初中英语语法动词三教案

第10单元 动词(三)

当谓语表示一个动作时，它与主语有两种不同的关系。若主语为动作的执行者时，主谓之间是主动关系，用主动语态；主语为动作的承受者时，主谓之间是被动关系，用被动语态。

被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，由助动词来表示不同的时态。过去分词的构成分规则与不规则两部分，规则动词的过去分词变化同动词的过去式.

（一）几种不同的被动语态的结构 1．一般现在时的被动结构： be（isamare）+及物动词的过去分词 『例』 This desk is made of wood and metal. English is spoken by more and more people.2．一般过去时的被动结构： was/were+及物动词的过去分词

『例』 A window was broken yesterday. Those tall buildings were built in 1998.3．含情态动词的被动语态结构： 情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词

『例』The claroom must be kept clean and tidy every day.

The book can\'t be taken out of the reading room.

注意：以上三种被动结构是初中阶段的重点，但初中阶段同时也出现了其他结构。见下面。

4．一般将来时的被动结构：

『例』

An English party will be held on New Year\'s Day.

Our TV set won\'t be mended until next Tuesday.

 5．现在进行时的被动结构：

be（am／is／are）+being+及物动词的过去分词 『例』 A new school is being built. Too many trees are still being cut down.

6．现在完成时的被动结构：

have/has + been + 及物动词的过去分词

『例』

More than thirty English songs have been taught since September.

The old man has been sent to the hospital. 

注意：在初中阶段还出现的另三种时态的被动语态，要求理解。 7．过去进行时的被动结构：

was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词 『例』

At that time the hall was being built.8．过去将来时的被动结构：

should/would +be + 及物动词的过去分词

『例』

He said the machine would be invented soon.9．过去完成时的被动结构： had+been+及物动词的过去分词

『例』When I remembered and went back for it, the bag had been taken away by someone.

（二）被动语态的用法

1． 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。

『例』

The old woman was hit when she croed the street. The apples will be picked next week.

 2． 当以动作的承受者为谈话的中心时。

『例』

My glaes were broken by my little son.

The road must be swept by Cla Two.



（三）主动语态变为被动语态时应注意的几个问题。

1． 在hear, see, watch, listen to, look at, feel等感官动词及make, have, let等使役动词的主动语态中，后面接不带to的不定式。但这些词变被动语态后，后面接的不定式须带to,(let通常不用被动语态)

『例』

Mum made Bill go to bed early.

Bill was made to go to bed early.

They watched the children sing that morning.

The children were watched to sing that morning.2． 带双宾语的主动语带变被动语态时，可以把其中一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一个宾语保留在谓语后面，多数是把间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。

『例』 a.Someone will give me a call tomorrow morning.

I will be given a call tomorrow morning.

A call will be given (to) me tomorrow morning.

b. I bought my son a new bike last year.

My son was bought a new bike last year.

A new bike was bought for my son last year. 

注意：直接宾语变为被动语态的主语时，间接宾语要为某个介词(如：to、for)的宾语，介词to可省掉(如例a),介词for不能省略(如例b)。

3． 当一个含有复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的句子变为被动语态时，只能把宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语补足语不动。

『例』

They told him to help me.

He was told to help me.

We hear her singing a new song.

She was heard singing a new song.4． 动词短语变被动语态时，短语中的介词或副词不能省略。

『例』

You must take care of your books.

Yours books must be taken care of.

May I try on the coat?

May the coat be tried on?

5． 有些动词的主动形式表示被动意义。如：cook(做饭)、print(印刷)、sell(读)、mi(丢失)、build(建造)、copy(抄写)等，它们的进行时态就表示被动意义。

『例』

My bike is miing.

This kind of sweat is selling well. 

再如有些不定式表示性质和可能性的形容词hard, easy, poible等或用于too...to, enough to结构中也表达被动意义。

『例』

The problem is too hard to work out.

The air is bad to breathe. 

又如在某些动词(词组)中，用动词-ing形式作宾语，表示被动含义。

『例』

The Tianzi Mountain is worth seeing.



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