英语课后答案
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Unit 1
TranslationUnit 1 P23
全球化本质上是国际层面上的融合，很多情况下，全球化使经济的融合，由商业活动和贸易协定所推动，在其他情况下，全球化也可以是意识形态的融合，是不同思想和观点在国家和地区之间的交流，但是无论是哪种情况，全球化都包含一个最重要的因素，即交际、有效的交际为个人提供所需信息，使他们能够作为消费者、工人和公民参与今天的全球化社会的活动，只有通过在全球范围内进行有效的信息共享，才能使诸如国际贸易政策到MP3文件传播的活动真正具有国际的本质。
在这样的交际框架下，使用权的概念尤其重要，也就是说，只有对重要信息具有使用权，人们才可以有效的加入到今天有关商品、服务和思想的全球市场中来，反过来，使用权经常依赖于提出和交流思想所用到的媒体和技术，事实上，就全球化而言，信息使用权所必需的媒体通常是电子媒体或者网络媒体，这些媒体之所以重要，就在于他们的快速性和直接性，它们使得个人可以在全球范围内发现并交流信息，比如说，电子邮件可以让一身处波士顿的人与住在北京的某个人快速便捷的进行信息交流，就像这个人在网络对面的某个地方进行交流一样。 Unit 2
Case 1Unit 2 P40
There is a big difference between Chinese and American who is the decision-maker of the work.The Chinese usually work to compline the task according to what their bo or supervisor requires, while Americans, on the contrary, finish their jobs according to what they suppose is right.In this case, Li Hua completed his report within 16 days, faster compared with the actually 20 days, but later than it was agreed on.So the American supervisor got angry, which caused Li Hua\'s resignation.If I were Li Hua, I would tell the American supervisor the fact that I really had made great efforts to finish the report in 16 days though later than 15 days but faster than 20 days that is said earlier.Then, if the supervisor still felt angry and were not flexible would resign just as Li Hua had done.
Case 2Unit 2P41
In Asia especially in Korea a high value is placed on harmonious personal relationship, while conflicts are every effort is made to be polite and non-confrontational.However, Jim comes from American where personal competence in dealing with matters is emphasized in spite of high focus on teamwork.On the other hand, American people are highly practical and realistic, they would think the earlier the problem can be discovered the better solutions can be sought.Therefore, when a problem was finally brought to Jim\'s attention, it was too late for there was no much time left to solve it.In this case, Jim felt exasperated because the problem discovered has left him no much time to solve it.For Jim, he is supposed to build a good intercultural communication, but what he should do first is to know Korean culture well.Koreans hold that American\'s directne in dealing with problems, efforts and even dishonesty is unacceptable.So from Jim himself it is much better to know Korean culture especially their strategy of saving face and losing face.Problems exist really, but if they are discovered earlier people concerned with the problem will lose face in terms of Korean\'s viewpoint.
Case 3Unit 2 P41
Smiling in China means not only that someone is happy but also that he or she is sorry.It is very desirable for Chen Jie to make an apology with a smile, which indicates his humblene and embarrament.But for Peter, this smile does not mean the same thing.He regarded the smile not as a sorry but as smirking, a sign of disrespect.Then it is understandable that Peter refused Chen Jie\'s sorry.IN fact, this story comes from cultural misunderstanding between Chen Jie and Peter.An American thinks that a westerner in Chen Jie\'s situation would probably keep eyes lowered when making
an apology.And a westerner would expect the employee to look at him or her in the eye and definitely not to smile.It can not be more usual for people who make a mistake to say sorry.But if this situation takes place in the proce of intercultural communication, things change.Chen Jie is supposed to know that the sorry he made is not to his Chinese natives but to an American, what he should do is that he would look at Peter in the eye when he made an apology.By doing so Peter will truly believe that the sorry he made came from his honesty.
