大学英语4教学课件

2021-06-08 来源:教学课件收藏下载本文

推荐第1篇:大学英语4翻译

1.我认为,选修第二专业并不合适每一位本科生。我大学本科主修英语专业,大一时就开始辅修经济学了。无疑,我是班里最用功的学生。我竭尽全力想同时达到两个不同专业的要求,但还是有不及格的时候。因为经济学需要良好的数学基础,我不得不花大量时间钻研数学,因而忽略了英语学习。

If you ask me, taking a second major isn’t good for every undergraduate.In my freshman year as an English major, I took economics as my minor.By all odds, I was the most

hardworking student in my cla.But try as I might to meet the requirements of the two

different subjects, I still couldn’t do well enough to pa all the exams.Given that the study of economics required a good command of

mathematics, I had to spend so much time on math that I neglected my English major.

2.Sometimes the hemline indicator, as it’s called, can even precede and predict a change in the mood of the stock market long before it actually happens.In September 2007, at the New York fashion shows, which were displaying their styles for spring 2008, the trend was for much longer drees and skirts, many to mid-calf or even down to the ankles.Some people felt this showed that the hemline indicator was no longer reliable, and that designers no longer dictated what people would wear.During the London and New York fashion shows in September 2008, hemlines continued to drop.But sure enough, in the fall of 2008, the stock market indexes fell dramatically when the banking crisis hit the US, Europe and then the rest of the world.Hemlines were no longer following the stock market – they were showing the way and indicating future economic trends.有时候,所谓的裙摆标志甚至能够预示股市的行情。2007年9月的纽约时装展展示了2008年春节流行式样,潮流转向了长衣、长裙,裙摆长及小腿中部,甚至到了脚踝。有人觉得这表明裙摆标志靠不住了,服装设计师已经丧失了对时装的主宰权。2008年9月,在伦敦和纽约时装展中,裙摆的高度继续降低。果然,2008年秋天金融危机袭击欧美,并波及全球,股指急剧下跌。这时,裙摆不再被动地追随股市的变化,而是预示股市行情及未来的经济趋势。

3.谈及目前经济萧条所带来的影响,学生活动的减少就是一个很好的例证。为了活跃校园生活,大学愿意划拨一部分资金来资助学生社团活动,但由于今年学校的预算大幅减少,对社团的资助也相应缩减了不少。显然,学生社团要恢复以前的活力就必须想办法克服自身的经济困难。有人主张招募更多会员,因为会员费的增加可以帮助他们度过难关。

When it comes to the effects of the current economic downturn, the decrease of student activities is a good case in point.To enliven campus life, the university is always willing to carve out money for activities organized by student clubs and societies, but such

sponsorships have been pared down this year because of huge budget cut.Apparently, student organizations need to weather their own financial crisis if they want to recover from their current state of inactivene.Some suggest enrolling more club members, on the ground that the consequent increase of membership fees may help them get out of the difficulty.

4.Women can’t even fill out a form without telling stories about themselves.Most

application forms now give four choices for titles.Men have one to choose – ―Mr.‖ – so their

choice carries no meaning other than to say they are male.But women must choose among three, each of them marked.A woman who checks the box for ―Mrs.‖ or ―Mi‖ communicates not only whether she has been married but also that she has conservative tastes in forms of addre, and probably other conservative values as well.Checking ―Ms.‖ declines to let on about

marriage (whereas ―Mr.‖ declines nothing since nothing was asked), but it also marks the woman who checks it on her form as either liberated or rebellious, depending on the attitudes and aumptions of the one making the judgment.女人一填表就会暴露自己的个人经历。现在大多数的申请表会给出四种称谓选择。男人只有一种选择,即―先生‖(Mr.),这除了表明他们是男性之外没有其他任何含义。女人则必须从三种称谓中选一个,而任何一种都是标记性的。如果一位女士勾选了―太太‖(Mrs.)或者―小姐‖(Mi)的称谓,那么她不仅暴露了自己的婚姻状况,而且还表明她在称谓方面很保守,或许在其他价值观念方面也很保守。如果她选择―女士‖(Ms.)这一称谓,那么说明她拒绝透露自己的婚姻状况(而男士选―先生‖这个称谓时则没有故意隐瞒任何事情,因为本来就没有要求他透露婚姻信息)。另外,在表格中勾选―女士‖这一称谓的人会被标记为思想解放的人或叛逆者,这就要看评判她的人持什么样的态度和看法了。5.In so many ways, we now share our home ? and our homes ? with so many others.From Australia to Zambia, we wear baseball caps and watch Hollywood movies.Markets in Morocco sell radios made in Singapore, and we all watch television and enjoy the same type of

programmes.Are people obliged to do this, or do they simply want to?

我们在许多方面和许多人共享我们各自的家——我们的家,从澳大利亚到赞比亚,人们都戴棒球帽,看好莱坞电影。在摩洛哥的市场上可以买到新加坡产的收音机。我们都看电视,喜欢看同一类节目。人们是必须这样做,还是就喜欢这样做呢?

6.Yet at heart, while we have learnt ? or have been taught? ? to like and aspire towards the same things, we recognize a streak of

individualism in ourselves, a consciousne of difference, of our own uniquene.And when life on Earth gets overwhelming, people retreat into themselves, into their homes.

虽然我们已经学会了(或被教会了)喜欢或追求同样的东西,但在内心深处,我们都意识到我们身上有一种个人主义的特质,意识到自己与众不同,意识到自己的独特性。当世上的生活变得令人无法承受的时候,人们就退隐到自己的内心世界里,退隐到他们的家中。

7.―我所能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水。你问我们的政策是什么?我会说我们的政策就是在海、陆、空全面开战。竭尽全力,尽上帝赋予我们的全部力量去战斗,和黑暗的、可悲的人类罪恶史上最穷凶极恶的暴政作战。你问我们的目标是什么?我可以用一个词来回答,那就是胜利。不惜一切代价,去夺取胜利。战胜一切恐怖,去夺取胜利。不论前方的道路多么漫长、多么艰辛,一定要夺取胜利。‖I have nothing to offer but blood,toil, tears and sweat.You ask what is our policy ?I can say it is to wage war by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all our strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpaed in the dark, lamentable

catalogue of human crime.You ask what is our aim ? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the road may be,‖

1.我认为,选修第二专业并不合适每一位本科生。我大学本科主修英语专业,大一时就开始辅修经济学了。无疑,我是班里最用功的学生。我竭尽全力想同时达到两个不同专业的要求,但还是有不及格的时候。因为经济学需要良好的数学基础,我不得不花大量时间钻研数学,因而忽略了英语学习。

If you ask me, taking a second major isn’t good for every undergraduate.In my freshman year as an English major, I took economics as my minor.By all odds, I was the most

hardworking student in my cla.But try as I might to meet the requirements of the two

different subjects, I still couldn’t do well enough to pa all the exams.Given that the study of economics required a good command of

mathematics, I had to spend so much time on math that I neglected my English major.

2.Sometimes the hemline indicator, as it’s called, can even precede and predict a change in the mood of the stock market long before it actually happens.In September 2007, at the New York fashion shows, which were displaying their styles for spring 2008, the trend was for much longer drees and skirts, many to mid-calf or even down to the ankles.Some people felt this showed that the hemline indicator was no longer reliable, and that designers no longer dictated what people would wear.During the London and New York fashion shows in September 2008, hemlines continued to drop.But sure enough, in the fall of 2008, the stock market indexes fell dramatically when the banking crisis hit the US, Europe and then the rest of the world.Hemlines were no longer following the stock market – they were showing the way and indicating future economic trends.有时候,所谓的裙摆标志甚至能够预示股市的行情。2007年9月的纽约时装展展示了2008年春节流行式样,潮流转向了长衣、长裙,裙摆长及小腿中部,甚至到了脚踝。有人觉得这表明裙摆标志靠不住了,服装设计师已经丧失了对时装的主宰权。2008年9月,在伦敦和纽约时装展中,裙摆的高度继续降低。果然,2008年秋天金融危机袭击欧美,并波及全球,股指急剧下跌。这时,裙摆不再被动地追随股市的变化,而是预示股市行情及未来的经济趋势。

3.谈及目前经济萧条所带来的影响,学生活动的减少就是一个很好的例证。为了活跃校园生活,大学愿意划拨一部分资金来资助学生社团活动,但由于今年学校的预算大幅减少,对社团的资助也相应缩减了不少。显然,学生社团要恢复以前的活力就必须想办法克服自身的经济困难。有人主张招募更多会员,因为会员费的增加可以帮助他们度过难关。

When it comes to the effects of the current economic downturn, the decrease of student activities is a good case in point.To enliven campus life, the university is always willing to carve out money for activities organized by student clubs and societies, but such

sponsorships have been pared down this year because of huge budget cut.Apparently, student organizations need to weather their own financial crisis if they want to recover from their current state of inactivene.Some suggest enrolling more club members, on the ground that the consequent increase of membership fees may help them get out of the difficulty.

4.Women can’t even fill out a form without telling stories about themselves.Most

application forms now give four choices for titles.Men have one to choose – ―Mr.‖ – so their

choice carries no meaning other than to say they are male.But women must choose among three, each of them marked.A woman who checks the box for ―Mrs.‖ or ―Mi‖ communicates not only whether she has been married but also that she has conservative tastes in forms of addre, and probably other conservative values as well.Checking ―Ms.‖ declines to let on about

marriage (whereas ―Mr.‖ declines nothing since nothing was asked), but it also marks the woman who checks it on her form as either liberated or rebellious, depending on the attitudes and aumptions of the one making the judgment.女人一填表就会暴露自己的个人经历。现在大多数的申请表会给出四种称谓选择。男人只有一种选择,即―先生‖(Mr.),这除了表明他们是男性之外没有其他任何含义。女人则必须从三种称谓中选一个,而任何一种都是标记性的。如果一位女士勾选了―太太‖(Mrs.)或者―小姐‖(Mi)的称谓,那么她不仅暴露了自己的婚姻状况,而且还表明她在称谓方面很保守,或许在其他价值观念方面也很保守。如果她选择―女士‖(Ms.)这一称谓,那么说明她拒绝透露自己的婚姻状况(而男士选―先生‖这个称谓时则没有故意隐瞒任何事情,因为本来就没有要求他透露婚姻信息)。另外,在表格中勾选―女士‖这一称谓的人会被标记为思想解放的人或叛逆者,这就要看评判她的人持什么样的态度和看法了。

5.In so many ways, we now share our home ? and our homes ? with so many others.From Australia to Zambia, we wear baseball caps and watch Hollywood movies.Markets in Morocco sell radios made in Singapore, and we all watch television and enjoy the same type of

programmes.Are people obliged to do this, or do they simply want to?

