钱币含菌数量较少。本题的句子接着分析说，在高分子聚合物上存活较难。谁存活较难？当然是病菌。本题答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是 非生物，不存在生存的问题。

14.A 四个选项填入句子后，句子成了： “„compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills”, 很明显；connect （连接）/conduct （实 施）/command（控制）amounts of time是无法成立的。只有compare(比较）不同纸币上病菌存活的时间才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新课题。

15.B人们通常是用手接触纸币的。所以接触纸币后要洗手。答案是hands。

第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneline Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries． 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and 2 ．The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel． \"For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneline by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making people think of their nearest and dearest.In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing aignment.Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food． 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneline．

Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel le lonely by writing about a comfort food．\"We have found that comfort foods are consistently aociated with those close to us．\"says Troisi．\"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．\"In 12 eays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends.In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort

3

food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it.Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stre, often aociated with our 15 with others,\" Troisi says．\"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneline． 词汇：

mashed /mæʃt/ adj．被捣成糊浆的 macaroni/ macaroni/ n．通心粉 cheese / tʃi:z / n．奶酪

artery/ artery / n．动脉

aignment / ə\'sainmənt / n．指定作业 reminder / reminder/ n．起提醒作用的东西 remedy /remedy/ n．治疗方法，药物 virtual/\'və:tʃuəl/ adj．虚拟的 注释：

1.comfort food：爽心食品

2.graduate student：研究生

3.The University of Buffalo：布法罗大学，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo City) ，属于纽约州立大学，因此称为纽约州立大学水牛城分校。 4.lead author：首席作者

5.their nearest and dearest：他们最接近和最亲爱的人 6.levels of loneline：孤独程度 7.only if: 只有（在„„情况下）

8.Throughout everyone\'s daily lives：在每一个人的日常生活中。through 有“贯穿”的意思。 练习：

1．A but B if C though D while 2．A personality B movement C emotions D will 3．A privately B usefully C awfully D personally 4．A looked for B looked at C looked after D looked up 5．A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying 6．A with B on C by D at 7．A profeors B participants C aistants D scientists 8．A group B cla C section D part 9．A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally 10．A remember B explain C rewrite D complete 11．A sad B secure C shy D angry 12．A your B our C his D their 13．A accident B harm C experience D model 14．A eating B exchanging C buying D keeping l 5．A expreions B estimation C cooperation D connections 答案与题解：

l.A本句前半句说土豆泥、通心粉等对血管有害（ bad) ，后半句说这些食物对心脏有利 (good) 。很明显，前半句与后半句意思相反，所以要选转折连接词but加以连接。

2.C 根据常识判断，吃土豆泥不会对personality （性格） .movement （移动）或will （意志力）产生有利影响。随后的文章，多处提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food ）有助于排解孤独感。所以选emotions 是正确的。

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3.D本题的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我个人而言）与下文的意思很连贯。 privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）与下文的意思搭不上，所以不会是答案。 4.B 本题的答案是looked at0。“looked at non-human things” 相当于“studied （研究） nonhuman things”，与上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（寻找）、looked after （照顾）和looked up（查找）与下文的意思搭配不上。

5.A本句的意思是：人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起 来。选项中有四个形容词，应该选哪一个形容词去修饰TV shows 呢？应该选褒义的形容

词： favorite （喜爱的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但对电视剧来说谈不上信任的问题。favorite 最合理，是本题答案。

6.C 上一句说到，人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和喜爱的电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联 系起来。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通过吃爽心食品让他们想起亲近的人，是不是也能产生 同样的排解孤独感的效果呢？四个介词中只有by的词义是“通过”。其余三个介词在含义

上都不合适。

7.B 选profeors（教授）、aistants（助手）或scientists（科学家）不合常理，科学家选实验对象时不会选他们。participants ( 参与者）是本题的答案。

8.A本题应该选group，指每一组的参与者。用cla （班级）, section （部门）或part （部分）在意义上显然都不合适。

9.D 本段叙述试验的几个步骤。第一步要一部分受试者描写与亲人的争斗，其他受试者写 情感上中性的话题。第二步（文中用then 加以连接）将上述两组受试者中的每一组再一分 为二，一些人描写吃爽心食品的经历，另一些人描写吃新食品的经历。接下来应该是第三步 了。从四个选项中寻找，只有Finally 最合适，原来第三步就是最后一步了。

1O.D 实验的最后一步是受试者被要求书面回答10个问题。complete 是答案。要求他们 remember（记住）、delete （删除）或rewrite （重写） questions 都不合乎逻辑。

11.B 与亲近的人争吵会引发孤独感，但是，一般说来，人们的关系若是通常处于什么状态，通过写出他们吃爽心食物的经历会降低他们的孤独感呢？一定不会是sad、shy或angry ，答案应该是secure （稳定的）。

12.D 修饰eays 的所有格代词在人称与数上要与they 一致，所以their 是答案。

13.C “eating food with family and friends” 是一种experience （经历），不会是一个accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （样式）。很明显， experience 是本题的答案。

14.A 文章中几次提到吃爽心食物有助于缓解孤独感。所以本题选eating 是很自然的。其他 三个选项， exchanging （交换）、buying （买）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，与后面的宾语chicken soup in the lab 连用，意思上说不通。

15.D 本题的答案是connections。其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。

*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emiions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local iue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao.”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their

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residents.\" Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change.Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ．

The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters.Potential 8 aociated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather.Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 acce to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services. Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs.They don\'t emphasize ma transit and reduce 14 use.In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.