TranslationUnit 2 P52
“文化”和“文明”两个词在许多语言中的使用一直混淆不清，《韦氏完整版大辞典》对这两个词的定义也是相互解释的：“文化”即是文明中的一个特别的进步阶段或者状态；“文明”则是社会文化的进步。虽然“文明”一词有时仅指“先进的”或者“高级的”的文化，但是在普通以及书面英语里，一直是倾向于把这两个词当做近义词，总体上，这种倾向也反映在作为社会科学中的文学中，戈登威泽1922年写的人类学导论，书名就是《早期文明》。书中有关“文化”的全部引用索引都被归入“文明”一词之下，有些作者反复的使用“文化或者文明”或者“文明或者文化”这些措辞，萨姆纳与凯勒也遵循这种惯例，不过，两人至少在一个地方曾明确表示，二者在概念上仍略有差异，我们所称作的文明史社会调整，它构成了比先前文化更为复杂的聚合体。
Unit 3
Case 4Unit 3 P80
Just as many Americans believe that thirteen is unlucky, the Chinese have strong beliefs about good luck or bad luck aociated with particular numbers.Four is the most negative number, since its sound is the same as the word death.Mr.and Mrs.Lin are obviously Chinese who are fully aware of the negative meaning of four.For the Lins to have death in their addre would bode poorly for their future in this new house.
Numbers have positive and negative values for the Chinese.Sometimes the sound of number word is the same as that of negative connotations, for example, seven is related to the notion that ghosts return seven days after death.Positive meanings are aociated with other numbers: one for guaranteed ;two for easy; three for life; six for happine; eight for prosperity; nine for long life.Furthermore, combinations of certain numbers have significance--by placing a five, which by itself is neutral, in front of an eight, the good effect of the eight is cancelled.
Similarly, the Japanese have a death aociating with the number four as well.The number 666 has ominous connotations for some Christians who aociate it with the mark of the devil.Among the Navajos, four is not only their sacred number, but when they are in a court of law, they do not answer a question until it has been asked four times.
Case 5Unit 3 P81
Evelyn was unaware that her daughter-in-law was observing common Asian postpart..behavior: the new mom goes to bed for a month while everyone pampers her.Family members, and sometimes neighbors, take over cooking and cleaning when the baby needs to be fed, they bring a freshly change infant to the mother.
In China, this practice is called zuo yuezi(sitting through the month).The woman must stay in bed behind closed windows, cover her head, and take many precautions to insure that she not damage her ability to produce breast milk.Once Evelyn discovered that her daughter-in-law was behaving in a customary postpartum manner, she relaxed her attitude.
Sometimes what we perceive as negative behavior has roots in another paradigm.In American culture, the new mothers can do all the things Evelyn think Zen should do; while in some other cultures it is quite different.They give more physical support to new mothers, where family and friends aume household obligations so that the
new mom can rebuild her strength for at least one month after delivery.
Case 6Unit 3 P81
The case illustrates a cro-cultural misunderstanding of a very subtle aspect of culture.How close an individual can get to another while talking is, to a large extent, dictated by one\'s culture? It is said that most middle-cla North Americans choose a normal conversational distance of no closer than twenty-two inches from each other\'s mouth.However, for people of certain South American and Caribbean cultures, the distance is approximately fifteen inches, while still other cultures(in the Middle East)maintain a distance of nine to ten inches.
The problem that occurred between the Latin American and New York policeman was that their respective cultures had different ideas about spatial distancing.The Latin American was attempting to establish what for him was a comfortable conversational distance.Unfortunately, the policeman felt threatened because his personal space, as defined by his culture, was being violated.Had either of them understood this cultural behavior difference, the breakdown in communication and the arrest could have been avoided.