我们在许多方面和许多人共享我们各自的家——我们的家,从澳大利亚到赞比亚,人们都戴棒球帽,看好莱坞电影。在摩洛哥的市场上可以买到新加坡产的收音机。我们都看电视,喜欢看同一类节目。人们是必须这样做,还是就喜欢这样做呢?

6.Yet at heart, while we have learnt ? or have been taught? ? to like and aspire towards the same things, we recognize a streak of

individualism in ourselves, a consciousne of difference, of our own uniquene.And when life on Earth gets overwhelming, people retreat into themselves, into their homes.

虽然我们已经学会了(或被教会了)喜欢或追求同样的东西,但在内心深处,我们都意识到我们身上有一种个人主义的特质,意识到自己与众不同,意识到自己的独特性。当世上的生活变得令人无法承受的时候,人们就退隐到自己的内心世界里,退隐到他们的家中。

7.―我所能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水。你问我们的政策是什么?我会说我们的政策就是在海、陆、空全面开战。竭尽全力,尽上帝赋予我们的全部力量去战斗,和黑暗的、可悲的人类罪恶史上最穷凶极恶的暴政作战。你问我们的目标是什么?我可以用一个词来回答,那就是胜利。不惜一切代价,去夺取胜利。战胜一切恐怖,去夺取胜利。不论前方的道路多么漫长、多么艰辛,一定要夺取胜利。‖I have nothing to offer but blood,toil, tears and sweat.You ask what is our policy ?I can say it is to wage war by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all our strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpaed in the dark, lamentable

catalogue of human crime.You ask what is our aim ? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the road may be,‖

推荐第2篇:大学英语4翻译

Unit 1

1.我们接到通知,财政部长将于次日接见我们。

We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day.2.我觉得很奇怪,他似乎不记得自己的生日。

I thought it odd that he didn\'t seem to remember his own birthday.

3.学期论文最迟应在下星期二交来,可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。

Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far.4.看到学生人数不断减少,校长心里很难受。(pain) It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking.

5.在那个国家一般用现金付账,但支票变得普遍起来了,不久会代替现金作为人们结账的一种方式。

Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts.6.该公司声称,这条河流的污染不是它造成的。

The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.

Unit 3

1.萧伯纳在他一个剧本的前言中提出这样的看法:今天人们比在中世纪时更加迷信。

In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances the idea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages.2.丈夫死后,她只好独自挑起抚养五个孩子的经济重担。

After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financial burden of raising five children by herself.3.证明或驳斥某个论点的最好办法之一是从亲身经历中举出例子。

One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience.4.亨特说贝蒂老是夸大他的缺点,这话很可能会引起一场争吵。

Hunt\'s statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults may well lead to a quarrel.5.我当时对她绝对信任,无论她告诉我什么,我都会相信。

I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story she told me.6.一家人聚拢来讨论经济问题时,父亲一开头就说,每月存点钱是绝对必要的,遇到紧急情况,我们可以依靠积蓄。

When the family gathered to discu matters of finance, Father started off by saying that it was absolutely neceary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could fall back on our savings.

Unit 5

1.我确信这项所谓 (so-called) 明智的决定,与期望相反,会带来极其严重的后果。

I am convinced that, contrary to expectations, the so-called informed decision will bring very grave consequences.2.诚然,他曾欺骗你,但他已经承认自己做错了,并道了歉。所以你不应该老是以怀疑的态度对待他。

It\'s true he once deceived you, but he has admitted he has done wrong and apologized.So you shouldn\'t always treat him with suspicion.3.他在这个问题公开进行辩论之前就已表明了自己的立场。 He had taken a stand on the iue before it was openly debated.4.在调查过程中,他们发现了种种形式的政治腐败,并揭露了许多贪官污吏 (corrupt officials)。

In the course of their investigation, they discovered various forms of political corruption and exposed a number of corrupt officials.5.玛丽的两难处境是:把真相告诉老板从而失信于她的同事,还是让老板蒙在鼓里从而辜负他的信任。

Mary\'s dilemma was whether to betray her colleagues by telling her bo the truth or to betray his trust by keeping him in the dark about it.6.首先,是什么使你认为这项规划会促进改革?其次,你怎么知道这些改革会让全县得到好处? Now, in the first place, what has made you think (led you to think) this program will promote reforms, and in the second, how do you know these reforms will benefit the whole county?

Unit 10

1.关键证人的缺席有可能削弱对被告的指控力度 (weaken the case against)。 The absence of the crucial witne was likely to weaken the case against the defendant.2.为了帮我们准备好参加辩论,教练要我们经常注意与我们自己的论点相悖的论点。(reverse) To prepare us for the debate, the coach wanted us to be always aware of arguments that are quite the reverse of ours.3.尤其是, 人们指望你表现出能激励和领导一班人的潜力。

Above all you are expected to demonstrate a potential to motivate and lead the team.4.医生往往为自己能够医治好病人罕见的疾病而自豪。

A doctor often prides himself on the ability to cure his patient of a rare disease.5.如果不按时将书归还图书馆或到期前不续借,就得按规定罚款。

If books are not returned to the library on time or not renewed before they are due, a fine must be paid in accordance with the regulations.6.总的来说,很少有人不抱怨自己的工作的,然而一旦他们没有机会工作了又会不高兴。

On the whole, few people do not complain about their jobs.On the other hand, they would be very unhappy if they got no chance to work.

Unit OneLeon 1

1.你应该多吃点儿,不然你会把自己弄出病来。(or) You should eat more, or you will make yourself ill.2.虽然哈里(Harry)尽量让人局的预期平和,但他显然生气了。(do one’s best) Though Harry didi his best to sound calm, it was obivous he was annoyed.3.她立刻指出那不是她的错。(be quick to) she was quick to poing out that wasn\'t her fault.4.弟弟住在离家很远的地方,我们渴望得到他的消息。(hungry gor) We are hungry for news of our brother who lives far away from home.5.如果你们有什么不懂的地方,请随意打断我。(feel free)

Unit THREELeon 8

1.说到新科技,作为一个国家的国民,澳大利亚人往往表现得十分明智。(when it comes to)

2.我们弄到了两张音乐会的票。(get hold of)

3.猎场看守人(gamekeepers)无法独立完成保养工作,因为那是很大的一片土地。(on their own)

4.复活节送鸡蛋的做法起源于共戴中国的一些纪念活动。(trace back to)

5.下个月这件合同该提交复议了。(come up for)

6.结果我用了一半假期干工作,其实我本不打算那样做。(intent)

Unit EIGHTleon 22

1.众所周知,综合性教育体系的创建开辟了教育史上的新纪元。(usher in)

2.人寿保险公司的推销员们反复培训,以掌握劝说人们购买保险的技能。(drill in)

3.没有不能克服的(insuperable)困难,因此我们必须以乐观的态度面对未来。(confront … with)

4.在媒体头条大肆宣扬新的癌症恐慌的时代,加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校生化系主任却持有不同的观点。(shout about)

5.今生最大的遗憾是我辜负了父母对我的期望。(live up to)

6.虽然哈佛大学现在很富有,但是在二十世纪三十年代的大萧条时期,哈佛的资金筹措工作曾经每况愈下。(in decline)

Unit TENLeon 28

1.今天许多人喜欢在网上交友;这需要付出时间的代价,这些时间原本可以用来做更为有益的事情。(develop relationships,at the expense of)

2.美国几乎每两对夫妻中就有一对离婚,这使许多儿童生活在恐惧之中,不晓得他们的父母什么时候分道扬镳。(one in two,split)

3.那些人可以坐在餐桌旁大谈战争——涉及几百万人死亡的战争,犹如谈论恶劣的天气一样。(involve,as though)

4.大学生和中学生不同,没课时不必非得呆在校园里,或者说明他们的去向。(account for)

5.纽约存在藐视过去的倾向。价值百万的老建筑物不断被推到,代之以价值五千万的新的建筑物。(disregard,pull down)

推荐第3篇:新世纪大学英语4

第四册

Unit1 Man in the Realm of Nature

Alexander Spirkin Human beings live in the realm of nature.They are constantly surrounded by it and interact with it.Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, and the food he eats.We are connected with nature by \"blood\" ties and we cannot live outside nature.

人在自然界

亚历山大·斯伯金

人类生活在大自然的王国里。他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。

Man is not only a dweller in nature, he also transforms it.Humanity converts nature\'s wealth into the means of the cultural, historical life of society.Man has subdued and disciplined electricity and compelled it to serve the interests of society.Not only has man transferred various species of plants and animals to different climatic conditions, he has also changed the shape and climate of his environment and transformed plants and animals.

人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。人类把自然资源转变为各种文化,社会历史的财富。人类降服并控制了电,迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境,也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。

As society develops, man tends to become le dependent on nature directly, while indirectly his dependence grows.Our distant ancestors lived in fear of nature\'s destructive forces.Very often they were unable to obtain the merest daily neceities.However, despite their imperfect tools, they worked together stubbornly, collectively, and were able to attain results.Nature was also changed through interaction with man.Forests were destroyed and the area of farmland increased.Nature with its elemental forces was regarded as something hostile to man.The forest, for example, was something wild and frightening and people tried to force it to retreat.This was all done in the name of civilisation, which meant the places where man had made his home, where the earth was cultivated, where the forest had been cut down. 随着社会的发展,人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少,而间接的依赖却越来越多。我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中,他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。然而,尽管工具不甚完备,他们却能同心协力,顽强工作,并总是有所收获。在与人类的相互作用中,大自然也发生了改变。森林被破坏了,耕地面积增加了。大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。譬如,森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的,因此人类便想方设法使其面积缩小。这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的,所谓“文明”,就是人类在哪里建立家园,耕耘土地,哪里的森林就被砍伐。

But as time goes on mankind becomes increasingly concerned with the question of where and how to obtain irreplaceable natural resources for the needs of production.Science and man\'s practical transforming activities have made humanity aware of the enormous geological role played by the industrial transformation of the earth.

然而,随着岁月的流逝,人类越来越关注的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。

At present the previous dynamic balance between man and nature and between nature and society as a whole, has shown ominous signs of breaking down.The problem of the so-called replaceable resources of the biosphere has become particularly acute.It is getting more and more difficult to satisfy the needs of human beings and society even for such a substance, for example, as fresh water.The problem of eliminating industrial waste is also becoming increasingly complex.