词汇：

vulnerable / \'vʌlnərəbl / adj ．易受伤害的

infrastructure / \'infrə,strʌktʃə / n ．基础设施 sociologist /,səusi\'ɔlədʒist /n．社会学家 substandard / ,sʌb\'stændəd / adj．标准以下的 dioxide / dai\'ɔksaid / ．二氧化物

floodplain /\'flʌdplein / n ．泛滥平原

注释：

1.likely：很可能，或许。在本句中用作副词。

2.be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容词，用作表语。 3.findings：调查结果

4.storm surges：风暴潮

5.paved cities：铺上沥青路面的城市 6.spring up：涌现

7.rhetoric ...responses：修辞反应。这个词的意思是：（地方政府）话讲得很漂亮，但内容空洞。 8.a hands-off approach：一种不插手的政策

练习：

1．A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back 2．A economic B industrial C rural D urban 3．A reduce B increase C study D measure

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4．A crops B gases C fruits D Plant5 5．A educate B evaluate C protect D identify 6．A doubtful B poible C repeatable D major 7．A uses B chances C cures D benefits 8．A threats B interests C functions D differences 9．A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildly l0．A provide B improve C lack D update 11．A without B with C in D on 12．A moreover B therefore C however D though 13．A other than B more than C le than D rather than 14．A train B automobile C bus D bike 15．A idle B smart C busy D secure 答案与题解：

1.C 本题的答案是carried out（执行；完成）。“A new examination of urban policies has been carried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（携带）、carried away（运走）和carried back（运回）与下文的意思搭配不上。

2.D通篇文章讨论的是气候变化对城市的影响及其应对措施，并没有涉及economic （经济 的）、industrial （工业的）和rural （农村的）的话题。所以，这三个选项不可能是答案，urban才是答案。

3.A前面一句谈到，发展中国家的飞速成长的城市备受气候变化的折磨。本句紧接上一句 的意思，大多数城市没有做到减少二氧化碳的排放量。四个选项中，要选reduce。 4.B 减少的不仅是二氧化碳，还有greenhouse gases （温室气体）。gases 是答案。 5.C 城市应该采取有效的措施应对气候变化。采取措施的目的当然是为了保护城市居民。 可是Lankao 发现这样做的城市太少了。本题选protect 最合适。

6.D前面说到大多数城市没有做到减少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。这说明“Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases”（城市是温室气体的主要来源），不会是doubtful sources （不能确定的来源）, poible sources（可能的来源），更不会是repeatable sources（不断重复的来源）。 7.D城市居民最易受气候变化的伤害，所以 Lankao 建议地方政府要进行政策介入以降低居 民因气候变化受到的伤害，而这会带来立即的和长期的益处。因此，uses、chances 和cures 可以排除。benefits（益处）才是答案。

8.A 由climate change 引发的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 给城市居民造成伤害。 interests、functions 和differences 这三个词与storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的伤害挂不上号，不会是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 对城市居民会构成威胁。因此threats 才是答案。

9.B 为什么prolonged hot weather 对城市居民造成的伤害超过对其周边地区居民造成的伤 害？因为城市道路是大量铺设沥青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三个选项不符合上述意 思。

10.C 贫穷社区更易受到伤害，句子给出有关基础设施的各个方面。贫穷社区的基础设施一 定是不尽如人意的。所以要选lack。

1LA贫穷国家许多人住在不符合标准的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和 basic services 这些基础设施，从上下文判断，贫穷居民不会享有这些基础设施。所以选 without 比较合理。

12.B 本题的答案是therefore。上文说的是气候变化给城镇居民带来的种种问题。下文说的 是地方政府应该采取相应的对策以保护城镇居民。两部分的叙述是一种因果关系，所以要 选therefore。

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13.D rhetoric responses （言辞反应，即用言语予以搪塞的反应）和meaningful responses （有 意义的反应）是两种截然不同的反应。地方政府的反应是前者还是后者？随后的句子，特 别是a hands-off approach，说明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningful responses 。所以本题要选rather than（而不是）。 14.B 句中的“„emphasize ma transit”提示，要减少的运输工具不会是大众交通工具，因此选项中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驱动，不会释放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile 。私人汽车排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。 15.A “..many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地方政府改变的一定是他们无所作为（ idle) 的政策。idle 是正确的选择。