TranslationUnit 3 P82
既然有些跨文化交际的技能是所有文化普遍使用的，我们就可以有效地运用客位的（文化通用的）方法。但要制作一个具体文化的范式，我们也需要运用主位的方法。因此，为了准确描述文化差异，我们需要深入的调查我们打算与之交际的文化。理想情况下，通过主位的方法，不断提高差异意识，应该会产生我们与他人不同的观念，而不总是他人与我们不同的观念。培养人们对差异存在的敏感性是熟练进行跨文化交际的第一步。跨文化交际能力和具体文化交际能力应该被看做是两个独立的概念，二者同时其作用，共同促进特定跨文化交往的成功。为了获得对一个文化的最大认识而从该文化内部进行研究时，我们应该警惕任何文化差异，这些差异很有可能造成交际问题，但可能与任何外部范畴都不相符。我们要记住，文化不是静止的，而是活跃的，是不断发展和演化的。理想情况是，我们要学会在遇到任何不熟悉或冒犯性的语言或者非语言行为时，不要匆忙做出判断，而要问问自己，“这么做有什么用”
Unit 4
Case 1Unit 4 P99
It is sadly true that a lot of Chinese people would try the personal way when they feel that the official way cannot help them achieve what they want.To a very large event, knowing someone who is in charge means a big advantage, as the Chinese place a lot of importance in giving each other \"face\" by trying to accommodate the person in need.In this case, though Guangrui did not initiate the idea of calling Ms.Morim, he could not help thinking that it was Profeor Stevens\' personal relation with Ms.Morim that helped to convince her to change her mind about his project.Sure enough, such \"help\" is not given for nothing.Sooner or later, the person helped will have to return the favor in another form of help to the help.This has been an unpleasant practice that people have been trying to change.
Ms.Morim agreed with Profeor Stevens because he presented his (and Guangrui\'s) suggestions in a calm, rational approach.He had acknowledged her good intentions to help the project succeed, accepted the ideas he could, and made a reasonable case against suggestions that did not fit in with the project.While he felt comfortable calling her because they know each other, her change of mind was not made on the basis of their knowing each other.Instead, she agreed because Profeor Stevens .....Case 2Unit 4 P100
....
open to signify that nothing inappropriate is going on is as strange to a North American as the suggestion that they would need a chaperon.If Lan Lan did not know Kevin, or was concerned about her safety, she should not go to his room at all.Or if she
needed to speak with him, they should do it in a public place.
Given the fact that they were colleagues who trusted each other and that their relationship was not romantic .Kevin would have no sense that Lan Lan would feel the need to keep the door open to protect her reputation.Nor would he think that anyone else had the right to be able to see the two of theme talking.The suggestion that if a man and a woman are alone together behind a closed door, something sexual is happening, is absurd from a Western perspective.
For a very long time in China, tradition has it that it is not appropriate for a man and a woman to be alone together in the same room.Thus Lan Lan deliberately left the door ajar when she went into Kevin\'s room.Though she knew Kevin was decent man and would not try anything inappropriate, she still felt uncomfortable behind a closed door.All this may be old-fashioned, and young people are le likely to keep doors open when visiting, but there are still many Chinese who would do as Lan Lan did.
Case 3Unit 4 P100
The idea of privacy is rather new in China, while people still have fresh memory of the time when they had little personal space.There have been times when consumer goods were in very short supply and people in line had to stand very close to one another to prevent others from cutting into the line.As a result, people have got used to standing close to the one before them.even when it comes to banking.They may not be interested in knowing other people\'s PINs, but their being too close poses a threat to those who want more space for peace of mind.The lack of privacy when banking is something Chinese resent but still put up with because it appears that the new ideas such as privacy need more time to sink in.some public places have posted signs that ask people to keep some distance from the person who is receiving service.\"Personal space\" is one of the cultural differences that people first notice when dealing with individuals from other cultures.North Americans prefer more distance than Chinese do.Some western Europeans, such as Scandinavians and Germans, like even more space.Differences in how close to stand are a source of discomfort or misunderstanding as frequently as are dining habits.
TranslationUnit 4 P109
价值观是所有文化的另一个特点，对不同民族来说，价值观对于保持文化整体性是至关重要的，因为它们代表了对于延续人们生活方式来说最基本的品质，价值观和文化之间的联系非常紧密，很难在不涉及一方的前提下去谈论另一方，正如麦休尼斯所指出的，价值观从文化上定义了愿望、善良和美好的标准，这些标准形成了社会生活的广义指导原则，在关于文化价值观的任何讨论中，关键词都是指导原则，换言之，价值观帮助确立了人们应该怎样行为表现的原则，根据文化差异程度的不同，人们可以预期跨文化交际的参与者在相似的环境下可能会预见到、表现出不同的行为。例如，尽管所有文化都重视长着，不同文化中重视的程度却是很不相同。在韩国和美洲印第安文化中，人们高度尊敬甚至崇敬长者，进而向他们寻求建议，进行咨询。当然，与之形成鲜明对比的是美国文化，青年时重视的焦点。
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