目前,人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡,已呈现崩溃的迹象。生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。人类和社会的需求,即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质,也变得越来越难以满足。清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。

Modern technology is distinguished by an ever increasing abundance of produced and used synthetic goods.Hundreds of thousands of synthetic materials are being made.People increasingly cover their bodies from head to foot in nylon and other synthetic, glittering fabrics that are obviously not good for them.Young people may hardly feel this, and they pay more attention to appearance than to health.But they become more aware of this harmful influence as they grow older.

现代技术的特征是生产和使用日益丰富的人工合成产品。人们生产成千上万的人工合成材料。人们越来越多地用尼龙和其他人造纤维把自己从头到脚地包裹起来,这些绚丽的织物显然对他们无益。年轻人或许很少注意到这一点,他们更关注的是外表,而不是健康。但是上了年岁之后,他们就会感受到这种有害的影响。

As time goes on the synthetic output of production turns into waste, and then substances that in their original form were not very toxic are transformed in the cycle of natural procees into aggreive agents.Today both natural scientists and philosophers are asking themselves the question: Is man\'s destruction of the biosphere inevitable?

久而久之,这些合成物质转变成废弃物,那些原本毒性不大的物质在自然循环中变为极其有害的物质。自然科学家和哲学家如今都在问自己这样一个问题:人类对生物圈的破坏难道是无法避免的吗?

The man-nature relation — the crisis of the ecological situation — is a global problem.Its solution lies in rational and wise organization of both production itself and care for Mother Nature, not just by individuals, enterprises or countries, but by all humanity.One of the ways to deal with the crisis situation in the \"man-nature\" system is to use such resources as solar energy, the power of winds, the riches of the seas and oceans and other, as yet unknown natural forces of the universe.

人与大自然的关系 —— 生态环境的危机 —— 已经成为一个全球性问题。这一问题的解决之道在于理性而明智地协调生产和对大自然的关爱之间的关系,这不仅要依靠个人、企业或者某些国家的力量,而且要依靠全人类的力量。解决人与大自然关系危机的方法之一,就是使用太阳能、风能、海洋能等资源,以及其他尚不为人所知的宇宙中的自然能。

But to return to our theme, the bitter truth is that those human actions which violate the laws of nature, the harmony of the biosphere, threaten to bring disaster and this disaster may turn out to be universal.How apt then are the words of ancient Oriental wisdom: live closer to nature, my friends, and its eternal laws will protect you!

但是,回到我们原先的主题上,令人难以接受的事实是那些违背了自然规律、破坏了生物圈和谐的人类行为将会带来灾难,而这种灾难也许是全球性的。古代东方智者的话讲得真是恰如其分:朋友们,你要是亲近大自然,大自然就会用那永恒不变的规律永远呵护你!

Unit2 Technology and Happine

James Surowiecki In the 20th century, Americans, Europeans, and East Asians enjoyed material and technological advances that were unimaginable in previous eras.In the United States, for instance, gro domestic product per capita tripled from 1950 to 2000.Life expectancy soared.The boom in productivity after World War II made goods better and cheaper at the same time.Things that were once luxuries, such as jet travel and long-distance phone calls, became neceities.And even though Americans seemed to work extraordinarily hard, their pursuit of entertainment turned media and leisure into multibillion-dollar industries.

技术与幸福 詹姆斯·萨洛维奇

20世纪的美国人、欧洲人和东亚人都享受到了过去历代人都无法想象的物质和技术进步带来的乐趣。譬如,在美国,从1950年到2000年国民生产总值翻了3倍。人们的寿命大幅度提高。二战后生产力的迅速发展使商品变得价廉物美。诸如乘飞机旅游和打长途电话等曾经是奢侈的事情成了生活不可或缺的一部分。

By most standards, then, you would have to say that Americans are better off now than they were in the middle of the last century.Oddly, though, if you ask Americans how happy they are, you find that they are no happier than they were in 1946 (which is when formal surveys of happine started).In fact, the percentage of people who say they are \"very happy\" has fallen slightly since the early 1970s — even though the income of people born in 1940 has, on average, increased by 116 percent over the course of their working lives.You can find similar data for most developed countries.

那么,根据大多数标准衡量,你会说,现在的美国人比上个世纪中叶富裕多了。不过,奇怪的是,如果你问美国人有多幸福,你会发现,他们并不比1946年时幸福(1946年正式开始对幸福状况进行调查)。事实上,那些说自己“非常幸福”的人所占的比例自20世纪70年代以来一直稳中有降 —— 尽管20世纪40年代出生的人的收入在他们的工作生涯中平均增长了116%。你可以在大多数发达国家找到相似的数据。

The relationship between happine and technology has been an eternal subject for social critics and philosophers since the advent of the Industrial Revolution.But it\'s been left largely unexamined by economists and social scientists.The truly groundbreaking work on the relationship between prosperity and well-being was done by the economist Richard Easterlin, who in 1974 wrote a famous paper entitled \"Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?\" Easterlin showed that when it came to developed countries, there was no real correlation between a nation\'s income level and its citizens\' happine.Money, Easterlin argued, could not buy happine — at least not after a certain point.Easterlin showed that though poverty was strongly correlated with misery, once a country was solidly middle-cla, getting wealthier did not seem to make its citizens any happier.

自工业革命开始以来,幸福与技术之间的关系一直是社会批评家和哲学家们长期研究的课题,然而,基本上还没有受到经济学家和社会学家们的关注。经济学家理查德·伊斯特林在经济繁荣和幸福的关系方面进行了具有开拓性的研究,并于1974年发表了一篇题为“经济增长改变人类命运吗?”的著名论文。伊斯特林表明,就发达国家而言,一个国家的收入和国民的幸福之间没有真正的相互关系。伊斯特林认为,金钱买不到幸福,至少在(金钱)达到了一定程度以后是如此。伊斯特林认为,尽管贫穷与苦难密不可分,但是,一个国家一旦达到稳定的中产阶级水平,富有似乎并没有让其国民感到更多的幸福。

This seems to be close to a universal phenomenon.In fact, one of happine scholars\' most important insights is that people adapt very quickly to good news.Take lottery winners for example.One famous study showed that although winners were very, very happy when they won, their extreme excitement quickly evaporated, and after a while their moods and sense of well-being were indistinguishable from what they had been before the victory. 这好像几乎是一种普遍现象。实际上,研究幸福的学者们最重要的观点之一是:人们对好消息很快便习以为常。拿彩票中奖者为例。一项重要的研究表明,尽管买彩票中奖的人中奖时会感到非常非常幸福,可这种兴奋很快就消逝了。一段时间之后,他们的心情和幸福感与中奖之前没有什么两样。

So, too, with technology: no matter how dramatic a new innovation is, no matter how much easier it makes our lives, it is very easy to take it for granted.You can see this principle at work in the world of technology every day, as things that once seemed miraculous soon become common and, worse, frustrating when they don\'t work perfectly.It\'s hard, it turns out, to keep in mind what things were like before the new technology came along.

人们对待技术的态度也是一样的:无论一种新事物多么引人注目,也无论它使我们的生活变得多么舒适,人们都认为这是理所当然的事情。在技术世界,你每天都会看到这一原则起作用。曾经一度被视为非常神奇的东西很快就变得习以为常,更糟的是,当这些东西运转不正常时,还会令人沮丧。要把新技术问世之前的情形牢记在心原来是如此困难!

Does our fast aimilation of technological progre mean, then, that technology makes no difference? No.It just makes the question of technology\'s impact, for good or ill, more complicated.Let\'s start with the downside.There are certain ways in which technology makes life obviously worse.Telemarketing, traffic jams, and identity theft all come to mind.These are all phenomena that make people consciously unhappy.But for the most part, modern critiques of technology have focused not so much on specific, bad technologies as the impact of technology on our human relationships. 那么,我们对技术进步的快速吸收是否意味着技术没有发挥什么作用呢?不,决非如此。不论好歹,这只是把技术影响的问题变得更加复杂。我们先从负面影响谈起。在某些方面,技术显然使得生活更加糟糕了。譬如,我们马上会想到电话推销、交通阻塞以及身份资料失窃等情况。这些都是让人们明显意识到不幸福的现象。可是,现代的技术评论文章多半都没有把焦点集中在具体的、有害的技术上,而是集中在了技术对人际关系的影响上。

Privacy has become increasingly fragile in a world of linked databases.In many workplaces, technologies like keystroke monitoring and full recordings of phone calls make it easier to watch workers.The notion that technology disrupts relationships and fractures community gained mainstream prominence as an attack on television.Some even say that TV is chiefly responsible for the gradual isolation of Americans from each other.Similarly, the harmful effects of the Internet, which supposedly further isolates people from what is often called \"the real world\".

在联了网的数据库世界里,隐私变得越来越脆弱。在许多工作场所,诸如按键监控和电话全程录音之类的技术使得对员工的监视变得更加容易。人们对电视的攻击主要集中在以下方面:技术扰乱了人际关系、破坏了社区交往。一些人甚至说,电视是美国人逐渐相互疏远的罪魁祸首。同样也有人认为,互联网的负面影响进一步使人远离了我们常说的“真实世界”。

This broad criticism of technology\'s impact on relationships is an interesting one and is especially relevant to the question of happine, because one of the few things we can say for certain is that the more friends and the closer relationships people have, the happier they tend to be.

这种广义上关于技术影响人际关系的批评颇有趣味,尤与幸福的问题相关,因为我们真正有把握说清楚的事情没有几件,但其中之一是:人们的朋友越多,关系越密切,就越幸福。

Today, technological change is so rapid that when you buy something, you do so knowing that in a few months there\'s going to be a better, faster version of the product, and that you\'re going to be stuck with the old one.Someone else, in other words, has it better.It\'s as if disappointment were built into acquisition from the very beginning.今天的技术变化异常神速,购买某种产品时你就知道,再过几个月,比这个产品性能更好、运作更快的款式就会问世,而你却还得使用旧款式的产品。换句话说,别人买到的产品要比你的好。这种失望感仿佛从开始购买这件产品时就已经存在了。

Daily stre, an annoying sense of disappointment, fear that the government knows a lot more about you than you would like it to — these are obviously some of the ways in which technology reduces people\'s sense of well-being.But the most important impact of technology on people\'s sense of well-being is in the field of health care.Before the Industrial Revolution, two out of every three Europeans died before the age of 30.Today, life expectancy for women in Western Europe is almost 80 years, and it continues to increase.The point is obvious: the vast majority of people are happy to be alive, and the more time they get on earth, the better off they feel they\'ll be.But until very recently, life for the vast majority of people was nasty, rough, and short.Technology has changed that, at least for people in the rich world.As much as we should worry about the rising cost of health care and the problem of the uninsured, it\'s also worth remembering how valuable for our spirits as well as our bodies are the benefits that medical technology has brought us. 日常生活的压力,一种令人烦恼的失望感、对政府知道你的情况超出你所希望程度的恐惧感 —— 这些显然都是技术降低了人们幸福感的几个方面。然而,技术对人们的幸福感最重要的影响是在医疗保健方面。工业革命以前,每三个欧洲人就有两个的寿命不足30岁。今天,西欧妇女的寿命差不多是80岁,而且还会继续提高。道理很清楚:绝大多数人很乐意活下去,他们在地球上生活的时间越长,感觉就越好。可是,不久前,绝大多数人还过着龌龊不堪、畜生般的生活,而且生命非常短暂。技术改变了这种状况,至少对于富裕国家的人们来说是如此。我们在该为医疗保健费用的提高和没有参加保险的人们的问题而担忧的同时,也应该记住,医疗技术带给我们身体上和精神上的好处是多么有价值。

On a deeper level, what the technological improvement of our health and our longevity emphasizes is a paradox of any discuion of happine on a national or a global level: even though people may not be happier, even though they are wealthier and poe more technology, they\'re still as hungry as ever for more time.It\'s like that old joke: the food may not be so great, but we want the portions to be as big as poible.