*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a new study．

Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood.A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 . In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．

Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack.Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or le the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it.” “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed.It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost le than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．

When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters.Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal． 词汇：

statin/\'stæ tIn! n．降胆固醇药物 outlet/\'autlit/ n．销售点

cholesterol/ kə\'lestərɔl / n．胆固醇 offset /,ɔf\'set/ V.抵消，补偿

cheeseburger/ \'tʃi:z,bə:ɡə / n．芝士汉堡包 milkshake! \'milkʃeik / n．奶昔 condiment /\'kɔndimənt]! n ．调味品

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sachet /\'sætʃei / ii ．小袋，小包 rational / \'ræʃənəl / adj．合理的

注释：

1.Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为“可以”。

2.Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院

3.LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。

4.a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。 5.American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志 6.French fries:炸薯条

7.It makes sense...: make sense 意为“说得通，合情合理”。

8.a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。 练习：

1．A change B charge C chain D chance 2．A trust B decide C suggest D calculate 3．A number B amount C volume D product 4．A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk 5．A severe B enough C weak D active 6．A buying B preparing C eating D cooking 7．A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful 8．A examination B suffering C determination D poibility 9．A degree B dimension C angle D range 10．A use B hate C reject D like 11．A transported B provided C preserved D convened 12．A cook B patient C customer D visitor 1 3．A measures B care C advantages D turns 14．A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing 1 5．A increasing B finding C lowering D taking 答案与题解：

1.B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的 风险，一正一负正好抵消。statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供 应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为“免费”。选择charge 是对的。

2.C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。所以suggest 是个不二的选择。

3.B 与降低unhealthy \"LDL\" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number （数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）。

4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risk。lower frequency（降低频率）、lower treatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。

5.B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。所以本题的答案是enough。

6.C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying

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cheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。 7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本题的答案。

8.D本句中的in terms of 意为“就„„而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。poibility 是答案。

9.A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病 的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸 (dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当”，就说不通了。

1O.D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”。所以，

like 是答案。其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。 11.B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。

12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。

13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的。take measure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”，take advantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“轮流，依次”。

14.B 本题很明显要选wearing，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”。buying a seatbelt, cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远。

15.C通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险。所以，lowering（降低）是答案。 +第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an \"optical 1 ,\" said Stephen Rand, a profeor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.

Light has electric and magnetic components.Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored.What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected.4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.\"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation,\" Rand said.\"In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat.Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2.Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3.Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6.\"What makes this poible is a previously undetected brand of \"optical rectification4,\" says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics.In traditional optical rectification, light\'s electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges in a material.This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light\'s magnetic field can also create optical rectification.The light must be shone through7 a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as gla.And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8.Sunlight isn\'t this intense on its own,

10 6

5but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.

9\"In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as.11 in producing charge separation as laser light is,\" Fisher said.This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say.They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy.That\'s equivalent to today\'s commercial-grade solar cells.\"To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor proceing,\" Fisher said.\"All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it.Gla works for 15 .It\'s already made in bulk, and it doesn\'t require as much proceing.Transparent ceramics might be even better.\"

词汇：

optical / \'ɔptikəl / adj．光学的 incoherent /, inkəu’hiərənt/ adj．非相干的 capacitive / kə\'pæsitiv/ adj.电容（量）的 semiconductor /,semikən’dʌktə／ n．半导体 rectification /, rektifi\'keiʃən/ n．改正，修正 ceramics / si\' ræmiks／ n．陶瓷

注释：

1.University of Michigan：密歇根大学。建校于1817 年，是美国名列前茅的公立大学，拥有优良的师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。 2.heat load：热负荷

3.magnetic moment：磁矩

4.optical rectification：光学校正

5.doctoral student：博士生

6.positive and negative charges：正电荷与负电荷

7.shone through：shone是shine的过去式。shine through是“（光）通过”。

8.an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度 9.incoherent light：非相干光

10.It\'s already made in bulk：它（指玻璃）已大量生产。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。

练习：

1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery 2.A modifications B effects C applications D results 3.A frequently B privately C previously D formally 4.A Under B At C On D Over 5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism 6.A plant B equipment C source D line 7.A down B up C together D apart 8.A this B that C those D it 9.A material B lens C meter D detector 10.A produce B convey C use D conduct 11.A remote B poor C effective D rare 12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle 13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting 14.A compact B modern C durable D handy 15.A others B some C all D both

答案与题解：

1.D第一段说密歇根大学发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。因此本题的正确选项应该是battery。optical battery是“光电池”。

optical microscope （光学显微镜）、optical instrument （光学仪器）或optical fiber （光纤）与第一段的意思没有联系。

2.B 选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始词语是“A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light\"。本篇文章中心议题是用magnetic effect of light开发新型的太阳能电池。而以前的科学家认为magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去关注它。因此，本题选effects与上下文的意思很连贯。

3.C 本句的意思是：当光通过一种绝缘材料时，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。previously是当然的选择。其他三个选项填入句子中，意思不合逻辑：frequently（频繁地）/privately（私下地）/formerly（正式地）expected。

4.A under these circumstances 是固定词组，意为“在这种情况下”。也可以说in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不与circumstances 连用。

5.A通篇文章谈的是光产生的磁效应，所以在太阳能电池中，当然是光进入某种材料起作用。答案是选项A。

6.C 密歇根大学的科学家发现太阳光产生强烈的磁效应，再转换为电，所以磁效应是产生电的源泉（source）。power plant （发电厂）、power equipment （电力设备）或power line （输电线）与上文的意思接不上。

7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的词语是解释专业术语charge separation （电荷分离）。选apart与pushing构成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相当于separation。所以本题的答案是D。 8.B 从上下文判断，要填人的代词是替代前面的voltage。根据英语语法，替代单数名词的代词要用that ，替代复数名词的代词要用those。voltage 是单数，所以that 是答案。

9.A从本句句末的such as gla 判断，要填入的词一定是包括gla 的概括词。因此，只有选项material 符合这个条件。而且第

三、四段也都提到光磁场效应是由光通过一个不导电的材料（ material ）而产生的。

10.D 答案的根据可以在第三段中找到。原句是：\"What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”选项conduct 是答案。 11.C 激光通过特定材料时能产生charge separation 。密歇根大学科学家发现，阳光通过特定材料时也像激光一样能产生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、poor 或rare，密歇根大学科学家所说的利用光磁场效应开发新型的太阳能电池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。 12.C 说这种样机（ this prototype ）、技巧（ this skill ）或这一奇迹（ this miracle ）能降低太阳能的价格，似乎离题太远。只有用这一技术（ this technology ）概括上一段的意思才准确。因此本题答案是technology。

13.A 科学家预测，通过改进材料，可使太阳能转化成可用能源的效率达到10%。本题的答案是converting。而obtaining（得到）、delivering （输送）和transmitting（发射）与“能量转换”挂不上号。

14.B 通篇文章没有谈到新型太阳能电池是compact（紧凑小型的）、durable（耐用的）或handy（使用便利的），所以不会是答案。选modern是合理的，因为密歇根大学科学家研发的不用半导体的太阳能电池是先进的。

15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”这两点。

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+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage

The maive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil

\"liquefaction\"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.\"We\'ve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe,\" said Scott Ashford, a profeor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5.\"Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,\" Ashford said.\"The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 .We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.\"

7Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake.It\'s a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake.This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said.The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage poibly occurring in situations such as this.\"With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,\" he said.\"And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable.\" The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it poible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.\"There\'s no doubt that we\'ll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ,\" Ashford said.\"Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.\" Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground.The \"young\" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more.In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse.Japan has suffered tremendous loes in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.

词汇：

subduction /sʌb\'dʌkʃən/ n．俯冲 sediment /\'sedimənt/ n．沉积；沉淀物

liquefaction /likwi\'fækʃən/ n．液化 infrastructure /\'Infrə,strʌktʃə/ n．基础设施

8geotecnical /dʒiəu\'teknikəl] adj．岩土技术 compaction /kəm\'pækʃən/ n．压紧的 vulnerable /\'vʌlnərəbl/ ad]．易受伤害的

注释：

1.subduction zone：俯冲带。亦称下降带、潜没带、消亡带。板块构造说认为，当大洋板块移动并与大陆板块相遇时，由于大洋板块岩石密度较大，地位也低，便俯冲到大陆板块之下，这一俯冲部分叫做俯冲带。俯冲带两侧板块会聚边界称会聚边缘（convergent boundary)。俯冲带上面反映震源活动的地带称“贝尼奥夫地震带（Benioff seismic zone)\"。

2.soil \"liquefaction\"：土壤液化。土壤液化现象是指由于孔隙水压力上升，有效应力减小所导致的土壤从固态到液态的变化，饱水的疏松的粉、细砂土在振动作用下突然破坏而呈现液 态的现象。

3.localized：小范围的

4.geotechnical engineering：岩土工程。

5.Oregon State University：俄勒冈州立大学，建校于1858年，位于美国俄勒冈州科瓦利斯，全校设11个学院，80多个专业，尤以农科和工程最为突出。2008年俄勒冈州立大学的核能工程专业在全美大学中排名第9名。

6.water, drain and gas pipelines：自来水管道、排水管道和煤气管道。\"water, drain and gaspipelines” 即“water pipelines, drain pipelines and gas pipelines\"。 7.some degree of soil liquefaction：某种程度的土壤液化