从更深的层次上说,我们在健康和长寿方面所取得的进步却强调了在国家和全球层面讨论幸福问题的一个自相矛盾的说法。即使人们不会更幸福,即使他们更加富裕并拥有更多技术,他们还会像以前那样渴望长寿。这就像那个古老的笑话一样:食品也许并不好,可我们都想让自己得到的那一份尽量大。

推荐第4篇:教学课件4知识点总结

思行教育

目标:梳理高一知识点

1、弹力、胡克定律

2、摩擦力

3、力的合成与分解

4、匀变速直线运动、加速度

5、自由落体运动 竖直上抛运动

6、自由落体运动的规律

7、竖直下抛运动

8、竖直上抛运动

9、超重和失重现象, 实质上是视重

10、有关连接体问题 第一章 力

1、弹力、胡克定律:(参看例)

(1)弹力是物体接触伴随形变而产生的力。

※弹力是接触力

弹力产生的条件:接触(并发生形变),有挤压或拉伸作用。

常见的弹力:拉力,绳子的张力,压力,支持力;

(2)弹力的大小与形变程度相关。形变程度越重,弹力越大。

(3)弹力的方向:弹力的方向与施力物体形变方向相反(是施力物体恢复形变的方向),与接触面垂直。

准确分析图中A物体受到的支持力(弹力),结论:两物体接触发生形变,面面接触弹力垂直面(图1—1),点面接触垂直面(图1—

2、1—3),接触面是曲面,弹力则垂直于过接触点的切面(图1—4)。

4)胡克定律:

内容:在弹性限度内,弹簧的弹力与弹簧伸长(或压缩)的长度成正比。 数学表达式:F=Kx (x长度改变量:x现长x0原长,xxx0)

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2、摩擦力

(1)摩擦力发生在相互接触且挤压有相对运动或相对运动趋势的物体之间。

发生相对运动,阻碍相对运动的摩擦力称为滑动摩擦力。有相对运动的趋势,阻碍相对运动趋势的摩擦力称为静摩擦力。

※摩擦力是接触力

摩擦力产生的条件:接触、挤压,有相对运动或相对运动趋势存在。(含盖了产生弹力的条件)

(2)摩擦力的方向:总是与相对运动或相对运动趋势方向相反,与接触面相切。

※判断相对运动方向,或相对运动趋势方向是确定摩擦力方向的关键。当根据摩擦力产生的条件,确定存在摩擦力时,以此力的施力物体为参照物,判断受力物体相对运动(或相对运动趋势)方向,摩擦力方向与相对运动(或相对运动趋势)方向相反,从而找到摩擦力的方向:(见例)

(3)摩擦力的大小

·N,N为正压力 滑动摩擦力f静摩擦力是一组值,其中有一个最大值,称为最大静摩擦(使物体开始运动

·N来计算,只能根据作用力、反作用力的关系,时的静摩擦力)。不能用f平衡条件或牛顿二定律求解。

※滑动摩擦力的大小只与正压力、滑动摩擦系数有关,而与接触面的大小无关。

力的合成与分解

1、力的合成:

1、定义:求几个力的合力叫力的合成。

2、力的合成:

同向FFF12反向FFF(FF)F12121,2同一直线情况(1)F F1,2成角情况: (2)F ①遵循平行四边形法则。

两个互成角度的力的合力,可以用表示这两个力的线段作邻边,作平行四边形,平行四边形的对角线表示合力的大小和方向。

作图时应注意:合力、分力作用点相同,虚线、实线要分清。

作图法:严格作出力的合成图示,由图量出合力大小、方向。计算法:作出力的合成草图,根据几何知识算出大F小、方向。

②应用方法

F1,2大小一定的情况下,合力F随增大而减小,随减小而增注意:在F2

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大,F

F,F最小值是FF(FF),F121212最大值是F范围是(FF)~(FF)1212,F有可能大于任一个分力,也有可能小于任一个分力,还可能等于某一个分力的大小,求多个力的合力时,可以先求出任意两个力的合力,再求这个合力与第三个力的合力,依此类推。

2、力的分解:

求一个力的分力叫力的分解。是力的合成的逆运算,同样遵守平行四边形法则。一个力的分解应掌握下面几种情况:

1、已知一个力(大小和方向)和它的两个分力的方向,则两个分力有确定的值;

2、已知一个力和它的一个分力,则另一个分力有确定的值;

3、已知一个力和它的一个分力的方向,则另一分力有无数解,且有最小值(两分力方向垂直);

4、一个力可以在任意方向上分解,且能分解成无数个分力;

5、一个分力和产生这个分力的力是同性质力,且产生于同一施力物体,如图18中,G的分力是沿斜面的分力和垂直于斜面的分力(此力不能说成是对斜面的压力)。

6、在实际问题中,一个力如何分解,应按下述步骤:①根据力F产生的两FF1和2的方向;②根据平行四边形法则用作图法求F1和2的大个效果画出分力FF1和2的大小。 小,且注意标度的选取;③根据数学知识用计算法求出分力F

3、力的正交分解法:

在处理力的合成和分解的复杂问题时,有一种比较简便宜行的方法——正交分解法。

求多个共点力合成时,如果连续运用平行四边形法则求解,一般说来要求解若干个斜三角形,一次又一次地求部分的合力的大小和方向,计算过程显得十分复杂,如果采用力的正交分解法求合力,计算过程就简单多了。

正交分解法——把力沿着两个经选定的互相垂直的方向分解,其目的是便于运用普通代数运算公式来解决矢量运算。

力的正交分解法步骤如下:

1、正确选定直角坐标系:通常选共点力的作用点为坐标原点,坐标轴的方向的选择则应根据实际问题来确定。原则是使坐标轴与尽可能多的力重合,即是使需要向两坐标轴投影分解的力尽可能少,在处理静力学问题时,通常选用水平

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方向和竖直方向上的直角坐标,当然在其它方向较简便时,也可选用。

2、分别将各个力投影到坐标轴上:分别求x轴和y轴上各力的投影的合力FxFy其中:

FFFFx1x2x3xFFFFy1y2y3y

F和F是F在x轴和y1x1y1轴上的两个分量,其余类推。) (式中的这样,共点力的合力大小可由公式:

求出。

设力的方向与x轴正方向之间夹角是。

Fx

∴通过数学用表可知数值。 tgFy22F(F)(F)xy

注意:如果F0,可推出F0,F0xy合这是处理多个力作用下物体平衡问题的好办法。 匀变速直线运动规律

1、匀变速直线运动、加速度

本节开始学习匀变速直线运动及其规律,能够正确理解加速度是学好匀变速直线运动的基础和关键,因此学习中要特别注意对加速度概念的深入理解。

(1)沿直线运动的物体,如果在任何相等的时间内物体运动速度的变化都相等,物质的运动叫匀变速直线运动。匀变速直线运动是变速运动中最基本、最简单的一种,应该指示:常见的许多变速运动实际上并不是匀变速运动,可是不少变速运动很接近于匀变速运动,可以当作匀速运动处理,所以匀变速直线运动也是一种理想化模型。

(2)加速度是指描述物质速度变化快慢而引入的一个重要物理量,对于作匀变速直线运动的物体,速度的变化量△v与所用时间的比值,叫做匀变速直线运动的加速度,即:avvtv0tt 。

加速度是矢量,加速度的方向与速度变化的方向是相同的,对于作直线运动的物体,在确定运动为正方向的条件下,可以用正负号表示加速度的方向,如vt >v0,a为正,如vt

依据匀变速直线运动的定义可知,作匀变速直线运动物体的加速度是恒定不变的。即a = 恒量。

(3)在学习加速度的概念时,要正确区分速度、速度变化量及速度变化率。其中速度v是反映物体运动快慢的物理量。而速度变化量△v = v2-v1,是反映

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物体速度变化大小和方向的物理量。速度变化量△v也是矢量,在加速直线运动中,速度变化量的方向与物体速度方向相同,在减速直线运动中,速度变化量的方向与物体速度方向相反。加速度就是速度变化率,它反映了物体运动速度随时间变化的快慢。匀变速直线运动中,物体的加速度在数值上等于单位时间内物体运动速度的变化量。

所以物体运动的速度、速度变化量及加速度都是矢量,但它们确实从不同方面反映了物体运动情况。

2.自由落体运动 竖直上抛运动

落体运动和抛体运动是存在于自然界很普遍的一种运动形式。自由落体运动和竖直上抛运动是在各条件严格约束下理想化的运动。下落的雨滴、飞落的树叶没有两个雨滴和两片树叶的运动情况是完全相同的,这是因为它们在下落的过程中受到周围空气扰动的结果,但是,下落的雨滴、飞落的树叶本质上具有相同的共性。把各次要的因素去掉抽象出本质的东西,这就是科学。记得一位诺贝尔物理学奖获得者曾经说过“只有从实际抽象出来的才是科学的,只有科学的才是最联系实际的”。

3、自由落体运动的规律。

既然自由落体运动是初速度为零的竖直向下的匀加速直线运动。那么,匀变速直线运动的规律在自由落体运动中都是适用的。匀变速直线运动的规律可以用以下四个公式来概括:

vtv0at

(1) sv0t12at

2(2)

vt2v022as

(3)

Sv0vtt2

(4)

对于自由落体运动来说:初速度v0 = 0,加速度a = g。因为落体运动都在竖直方向运动,所以物体的位移S改做高度h表示。那么,自由落体运动的规律就可以用以下四个公式概括:

vtgt

(5)

h12gt2

(6)

vt22gh

(7)

h1vt2t

(8)