8.to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage poibly occurring in situations such as this：本句的意思是：重新审视类似这次（持续时间长的）地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毁坏的规 模。

9.recovery efforts：重建工作

10.that we\'ll learn things from what happened in Japan：我们将从日本的地震中学到很多东西。该句是同位语从句，说出前半句no doubt的内容。

11.that：that引导的是定语从句，修辞前半句中的things。 12.suspect：被怀疑对象。文中指的是那些疑似危险的土壤。

练习：

1.A．internal B.different C.difficult D.widespread 2.A．volume B.length C.extent D.width 3.A．function B.repair C.build D.remove 4.A．durability B.strength C.ability D.property 5.A．ascend B.compact C.collapse D.recover 6.A．shorter B.longer C.simpler D.stranger 7.A．when B.what C.how D.which 8.A．occasionally B.frequently C.specially D.recently 9.A．development B.phenomenon C.formation D.composition 10.A．unle B.until C.after D.before 11.A．findings B.locations C.events D.sources 12.A．delivered B.deposited C.destroyed D.detached 13.A．near B.from C.inside D.over 14.A．prevent B.accelerate C.predict D.detect 15.A．styles B.sites C.costs D.standards

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答案与题解：

1.D前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是maive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个significant level。根据上述描述，选widespread（分布广泛的）修饰severity是正确的。其他三个选项与severity搭配后，意思接不上。

2.C 本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过but语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选extent(程度)与distance（距离，范围）合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的。

3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to„”中，\"these communities need to...”是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了。need 后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。从意思上看，这 些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施起功能作用（function)。选function是对的。其他选项都不合适。

4.B 浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不会是泛泛的property（性质），而是strength（强度）。 5.C 浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失。砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若选择ascend（上升）、compact(压实)或recover（复原），意思与上文接不上。

6.A 地震持续的时间一般为数十秒。这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟。所以本题要填入的词应该是shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比它短。

7.C 从意思上看，选how是正确的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明显不通。

8.D 第三段第二句出现“particularly recent sediment„\"。recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度。这提示了本题要选recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到伤害的。

9.B 分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development（土壤发展）、soil formation（土壤形成）soil composition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。若选phenomenon，意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付 未来可能发生的同类现象。上下文意思很连贯，因此phenomenon是正确的选项。

1O.D 选unle、until或after都不合逻辑。本题句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料。before是答案。

11.C 本句的意思是：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于减低今后发生类似的地震时的风险。四个选项中只有events合适。similar events指的是“类似的地震事 件”。若选findings（调查结果）、locations（地点）或sources（来源），句子的意思就不对。 12.B 本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义。句中的those指代sediments。\"young\" sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。deposit是“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案。

13.A 上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的。正确的选择应该是near，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区。因此near是答案。 14.A 加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌。选项prevent是答案。

15.D 在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，但没有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？当然不会是construction styles（建筑风格）、construction sites（建 筑工地）或construction facilities（建筑设备）。日本的construction standards（建筑标准）才是防塌的关键因素。因此standards是答案。

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第六篇

不要太在意睡眠

我们每个人的大脑里都有一个像我们床边的闹钟一样的生物钟。人脑里的生物钟24小时走一圈，这一圈也就是一次完整的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉和起床的时间。

青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面会发生变化，生物钟会提前。这时，青少年会比以前睡得晚，所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时，并且电脑或电视光线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。

生物钟的这种变化对青少年说是正常的，但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡，这样就会带来一些问题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。位于美国罗得州布郎大学睡眠方面的研究员Mary Carskadon说：“当青少年睡眠不足时会打不起精神，这将影响到他们心情、学习和思考问题的状态。”

其实生物钟与闹钟一样，也是可调的，事实上，生物钟每天都在进行着自我调节，其方式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线的变化。

很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用，长久以来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。

但最近几年的研究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统，一个是视觉系统，而另一个是感知昼夜的系统。 第十九篇

石墨烯的超强力量

当今重大科学技术均以“微型”来呈现，新手机和个人电脑每年都在变得更小，这就意味着电子设备要求内部零件更小，工程师们正在寻求制造这些零件的方法，他们逐渐把目光投向了石墨烯——一种由碳元素构成的超薄材料。这种材料将改变电子设备的未来。

今年的诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给了来自英国曼切斯特大学的Andre Geim和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他们对石墨烯的发现。Novoselov说：“石墨烯不仅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料。”他把它称作“神奇材料”。石墨烯极薄，25 000片石墨烯叠放在一起才与一张普通白纸一样厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不会发现，因为你没办法看到它。