4、竖直下抛运动。

1、物体只在重力作用下,初速度竖直向下的抛体运动叫竖直下抛运动。

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切抛体运动并不是指抛的过程,而是指被抛的物体出手以后的运动。因此,一切抛体运动都是只在重力作用下的运动。不同的抛体运动(如:平抛运动、斜抛运动、竖直上抛运动以及下面将要讲到的竖直上抛运动)的区别仅在于初速度的方向。初速度沿水平方向的是平抛运动,初速度向下的是竖直下抛运动„„。

2.竖直下抛运动是沿竖直方向的匀加速直线运动。且加速度为g(= 9.8m/s2)。

3、竖直下抛运动的规律:

将竖直下抛运动与自由落体运动相比,区别之处仅在于竖直下抛运动有初速度(v0)。既然自由落体运动满足以下规律:

vtgt h12gt2

vt22gh

1vt2t

那么,竖直下抛运动所遵循的规律应是: hvtv0gt

(9) hv0t12gt

2(10)

2vt2v02gh

(11)

1h(v0vt)t2

(12)

5、竖直上抛运动。

竖直上抛运动是沿竖直方向的匀减速直线运动。它的加速度加速度为g(= 9.8m/s2)。

2、竖直上抛运动的规律。

选定竖直向上的初速度方向为正方向,那么,加速度g的方向应为负。考虑到重力加速度g是一个特定的加速度不宜将g写做-9.8m/s2,应在公式中符号“g”的前面加一个负号。规律如下:

vtv0gt

(13) 12hv0tgt

2(14)

2vt2v02gh

(15)

h 1(vvt)t20

(16)

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竖直上抛运动的几个特点:

(1)物体上升到最大高度时的特点是vt = 0。由(15)式可知,物体上升的

2v0H2g 最大高度H满足:

t (2)上升到最大高度所需要的时间满足:

2v0g

v0g。

(3)物体返回抛出点时的特点是h = 0。该物体返回抛出点所用的时间可由(14)

T式求得:

(4)将这个结论代入(13)式,可得物体返回抛出点时的速度:

vtv0

这说明物体由抛出到返回抛出点所用的时间是上升段(或下降段)所用时间的二倍。也说明上升段与下降段所用的时间相等。返回抛出点时的速度与出速度大小相等方向相反。

(5)从前面两个表对比可以看出竖直上抛的物体在通过同一位置时不管是上升还是下降物体的速率是相等的。

(6)竖直上抛运动由减速上升段和加速下降段组成,但由于竖直上抛运动的全过程中加速度的大小和方向均保持不变,所以竖直上抛运动的全过程可以看作是匀减速直线运动。

B、三种运动方式及其在运动应该特别注意的问题

(1)水平方向运动, 看有无不水平力, 此时会影响到压力N从而影响摩擦力f, 因为只有水平力作用时N

数值mg (2)竖直方向运动, 千万不可忘记重力mg, 匀速运动F = mg, 然后看v0, 的方向确定是向上或向下运动。

如果匀加向上F-mg = ma, 若匀加向下, mg-F = ma

(3)物体沿斜面方向运动, 看有无水平力, 此时会影响压力N从而影响摩擦力

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mgcos, 当有水平方向f的大小: 当无水平方向力的作用时, N = mgcos, f = Fsin,fmgcosFsin力的作用时, N = mgcos如图所示。



2、超重和失重现象, 实质上是视重。因为物体在运动中重力不变, 我们知道物体的重力是由于地球对物体的吸引, 而使物体受到的力, 物体重力的大小可用弹簧秤称出来。物体在静止或上下匀速直线运动中, F = 0, 有F = mg(F为弹簧的示数)。当物体在竖直方向上加速度运动时, 仍以弹簧秤吊着物体, 此时弹簧的示数就有变化, 称为视点, 加速上升时F>mg, 加速下降F

分析如下: 加速上升, 以向上为正方向F-mg = ma

减速下降, 以向下为正方向F = mg + ma ∴F >mg

mg-F = -ma ∴F >mg ∵F = mg + ma ∴加速上升等效于减速下降

同理分析, 减速上升以向上为正方向F-mg = -ma

加速下降以向下为正方向F = mg-ma F

mg = F = ma F = mg-ma ∵F

3、有关连接体问题

所谓连接体是指: 在实际问题中常常碰到的几个物体连结在一起, 在外作用下的运动即连接体运动。特点: 连接体的各部分之间的相互作用力总是大小相等, 方向相反的(在将连接体作为一个整体考虑时这相互作用力称之为内力)而连接体各部分的运动情况也是相互关联的。应认识到这类问题综合应用了牛顿运动定律和运动学、力的合成分解等方面的知识难度较大, 因此必须掌握解此类问题的一般规律, 即整体法求加速度, 隔离法求相互作用力。所谓整体法即把连接体看成一个整体考虑, 受力分析时的外力是连接体以外的物体对整体连接体的作用力(连接体各部分之间的相互作用称之为内力未能考虑在内)。这些力的合力产生整体加速度。所谓隔离法, 就是把连接体中的各个物体从连接体的整体中隔离出来, 单独考试它们各自的受力情况和运动情况, 此时的相互作用力即是外力, 在受力分析不能忽略。

常见的连接体有:

①升降机及机内的物体运动

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②汽车拉拖车

③吊车吊物上升

④光滑水平面两接触物体受力后运动情况

⑤两物体置在光滑的水平面受力后运动情况

⑥验证“牛顿第二定律”的实验

⑦如右图装置

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推荐第5篇:新视野大学英语4翻译

1.这种植物只有在培养它的土壤中才能很好的生长。

The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.

2.研究结果表明,无论我们白天做了什么事情,晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦。

Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.

3.有些人往往责怪别人没有尽最大努力,一次来为自己的失败辩护。

Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.

4.我们终于我们的承诺:凡是答应做的,我们都会做的。

We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it.

5.连贝多芬的父亲都不相信自己儿子日后有一天可能成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。爱迪生也同样如此,他的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝。

Even Beethoven\'s father discounted the poibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world.The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.

6.当局控告他们威胁国家安全。

They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security.

1.要是这部喜剧中的人物更加幽默些的话,就会吸引更多的观众。

If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience.

2.她从未对自己的能力失去信心,因此她有可能成为一名成功的演员。

She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a poibility for her to become a succeful actre.

3.我从未受过正式培训,我只是边干边学。

I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along.

4.随着产品进入国际市场,他们的品牌知名度越来越高了。

As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity.

5.她可以编造一个故事,说自己被窃贼打昏,所有的钱都没了,但她怀疑自己是否能够让这个故事听起来可信。

She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable.

6.谁都不清楚他是否故意推迟了这次访问,可是这引起了对他的更多的批评。

No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him.

1.据报道有七八位官员收受贿赂,市长决定亲自出马调查这件事。

Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into the affair in person.

2.这些工人后悔当时接受管理部门的意见重新回去工作。现在他们再次面临失业的危险了。 These workers regret yielding to the management\'s advice and going back to work.Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs.

3.你只需填写一张表格就可取得会员资格,它可以使你在买东西的时候享受打折的优惠。You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods.

4.不知道为什么他们的汽车在半路坏掉了,结果他们比原计划晚到了三个小时。

Their car broke down halfway for no reason.As a result they arrived three hours later than they had planned.

5.那位官员卷入了一场丑闻,数周后被迫辞职。

The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later.

6.这个靠救济过日子的人开始慢慢地建立自己的市场,生意日渐兴隆。

The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his busine is thriving.

1.我父母不是对我的教育投资,而是把钱花在了买新住房上。

Rather than invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house.

2.如今,人们用于休闲娱乐的开支是过去的两倍。

Today, people are spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the past.

3.一家公司要成功,它必须跟上市场的发展。

In order to be succeful, a busine must keep pace with developments in the marketplace.

4.与申请这个职位的其他的女孩相比,她流利的英语是个优势。

Her fluency in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job.

5.对于学生而言,没有任何地方比图书馆更好了,在那里所有的图示都任由他们使用。For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal.

6.我们要充分利用好这个平台,加强交流,拓展合作领域,共谋发展大计。

We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts.

1.这位小个子男子并不如他看上去那么单纯。

This little man is not so innocent as he appears.

2.对这个问题我已束手无策了,所以你不妨去求助于王教授。

There\'s nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Profeor Wang for help.

3.双方高度评价了在不同领域合作取得的成果,并希望合作进步加深。

Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, and hope that the cooperation can be furthered.

4.一方面,亲民形象能使新政策更易于被民众接受,另一方面,它也能使广直言之路,启进善之门。

On the one hand, an image of being close to the people can get a new policy more easily accepted.On the other hand, it will \"encourage people to speak their minds and come up with constructive suggestions\".

5.他孤独的感觉时起时落,他有时会对自己,对宠物,对电视机唠叨不休。

His sense of loneline rose and fell and he sometimes would talk at length to himself and his pets and the television.

6.毕竟,金钱不是万能的,最富有的人不一定是最幸福的。

After all, money is not everything.The richest people are not necearily the happiest.

1.假设你发现了你自己的同事受贿,你会不会无动于衷呢?

Suppose you found out that your colleague takes bribes, would you just ignore it?

2.他如此固执,我们已对他失望了。跟他争论一点意义都没有。

We\'ve given up on him because he is so stubborn.It is pointle to argue with him.

3.他突然想到了一个加速实验进程的好办法,但组里的成员对此意见不一。

He hit upon a good method to speed up the progre of the experiment, but opinions differed among members of the group on it.

4.今天我能够使自己的职业与兴趣相符,之前我是做不到的。

Today I\'m able to square my profeion with my interest, which I wasn\'t able to do before.

5.要成为一名驾驶员,视觉上分辨红色与绿色的能力是必不可少的。

The ability to visually distinguish between red and green is eential to becoming a driver.

6.这个组由七个人组成,他们经常见面,分享彼此的信息。

The team consisted of seven people who met on a regular basis to share their information with each other.

推荐第6篇:大学英语4句子翻译

Unit one

美国人往往以从事的工作来对人进行划分。家庭和教育背景这些特点被认为是不太重要的。

1.Americans tend to define people by the jobs they have/do.Such characteristics as their family and educational backgrounds are considered le important.

2.他绝不妥协的个性是他再也无法容忍他的雇主并最终递交了辞职书的原因。

2.His uncompromising personality explains why he could no longer put up with his employer and eventually submittedhis resignation.

3.如果你真想学好英语,你就必须投入大量的时间和精力,否则你就不会有任何的进步。对于其他课程也可以真么说。

3.If you really want to learn English well, you must put in a lot of time and energy, or you\'ll go nowhere.The same can be said of other subjects.

4.有些演员的名声是他们靠的是他们天生的美貌,但是达斯汀·霍夫曼尽管身材矮小,还是出类拔萃,而使他与众不同的正是他精湛的演技。

4.Some actorsfame is built on their innate beauty, but despite his short stature, Dustin Hoffman rose above and it is his excellent acting that set him apart.

5.他负责管理之后,我们发现他与前任有明显的不同:他有干劲和激情,想出了很多新点子,并把工作重点放在如何鼓舞我们的士气上。

5.After he took charge, we discovered that there were striking differences between him and his predeceor.He had the drive and paion, came up with many new ideas, and focused his work on how to raise our morale.

6.当邓小平宣布中国改革开放政策的时候,他被永远载入了史册。尽管障碍重重,他以不懈的努力为我国的现代化作出了永久性的贡献。

6.Deng Xiaoping made history when he declared China\'s reform and opening-up policy.Despite tremendous obstacles, he made lasting contributions to our country\'s modernization with his unrelenting efforts.

7.为什么有人拥有天才级智商却被智商平平但很刻苦的人丢在后面?承认除了智商外,还有很多别的因素与一个人的成就有着很大的关系。

7.Why could someone with a genius IQ be left behind by a hardworking person with an average IQ? It has to be acknowledged that besides one\'s IQ, many other factors have much to do with one\'s achievements.

8.这位教师真了不起,她能在教东西之前调动学生的积极性。这并不是因为他有天赋,而是因为她只想着在课堂上吸引他们的注意力。

8.This teacher is really remarkable in first motivating her students so she can really teach them something.It\'s not that she is talented, it\'s that she focuses completely or drawing theirfull attention in cla.unit two

他瞪眼看着约翰,对他拒绝合作感到恼怒。

1.He glared at John and was annoyed by his refusal to cooperate.

2.约翰真诚的讲话表达了他对那些在他处于困境时给他慷慨帮助的人们的感激之情。

2.John\'s sincere speech shows his gratitude to the people who rendered him generous help when he was in difficulty.

3.他可说是一个集邮家。他曾经积蓄了两年去买一张珍邮这件事便是证明。

3.He is something of a stamp collector.The fact that once he saved up for two years to buy a rare stamp is proof of it.

4.这些玫瑰的美丽怎么评价也不过分。他们以各种方式吸引住了所有的游客。

4.The beauty of these roses could not be overstated.They took/caught all the visitorsfancy in one way or another.

5.起先,他理所当然的认为该地区应当多造一些公路。然而仔细计算其费用后,他在作出最后的决定前又不得不重新考虑了。

5.At first he took it for granted that they should build more highways in this area.Then a careful calculation of the expenditure compelled him to think twice before he made the final decision.

6.每次收到我的礼物,不管多少,我的朋友比尔决不忘记表示感谢。

6.Each time he receives a gift from me, no matter how small, my friend Bill never fails to acknowledge it.

7.那位新闻记者决定找到那对老夫老妻信中提及的年轻人。那封信赞颂了年轻人为改善他们的生活条件而做出的努力。

7.The journalist has decided to trace the young man referred to in the old couple\'s letter, which is a tribute to the young man\'s effort at improving their living conditions.

8.虽然他厌烦了那些每天上门来吹嘘其产品的推销员,但他克制着没有将他们拒之门外。

8.Though he was fed up with the salesmen who knocked at his door and boasted about their products every day, he refrained from slamming the door in their face.

unit 3

汤姆因一问题而心神不宁但又一筹不展,直到他学会以不同的策略把他解决才不心烦。

1.Tom was hung up on the problem but could do nothing about it until he learnt to solve it with different tactics.

2.横向思维帮助他提出了原来似乎已走进死胡同的新理论。

2.Lateral thinking has helped him to advance his new theory which had seemed to reach a dead end.

3.我们最新的建设计划的框架已获得地方政府的批准。它是否会按时实施对这座沿海城市的发展具有极为重大的意义。

3.The framework of our latest construction plan has been affirmed by the local government.Whether it will be carried out on time is of the utmost significance to the development of this coastal city.

4.在设法寻找一个解决问题的办法的过程中,爱德华在思想上陷入了僵局,但后来他改变了观察角度,一一种完全想不到的方式解决了问题。

4.While trying to find a solution to the problem, Edward reached an impae in his thinking, but later he changed his point of view and solved the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.

5.许多人认为计算机机房将最终取代图书馆,想吸收新知识的学生讲在计算机机房里学习一切、

5.Many people believe that computer labs will eventually take over from the libraries and students who want to take in new knowledge will end up learning everything in the computer lab.

6.昨天他的汽车几乎是迎头撞上了一辆卡车。如果他继续这样随便开车,我确信他最后一定会被送进医院的急诊室。

6.Yesterday his car crashed into a truck almost head-on.If he does not stop driving so carelely, I am sure he will wind up in the emergency room of a hospital.7.这幅画的结构设计有一个缺点。你为什么不擦掉那几条垂直线,把它简化一点呢?

7.There is a flaw in the structural design of the painting.Why don\'t you erase the vertical lines and simplify it a little bit?

8.约翰本该在很久以前就把烟戒掉。毕竟健康对每个人来说都是重要的。

8.John should have given up smoking a long time ago.After all, health is of the utmost importance to everybody.

unit 4

学校应避免仅按学生考试成绩来判别孰优孰劣并以此对待他们。相反,好的教育体制应使每一位学生都能达到良好的水准,成为全面发展的人。

1.Schools should avoid deciding who is superior only in terms of students\' exam results and treating them accordingly.Instead, a good educational system should enable every student to measure up to good standards as well-rounded people.

2.大学生课后有问题时,往往在办公室时间之外不容易找到老师。这是由于教师繁忙的学术研究,而不是他们对学生漠不关心。

2.As often as not, when college students have questions after cla, their teachers are not readily available except during office hours.This is due to teachers\' busy academic research, rather than their indifference to the students.

3.这个班级由40名学生组成,他们中大部分按英语水平过去常被归在中等之列。但由于这位老师从不在言辞中表露出不耐烦,学生们对他的教学方法产生了积极的反应。从而没有辜负他的期望。

3.This cla consists of forty students, most of whom used to be labeled average in terms of English level.But as this teacher has never shown any verbal impatience, the students have reacted positively to his teaching methods and lived up to his expectations.

4.在美国,教书变得越来越难了,部分原因是学生越来越多样的种族背景以及需要另外需要另外培训才能掌握的更为复杂的教学技术。

4.Teaching is becoming increasingly demanding in the United States, due in part tothe diversity of students\' racial background and the complexity of educational technologies that require additional training.

5.英国人经常被归类为保守型,显然这一归类带有成见。实际上,英国在民族特性方面与其他欧洲国家相比并没有太大的差异。英国人有礼貌,爱整洁,讲秩序,充满自信。

5.The English are, as often as not, labeled conservative.Obviously this label is prejudiced.In reality, Britain is not very different from other European countries in terms of national characteristics.The British are polite, neat, orderly and confident.

6.有些年轻人在成长过程中有着要求独立的强烈愿望。他们宁可通过自己的努力来渡过生活中的困难,也不愿意带着负罪感求助于他们的父母。

6.Some young people grow up with a strong desire for independence.They would rather try hard to go through life on their own than turn to their parents for help with asense of guilt.

7.你的朋友对你非常的真诚,你也应该同样以诚相待,决不应该欺骗他,或者带着讽刺的口吻谈论他的挫折。

7.Your friend treats you sincerely, so you should respond accordingly and mustn抰 deceive him or talk about his setbacks with irony(ironically).

8.邻居们恼火的原因是他们发出的嗓音,但是由于他们一再保证夜间停工,从而得以完成这

套公寓的装潢。

8.The neighbors\' irritation/annoyance was due to the noise they made.However, because of reaurances that they would stop working at night, they went through with the decoration of this apartment.

Unit1

If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed.

\"There\'s a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal,\" he

explained.\"But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who

have no amazing intellectual procees.It\'s a difference in degree.Greatne is built

upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.\"

He cited Winston Churchill, Britain\'s prime minister during World War II, as an

example of a risk-taker who would never give up.Thrust into office when his

country\'s morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British

people.In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired

the nation when he said, \"We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end...We

shall never surrender.\"

西蒙顿说,如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种持续不

断地追求成功的动力。“人们往往认为他们天生具有一些超常非凡的东西,”他

解释道。“但研究结果表明,有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。有的只是程度上的差

异而已。伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。”他举出二

战时期的英国首相温斯顿?丘吉尔作为一个永不放弃的冒险者的典范。丘吉尔在

全国上下士气最为低落的时候被推上台,并出色地领导了英国人民。在1940年

盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次演讲中,他的话激励了全国人民,“我们绝不会

衰退、失败。我们将坚持到底……

Unit2

Some persons refrain from expreing their gratitude because they feel it will not be

welcome.A patient of mine, a few weeks after his discharge from the hospital, came

back to thank his nurse.\"I didn\'t come back sooner,\" he explained, \"because I

imagined you must be bored to death with people thanking you.\"

\"On the contrary,\" she replied, \"I am delighted you came.Few realize how much we

need encouragement and how much we are helped by those who give it.\"

Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much.For on the smiles, the

thanks we give, our little gestures of appreciation, our neighbors build up their

philosophy of life.

有些人不愿表达感激之情,因为他们觉得这不会受欢迎。我的一个病人在出院

几个星期后回到医院来感谢他的护士。“我没有更早地回来,”他解释说,“是因

为我猜想你们对于人们的感激一定厌烦得要命。”“正好相反,”她回答说,“我

很高兴你来。很少有人意识到我们多么需要鼓励,我们从那些鼓励我们的人身

上获得了多大的帮助。”我们所给予的感激永远不会过多。因为我们身边的人在

构筑他们的人生哲学时所依据的正是这些微笑、我们所表示的感谢和我们表示

欣赏的各种小小的示意动作。

Unit4

When a student\'s work did not measure up to the teacher\'s expectations, as often happened, the student was not treated with disappointment, anger, or annoyance.Instead, the teacher aumed that this was an exception, an accident, a bad day, a momentary slip — and the student believed her and felt reaured.The next time around, he tried harder, determined to live up to what the teacher knew he could do.The exact part of communication that tells a child, \"I expect the best,\" is difficult to pinpoint.In part it consists of a level tone showing aurance, a lack of verbal

impatience, an absence of negative qualities such as irony, put-downs, and irritation.The teacher who expects the best asks her questions with conviction, knowing the answers she gets will be right, and the child picks up that conviction.