碳是宇宙中最多的一种元素，已知的生命体中都含有碳。石墨烯一个只有一个碳原子厚度的单层。你不用费心寻找石墨烯，它就在我们身边。

如果你想得到这种高技术材料，一支笔、一张纸和一小段胶条就足够了。用铅笔在纸上涂黑一片区域，将胶条粘在上面，当你拉开胶条你会发现它粘起了很薄的一片铅笔涂的阴影，这一片阴影就叫做石墨烯，一种世界上最软的矿物质。

现在，再将胶条粘上另外一张纸上，把它拉起来，你会得到更薄的一层。想象一下当你重复做，直到在纸上得到最薄的一层物质，这层物质只有一个原子的厚度，你根本无法看到。石墨是由一层层的石墨烯组成的，所以当你得到最薄的一层时，你已经找到了石墨烯。

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第三十八篇

土卫六上发现了生命迹象

科学家们说，在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象。

据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的线索。

他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存。

美国国家航空航天局的科学家Chris Mckay说，“我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样。如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。”

时至今日，尽管地球上的依赖液体水的微生物在甲烷里生长良好或把它作为废物排出，科学家在任何地方都没有探测到这种生命的形式。在土卫六上，绝对温度达到90度(相当于摄氏-273．15度)，依赖于甲烷的微生物不得不用某种液体物质作为生存的介质，这种液体不是水，水在土卫六上会冻成冰块，不能融化。我们知道，冰块太冷不能维持生命。

科学家们原指望太阳与大气层中的化学物质相互作用会在土卫六上产生一层乙炔。但卡西尼号在它的表面没有探测到乙炔。

Mark Allen是美国宇航局土卫六项目组的主要负责人，他说道，既然在土卫六的表面没有探测到乙炔，那就充分说明上面没有生物。

Allen说：“科学界的保守主义者们建议，要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对土卫六上所有没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们任重道远。极为可能的是，一种化学过程而非生物学能解释这些结果。”

第四十篇

教数学，教焦虑

在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。

\"如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应\"，Levine说。换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。该研究表明，如果女孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。

如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的\"焦虑\"：不自在或担心。

此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。该研究的研究对象包括65个女孩，52个男孩和17位在中西部教一二年级的教师。学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分。

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研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑。

平均来说，教师的焦虑不会影响到男孩子。但是，一般说来，如果教女孩子的教师有数学焦虑症，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在关于是否认为数学明星应该是男孩的测试中，有20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20个女孩的老师都是女性，且都患有数学焦虑症。

来自密苏里大学的心理学家David Geary说\"这是一个有趣的研究，但是这只是初步结果，需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证\"。

译文：

第四十五篇

小而聪明

12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”（聪明），大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款商强数码相机，它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察的天体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云。

Ned Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家，他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。

到达宇宙空间后，WISE由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。（这意味着，每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近）。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。每11分钟WISE就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空拍摄完毕。

然而，WISE拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer （广域红外勘测探测器）的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到发出红外线辐射物体的相片。

辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光谱就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收到树反射回来的、可见的光波。光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，然后把图像合成。

红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看不到这种射线。尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。

这就是为什么WISE能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要看到他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，像WISE这样的红外线望远镜才能够捕捉到它们的图像。WISE的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。

WISE的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是“失败的”恒星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐矮星只能缩小和冷却。他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在线外频谱中，它们是发光的。

译文：

第四十六篇

蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大

埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”和食肉动物的行为对当地的环境影响巨大。该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的环境有两大显著的影响。

第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平。这可间接影响当地从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量。

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第二，它们捕食的动物种类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。

Dirk Sanders是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者，他说：“蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大。”

“在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。所得到的发现是：尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长。并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大。”Sanders说。

该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影响力进行研究。黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到。研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多。如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。 Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他说：“我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响。” 蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因为其作为生态系统工程师的角色。蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少。然而，科学家还不消楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响而对生态环境起至关重要的作用。

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第十五篇 “液化”是日本地震破坏的关键

一份分析报告表明，在日本，巨大的俯冲带地震致使土壤液化的程度之严重，范围之广令研究者们着实吃了一惊。

“我们以前也看到过这么严重的小范围的土壤液化现象，但是，日本的破坏程度范围之广是极为严重的。所有结构都倾斜了并陷到沉淀物中，土壤中的断层摧毁了自来水管、排水和煤气管道，社区的公共和基础设施陷于瘫痪。我们看到有些地区下陷了四英尺”。来自俄勒冈州立大学岩土工程系的Scott Ashford说到。

几乎任何大地震都会带来某种程度的土壤液化。这种现象是由于地震中浸满了水的土壤，尤其刚沉淀下来的沉淀物或细砂土在振动作用下突然失去支撑的力量而呈现液态变化。从而导致地面建筑物移动、下沉或倒塌。

“然而，多数地震比起最近日本发生的地震持续时间都短的多”。Ashford说道。日本发生的地震持续了五分钟，这就促使研究者们重新审视类似这次(持续时间长的)地震中液化可能造成的毁坏规模。