某个学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事。当这种情况发生时,那个学生面对的不是失望、愤怒或恼怒。相反,老师认为这是一次例外,一件偶然的事情,倒霉的一天,一次暂时的失误——而学生相信了她,并消除了疑虑。下一次,他更加努力了,决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。很难精确地确定老师传达的信息:“我期待着最好的成绩,”中到底是哪一部分告诉了孩子。它的一部分包括显示信心的平和语调,言语上的耐心,及没有讽刺、贬低和恼怒等消极因素。期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提问,因为她知道她得到的答案将是正确的,而孩子也感受到了那种信心。

Unit5

I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened to me.I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life.As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive.I certainly wasn\'t seeking any degree, the way a college confers a status

symbol upon its students.My homemade education gave me, with every additional book that I read, a little bit more sensitivity to the deafne, dumbne, and blindne that was afflicting the black race in America.Not long ago, an English writer

telephoned me from London, asking questions.One was, \"What\'s your alma mater?\" I told him, \"Books.\" You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which I\'m not studying something I feel might be able to help the black man...

我经常思考阅读为我打开的那些新的远景。我当时在狱中就知道,阅读已永远改变了我的人生历程。正如我现在所认识到的,阅读能力唤醒了在我内心潜伏已久的对于思想活跃的渴望。我当然不是在追求任何学位,那只是大学授予学生一种地位象征的方式。我通过自学所受到的教育使我每读一本新书就更意识到正在折磨着美国黑色人种的聋、哑和盲。不久前,一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了我几个问题。其中一个问题是,“你的母校是哪儿?”我告诉他,“是书。”在任何一个空闲的十五分钟里,你都会发现我在学习一些我觉得可能有助于黑人的东西……

Unit6

EQ is not the opposite of IQ.Some people are bleed with a lot of both, some with little of either.What researchers have been trying to understand is how they complement each other; how one\'s ability to handle stre, for instance, affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence to use.

Among the ingredients for succe, researchers now generally agree that IQ counts for about 20%; the rest depends on everything from cla to luck to the neural pathways that have developed in the brain over millions of years of human evolution.

情商不是智商的对立面。一些人有幸两者都拥有很多,一些人则每一样都拥有很少。研究者们一直试图理解的是它们如何互补;比如,一个人对付压力的能力如何影响其集中思想和发挥才智的能力。现在的研究者们大多都同意,在成功的要素中智商约占20%;其余的则取决于多种因素,从所属的阶级到运气到在人类进化的几百万年中已在大脑中形成的神经途径。

推荐第7篇:大学英语4 U5U81[优秀]

Unit 5P.173Ex.9Translation

1.As a result of a downsizing initiative and a major bank merger, my usually well-ordered life became

fraught with changes.

由于一次裁员行动和一次重大的银行合并,我一贯有条不紊的生活变得充满了变化。

2.Although I am a rather reticent individual by nature, I made the most of the oral presentations in

cla.And soon my confidence level soared.

尽管我生性沉默寡言,但我充分利用了课堂上做口头陈述的机会,这是我不久就信心倍增。

3.Much to the amazement of his friends and relatives, the young man gave up his secure future, stepped

out his comfort zone and rejoined the “rat race.”

这位年轻人放弃了稳定的未来,跳出自己的舒适圈,重返激烈的战争,这是他的亲友们都惊叹不已。

4.No matter what life throws our way, having a positive attitude makes room for the future.

无论在我们的人生道路上遇到什么坎坷,拥有积极的态度才能为未来打开空间。

5.Of course, having a fulfilling career is a personal goal I long to achieve.However, working towards

materialistic things and personal glorification has never been my first priority

当然,事业有成是我渴望实现的一个个人目标,但为了物质的东西和个人的荣誉而工作却从来不是我优先考虑的东西。

6.Having lost his job, he returned to college and ended up acquiring a diploma.

失去了工作之后,他重回大学,并最终获得了一份毕业证书。

Unit 6P.212Ex.10Translation

1.The new agreement is based on the original United Nations proposal.

新协议是以原来的联合国建议为基础的。

2.I’ll take this English test even if it takes weeks or months of

preparation.

即使要花费数周或数月的时间准备,我也要参加这次英语考试。

3.In order to sell anybody anything is five minutes or le, you have to find common ground on which you and your client can stand together.

为了能在5分钟或更少的时间里把任何东西卖给任何人,你必须找到你和你的顾客能站在一起的共同基础。

4.Yes, you must work harder in your studies.But it does not mean that you have to sacrifice your health for better grades

是的,你一定要在学习上更加努力,但这并不意味着你必须牺牲你的健康去得到更好的成绩。

5.We’re not here to talk about what divides us.We’re here to find the things that bind us together.

我们到这儿来不是为了谈论使我们产生分歧的东西。我们到这儿来是为了找到把我们结合在一起的东西。

6.In some cases you have to stoop to conquer.But does it mean that you have to sacrifice your integrity?

Certainly not.

在这种情况下,你不得不屈尊忍辱以达到目的。但这是否意味着你必须牺牲自己的诚实正直呢?当然不是。

Unit 7P.253Ex.9Translation

1.While attending Columbia, Li Ming became good friends with Wang Ying, a twenty-year-old girl from

Hong Kong.

在哥伦比亚大学就读期间,李明于一个来自香港的20岁女孩儿王颖成了好朋友。

2.Encouraged by his instructor, John decided to make medicine his life’s career.

在导师的鼓励下,约翰决定把医学作为自己的终生职业。

3.Le than a month after he came to McGill University, Dr.Johnson submitted to the president a detailed

plan for setting up a new laboratory in the biology department.

约翰逊博士来到麦吉尔大学后不到一个月,就向校长提交了一份在生物系建立一个新实验室的详尽计划。

4.After receiving the urgent cablegram from his former instructor, Dr.Drew immediately set to work

and organized the “Blood for Britain” campaign.

在收到从前的导师发来的急电后,德鲁博士立即开始工作,组织了“为英国鲜血”的运动。

5.At the beginning of the following year, thousands of American soldiers were killed or injured on

the battlefield.

在第二年之初,数以千计的美国士兵在战场上阵亡或受伤。

6.In a series of experiments, Dr.Drew discovered that plasma could be given to any patient regardle

of blood type.

在在一系列的实验中,德鲁博士发现,不管什么血型的病人都能接受血浆。

Unit 8P.293Ex.10 Translation

1.The restaurant caters to both local people and foreign guests because it provides customers with

all kinds of food to choose from.

这家餐馆符合当地人和外宾的口味,因为它为顾客提供各种各样可供选择的食物。

2.In addition to the Monument to the People’s Heroes, there are many other places for sightseeing

at Tiananmen Square.

除了人民英雄纪念碑,**广场还有许多其他观光场所。

3.The museums in Paris attract a lot of tourists from all over the world, whether they are historians,

artists or ordinary people.

巴黎的博物馆吸引着许多来自全世界的游客,无论他们是历史学家,艺术家或普通人。

4.Apart from my daily work, I need to set aside a few hours each day to write my book on tourism.

除了日常工作,我每天都需要留出几小时来写我的旅游专著。

5.The Great Wall is one of the major tourist destinations in Beijing.Its principal attraction lies

in its magnificent scenery and rich historical significance.

长城是北京的一个主要旅游目的地。它的主要吸引力在于壮观的景色和丰富的历史意义。

6.I can’t afford the time to go traveling with you.I have to make arrangements for my art exhibition

next week.

我没有时间跟你去旅游。你必须为下星期自己的艺术展作安排。

P.179Ex.12Writing

以英语系系主任徐达方的名义为王大雷出具一份工作证明。王大雷于2000年3月1日至2005年12月31日在肖山学院英语系工作,其中2000年3月1日至2001年2月28日为兼职英语教师;2001年3月1日至2003年9月30日为全职英语教师,助教;2003年10月1日至2005年12月31日为讲师。徐达方的联系电话为022-34788765。

P.216Ex.14Writing

写一封辞职信,原因是近来身体一直不佳,无法在公司工作,特辞去现职,并在信中表示保证协助做好交接工作。

推荐第8篇:大学英语4辅导资料十一

大连理工大学网络教育学院

大学英语4辅导资料十一

主题:对Unit 7的语法点——非谓语动词的小结

学习时间:2014年6月9日-6月15日

内容:

使用非谓语动词应注意的问题(本课难点)

1.不定式作状语时常用的句型。动词不定式在句中可用来作目的、结果、原因状语,常用于下列句型中:

(1)in order to 和 so as to do(以便,为了):

She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others.她决心加紧学习,好赶上别人。

(2)too ...to do ...(非常……以至于不能……)

The boy is too young to join the navy.这男孩太小参不了海军。

(3)...enough to do ...(足以做……)

The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people.这厅大得足以容纳一千人。

(4)only to do ...(不料却……)

They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头却砸自己的脚。

(5)“be + 情绪形容词 + to do” 这个结构,不定式说明产生这一情绪的原因。 We are proud to be trained here in China.在中国受训我们感到自豪。

2.动名词和不定式作主语和表语时的区别

动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说,在表示抽象的、一般的行为时,多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。但在It’s no use (good),It’s usele 后面常用动名词作主语。例如:

Her present job is teaching music.= Teaching music is her ...(泛指)

Teaching music to Grade One is her present job.= Her present job is to teach ...(特指)

It’s difficult for him to finish the job in a week.

Tom’s being late again made me angry.汤姆又来晚了使我很生气。

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收

3.现在分词和动名词作定语时的区别

作定语时:

现在分词和它修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系(现在分词可以改为定语从句),可以臵于被修饰词之前或之后;

动名词做定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途(可以改为for短语),不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,它一般只能臵于被修饰词之前。请看几个词组:

第1页共6页

现在分词作定语:

a sleeping dog = a dog that is sleeping

a flying bird = a bird that is flying

a crying baby = a baby that is crying

boiling water = water that is boiling

动名词作定语:

a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping

a swimming pool = a pool for swimming

a flying suit = a suit for flying

drinking water = water for drinking

4.动名词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别

在look at, listen to, feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语,意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束;不定式只是陈述事实。

例如:

— Did you hear someone knocking at the door? 你刚才听到有人敲门吗? — Yes I did.I heard him knock three times.是的,我听到他敲了三下。

I saw your father working in your garden yesterday.昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。

I saw your father work in your garden yesterday.昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。

[注意] find 后面可用分词(现在分词和过去分词)作宾补,不用不定式。如: 误:I found him lie on the ground.