“由于地震持续时间长，我们看到以前的地震持续30秒时地面建筑物仍旧完好无损，如果震动再延续几分钟，建筑物就会继续下沉或倾斜，很明显，那些建造在新近填就的地面上的建筑物最易受到伤害。”Ashford讲到。

研究者们对日本地震作出了分析并得出数据，这些数据能大大提高人们了解土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象。Ashford认为，重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家必须要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料。

“毋庸置疑，我们从日本地震中学到的东西有助于在将来类似的情况中降低风险。一些地方的建筑物会更多应用液化减少技术，如加强土壤的夯实或用石柱加固”。Ashford说。

Ashford指出，北加利福尼亚州那些沿岸的、距离河口堆积物较近或填充的土壤易于受到液化的侵害。“年轻”的沉淀物这个词在地质学中是指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的沉淀物。比如，在俄勒冈州，它指的是Portland市区的大部分地区、Portland国际机场和其他城市。

凡是在河流和泛滥平原附近地区的土壤很有可能是危险的。俄勒冈交通部断定，该州的1100座桥梁如发生地震会有危险。只有不到15％的桥梁得到了加固以防坍塌。日本在3月11日的地震中损失惨重，但是震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，却没有倒塌，日本的建筑标准功不可没。

第十三篇 没有太阳能电池的太阳能

密歇根大学的研究着们发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。

Stephen Rand是电力工程和计算机科学系以及物理和应用物理系的教授，他讲道：“研究者们找到了制造光电池的方法”

光具有电磁成分。而以前的科学家认为电磁光太微弱，不值得去关注。Rand和他的同事的发现是，

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在适当的强度下，当光通过一个不导电的物质，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要大一亿倍。在这种情况下，光磁效应所释放的能量堪比强电效应。

“这有可能开发出不用半导体或不用吸入电荷分离的新型太阳能电池，太阳能电池是利用光射入一种材料，吸收和产生热量。而目前我们期望有一种非常低的热负荷来取代用磁矩吸收光源，储存能量。强光可以诱导强磁力，强磁力最终能够发电”。Rand教授说。“使之成为可能的是，之前有一种探测不到的叫光学矫正的电光”。应用物理学的博士生William Fisher如是说。在传统的光学矫正中，光电场致使电荷分离或把材料中的正负电荷分开，这就具有像电池一样的电压了。

Rand和Fisher发现，如果周围的环境合适并且材料适合，光磁场也可能产生光学矫正。光必须穿过像玻璃一样的不导电物质。并且聚集的电量为每平方厘米一千万瓦。太阳光自己没有那么强，但是正在寻找的新型材料能够在低电流状态下完成工作。

Fisher说：“在我们最近的论文中，我们表明，像太阳这样的非相干光，理论上能够像激光一样产生电荷分离。”

研究者们断言，这项新技术能使太阳能降低成本，他们预测，一旦使用改进的材料，太阳能可转换成可用能量，其转换率可达10％。这等同于当下商用的太阳能电池。

目前要生产太阳能电池，必须要进行大量的半导体的加工，而我们将来所需要的只是聚光的透镜和导入光线的纤维。玻璃能起到以上双重的作用。它已被大量生产，而且不大需要太多的加工。如使用透明陶瓷会更好。

第十二篇 快餐加免费降胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险

伦敦帝国理工学院的研究者们在一项新研究中建议，快餐店可以免费供应降胆固醇药物以此降低顾客食用油腻食品罹患心脏病的风险。

降胆固醇药物能减少不健康的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇在血液中的含量。大量的试验数据已经证明，降胆固醇药能有效降低罹患心脏病的风险。

在《美国心脏病学杂志》发表的一篇论文里，Darrel Francis博士和他的同事们估订，一粒降胆固醇药降低的罹患心脏病的风险，足以抵消食用汉堡和饮用奶昔所提高的罹患心脏病的风险。

Francis博士来自帝国理工学院的国家心肺学院，是本次研究的资深发起人。他认为：“降胆固醇药物不能消除所有汉堡和炸土豆条带来的不健康的影响，最好远离所有油腻食物。但是，就罹患心脏病的几率而言，我们得出这样的结论：服用降胆固醇药物降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的患心脏病的风险在程度上大致相当。”

“具有讽刺意味的是，人们在快餐店里可以随意拿取对健康有害的调味包，但是对健康有利的降胆固醇药物却是处方药。既然对健康有害的调味包可以随意免费拿取，那么降低心脏病发作的降胆固醇药物免费随意拿取也是合理的。在每个顾客身上都花不了5便士，也就是一小袋糖的价格”，Francis博士说道。

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当人们从事诸如驾驶和吸烟等危险行为时，别人会鼓励他们系安全带或选择有过滤嘴的香烟以降低风险。服用降胆固醇药物是降低油腻食物引发的心脏病发作风险的理性做法。

第十一篇

气候变化给不备城市带来重大风险

最近，Patricia Romero Lankao对市政方针进行了全新的审查。她是一个社会学家，专门研究气候变化和城市发展。她警告说，世界上许多快速发展的城市地区，尤其在发展中国家，很可能会由于气候变化的影响而遭殃。她的著作也断定，大多数城市没有做到减排二氧化碳和其他温室气体，而众所周知，这些气体妨碍大气层。“气候变化是一个严重的区域问题，对世界上发展中的城市带来了严重的危害，但是，几乎没有城市研发有效的策略来保护当地居民”。

城市是温室气体的主要来源，城市人口很有可能受到未来环境变化的影响最大。Lankao的发现强调了城市居民受到伤害最大的一些方面，所以她建议出台干预政策，此举可以给居民带来短期的和长期的益处。

城市的位置以及城市建设的密集常常会使居民在应对自然灾害时面临更大的危险。与气候有关的潜在威胁有风暴潮和炎热天气的延长等。风暴潮可以淹没港口地区，而炎热天气的延长使得大量铺设沥青路面的城市比周边地区的温度大大提高。这自然现象给城市带来的影响尤为严重。比如，热浪的延长会加剧空气污染，从而导致大面积的居民健康问题。贫穷社区可能由于缺乏如饮用水和可靠的公路系统这样基本的设施，而在自然灾害来临时遭受更大的影响。许多贫穷国家的居民住在不符合标准的房子里，没有安全的饮用水、交通设施和其他基础服务设施。

因此，当地政府应该采取措施来保护他们的居民。“不幸的是，政府对此事的反应仅仅局限于作秀而不是有意义的作为，他们不严格执行能够减少供热和空调需要的建筑标准，事实上，许多当地政府对此袖手旁观。”Romero Lankao说。因此，她敦促政府改变不作为的政策，采取强制措施预防气候变化对城市带来的不利影响。

第十篇

心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感

土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据《心理科学》一项研究表明，它们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。其研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉。

“就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题”，Jordan Troisi如是说。他是布法罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。该研究出自于他与Shira Gabriel合作的一个研究项目。它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西。有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独。Troisi和Gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通过使人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果。

在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近的人吵架的经历。而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业。然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历。最后，研究者让参与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题。

描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。但是，一般来说，人们的关系若处于稳定状态，通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣一些孤独感。Troisi说道：“我们已经得出这样的结论：爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒人们注意到他们的亲人。”在所有关于爽心食品

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的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历。

在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生。参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以前，因此他们不会记得。

“在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际关系有关，爽心食品可能是排遣孤独的便利食品”。Troisi如是说。

第三篇 纸币上的病菌

不同国家的人们使用不同种类的纸币：中国用元，墨西哥用比索，英国用英镑，美国用美元、澳大利亚用澳元、新西兰用新西兰元。这些国家的纸币形状也可能不一致，但所有国家的纸币都具有一个共同点：纸币上有病菌。

一百多年以来，科学家们对纸币上病菌的研究从未停止过。在二十世纪初期，一些研究人员开始怀疑寄附于纸币上的病菌极有可能传播疾病。

对纸币上病菌的研究大多着眼于某一国家的纸币。Frank Vriesekoop博士和其他研究人员进行了一项新的研究，即比较不同国家纸币上的病菌总数。

Frank Vriesekoop博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对至少10个国家的纸币上的病菌展开了分析。科学家们总共分析了1，280张纸币：所有纸币来自于人们购买食物的地方，如超市、街头小贩和咖啡厅，因为人们在那些地方往往会使用纸币。

总体来说，澳元中的活病菌最少，每平方厘米只有10个；中国人民币的病菌最多，大约每平方厘米100个。纸币上的病菌大多不会有危害。

我们所说的“纸币”通常不是纸做的。例如，美元是印在一种棉织物上。不同的国家可能会用不同的材料印制货币。Vriesekoop和他的研究团队所分析的货币中有的是棉制品，比如美元。其他的是由聚合物所制成的。

有三种纸币上的病菌的数量最少，它们是澳元、新西兰元和墨西哥比索，而且它们都是印在聚合物上。

其他的纸币都是印在高棉制品上。而用聚合物印制的纸币上的病菌较少。这种关系表明，病菌在聚合物的表面上更难以存活。科学家们若想搞清楚病菌是怎样在纸币上生存的以及我们是否需要重视这些病菌，需要做更多的研究。Vriesekoop目前所做的研究就是比较在不同类型的纸币上病菌存活的时间。

无论Vriesekoop的研究有何发现，毋庸置疑的是：纸币含有病菌。我们接触纸币后应立即洗手。毕竟，你永远不会知道你的纸币的来源，或者上面有什么东西。

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