正:I found him lying on the ground.allow, permit, forbid, encourage, advise 的用法相似,具体如下:

(1)后面无宾语时,接doing。例如:

Sorry we don’t allow smoking in the lecture room.对不起,本教室里不许抽烟。

The school doesn’t permit smoking in cla.学校不许在课上抽烟。

Mrs.Green forbade smoking in her house.格林夫人禁止在她家抽烟。

The teacher encouraged speaking more English in cla.老师鼓励在课堂上多说英语。

The doctor advised taking more exercise.大夫建议多锻炼。

(2)后面有宾语时,接to do。例如:

Tom’s mother will not allow him to watch the film on TV.汤姆的母亲不会允许他在电视上看那个电影。

The school doesn’t permit its students to smoke in cla.学校不允许它的学生们在上课时抽烟。

Mrs.Green forbade us to smoke in her house.格林夫人不许我们在她家抽烟。

The teacher encouraged everybody to speak more English in cla.老师鼓励每个人在课堂上多说英语。

The doctor advised me to take more exercises.大夫建议我多锻炼。

(3)接doing时,doing前面可以带自己的形式主语(意思上的主语,也叫逻辑主语)

That teacher doesn’t permit our smoking in his cla.老师不允许我们在他讲课时抽烟。(our 是smoking的主语)

Paul’s mother will forbid his going with you.包罗的妈妈不会允许他跟你去。The doctor advised my taking more exercises.大夫建议我多锻炼

非谓语动词的正误辨析

(1)正在粉刷的房子将是一家书店。

误:The house painted will be a bookstore.

正:The house being painted will be a bookstore.

正:The house that/which is being painted will be a bookstore.

析:现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动意义,但是过去分词表示动作已经完成,而现在分词的被动式表示动作正在进行、还未完成。

(2)他竟然会缺席,这使我感到惊讶。

误:It is astonished to me that he should be absent.

正:It is astonishing to me that he should be absent.

正:I am astonished that he is absent.析:一般来说,由现在分词转化而来的形容词,有主动意味,说明事物的性质或特征,多可译为令人感到…的;而由过去分词转化而来的形容词,有被动意味或表示已完成的动作,长译为“感到…、觉得…”。

(3) 这本书我读起来太难了。

误:The book is too difficult for me to read it.

正:The book is too difficult for me to read.析:句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语,所以应去掉,否则就犯了重复的毛病。

(4) 打开抽屉,他拿出词典。

误:Opening the drawer, and he took out a dictionary.

正:Opening the drawer, he took out a dictionary.

析:并列连词等是用来连接两个或更多个语法作用相同的词、短语、或句子。分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词。

(5) 他别无选择,只有躺下来睡觉。

误:He has no choice but lying down and sleeping.正:He has no choice but to lie down and sleep.

正:He can do noting but lie down and sleep.

正:He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep.

析:在这种句型中,but和except后用不定式,不用动名词。若前面含有动词do时,but, except后跟省掉的不定式。

(6)革命意味着解放生产力。

误:Revolution means to liberate the productive forces.

正:Revolution means liberating the productive forces.

析:mean后跟动词不定式表示“意欲/打算”,后面跟动名词表示“意味着”。

(7)他在看通知时有了一个主意。

误:When reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.

正:When he was reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.

正:Reading (When reading) the notice, he had an idea.

析:分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致

(8)依据他的说法,这个答案是对的。

误:Judge from what he said, the answer is right.

正:Judging from what he said, the answer is right.

析: “Judging”在这里是插入语,作独立成分。类似的用法还有to tell the truth, considering, generally speaking等。

(9) 我们尽快地走,希望及时赶到。

误:We walked as fast as we could to hope to get there in time.

正:We walked as fast as we could, hoping to get there in time.

析:根据句意,希望hope 不表示目的,而表示伴随状况,所以用hoping。

(10) 这封需要马上回复。

误:The letter demanded answering immediately.

正:The letter demanded an immediate answer.

正:The letter required (needed) answering immediately.

析:require, need, want作“需要”解时,可跟动名词做宾语。demand作此义解时,不能跟动名词作宾语,要跟名词。

统考例题讲解(重点掌握)

1.The bridge was named ________ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the

people.

A.afterB.forC.because ofD.before

解析:固定搭配name after意为“以……命名”。所以答案为A。

2.Since 1999, the number of foreign students at German universities ________ from 113,000 to almost 200,000.

A.has increasedB.have increasedC.are increasedD.was increased

解析:本题考查时态、语态和主谓一致。由since1999可知应用现在完成时;the number做主语,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。所以答案为A。

3.Men differ from animals _______ they can think and speak.

A.in thatB.butC.andD.so

解析:in that这里表示“因为”,引导原因状语从句。所以答案为A。

4.You bad better ________ a doctor as soon as poible.

A.seeingB.sawC.seeD.seen

解析:had better + 动词原形,意为“最好做某事”;had better not + 动词原形,意为“最好不要做某事”。所以答案为C。

5.When there are small children around, it is neceary to put bottles of pills out of ________.

A.handB.holdC.placeD.reach

解析:out of reach意为“够不着”,为固定搭配,符合本题句意。所以答案为D。

练习题(重点练习)

1.He talks as if he ________ everything in the world.

A.knowsB.knew

C.had knownD.would have known

2.There’s lots of fruit _____ the tree.Our little cat is also ______ the tree.

A.in;inB.on;onC.in;onD.on;in

3.The sports meeting was put off till the next week ________ rain.

A.in spite ofB.soC.becauseD.because of

4.Would you like some more coffee? There’s still ________ left.

A.a littleB.littleC.a fewD.few

5.The top of the Great Wall is ________ for five horses to go side by side.

A.wideB.so wide

C.wide enoughD.enough wide

答案:1.B2.D3.D4.A5.C

推荐第9篇:新编大学英语4翻译

新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案

Unit 1

享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀?

1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心,古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么,到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢?

2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人,因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大,有来自拉丁美洲的,也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。

3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后,班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合,而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢?显然,有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且,我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话,而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话:“我喜欢笑话,但我讲不好,也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感,就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲,而且讲了一个笑话,就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱,而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。

4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家,并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗,但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且,她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母,当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时,布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室,并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去,一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来,布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子,从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑,无疑是在说:“啊哈,你又上了我的当。”

5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫(即背景),接下来是主干部分(即故事情节),随后便是妙语(即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾)。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分,这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分,而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言,则有助于增强效果。

6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式,进行分析,从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说,最常见的幽默有以下几种,包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。

7 “滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当,常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士:“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁?”那位男士回答道:“那可不是什么贵妇,那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇,也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话,观众都知道要说什么,而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。

8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到,无论是在乡村的小舞台上,还是在北京最大的剧院里,抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。

9 “俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显,它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时,第一位绅士问道:“这是Wembley (温布利)吗?”“不,”第二位绅士说:“是Thursday (星期四)。”“我也是,”第三位说道,“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背,因此会把Wembley(温布利)听成了Wednesday(星期三),把Thursday(星期四)听成了thirsty(渴了),这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。

10 著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中,一位老师说:“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业?”那位年轻的学生回答道:“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里,一位生气的父亲问道:“告诉我,1加2等于几?”儿子说:“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道:“比方说,你、你妈妈和我,我们加起来一共是几个,傻瓜?”儿子得意地回答道:“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话,是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲,都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事,因为它们贴近现实生活,而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。

11 双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双

关语是最低级的幽默,但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧;然而,简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如,谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节,而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问:“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的?”另外一个人通常猜不出来,于是问道:“我不猜了。是什么呀?”出谜语的人回答:“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red(红色)”和“read(读)”的读音一样但意思完全不同,答案就很明显了。 12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES (法语中的“一语双关”)是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同,一个比较恰当,另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说;“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声,她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚,于是补充说:“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然,这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话,反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。

13 一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧,不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言,而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确,现在有些幽默令人震惊,但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的,它还会继续生存下去,只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情,并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。

Unit 2

便笺的力量

1 我当体育编辑,最早是为蒙比利埃(俄亥俄州)的《企业导报》工作,当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此,一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。

2 打开来信,我看到了下面的话:“关于老虎队的述评很不错,再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子(为每一竖栏写一英寸文字,稿酬总计达15美分),因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里,后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时,重温一下堂的便笺,就又会树起信心来。

3 后来,我逐渐对堂有所了解,知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说:“当我使别人充满信心时,我也感觉好极了。”

4 因此毫不奇怪,他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了,享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社,都来自于曾经得到过他激励(文字)的人们。

5 多年来,我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友,他们关心别人,常写一些鼓舞人心的话语,因为我觉得,他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上,这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励,大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天,甚至一生。

6 那么,这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢?我猜想很多人回避写,是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解,怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有,写也要花时间,远不如打电话方便。

7 当然打电话的缺点是:说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西,而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读,细细品味并珍藏起来。

8 尽管写便笺会多花一些时间,但一些非常忙的人也在这么做,其中包括乔治?布什。有人说,他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢?在他整个职业生涯中,每次与人们接触之后,他几乎都随后写封信,内容亲切——一句赞美之辞,一行表扬的话,或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事,还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人,后来收到他热情的赞扬信,感到很惊讶。

9 那些通常做作的公司高层经理们,其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心,且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森,福特公司的前主席,把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话,然后传递出去,”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间,就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。”

10 “太多的时候,”他发表自己的看法说,“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候,我们会以为,我并没有说过什么批评的话,为什么非得去说好话呢?我们忘了,人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上,我们靠这个取得进步,获得成功!”

11 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢?只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “4S”技巧。

12 1)真诚 (sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。

13 2)简短 (short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思,你很可能过火了,写得太长。

14 3)具体 (specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊;告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。

15 4)自然 (spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气,洋溢着热情,并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。 16 当你非得到处找写信用品时,写出来的东西就难以自然,因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边,甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨,重要的是要表达的思想。 17 那么,你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢?一位邻居?为你服务的那位图书馆管理员?一位亲戚?你的市长?你的伙伴?一位教师?你的医生?你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由,就找一个生活中的重要事件,例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如,过去的25年里,我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡,而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围,就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。

18 不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系,记住,梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。

19 今天,我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句,这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义,但是,对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的:使别人充满信心,也就使我自己感觉很好。

Unit 3

从文化角度看性别角色

1 在过去的几十年里,已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实:构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中,每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止,数量之多数以百计,这一切都带有文化的烙印,成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说,别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的,因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。

2 例如,最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示,在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映,这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的,但它确实存在,并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱,戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示,许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现,从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程,都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响,因为总的来说,那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心,并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上,在20世纪60年代末期,当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后,教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论,而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来,在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况:与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。

3 赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示,教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务,这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如,有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时,不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”,而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面,这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历,这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。

4 美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是,男孩擅长数学和自然科学,这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”,而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题,而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强,但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的,而非遗传的原因。例如,在德国,读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”,于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本,由于早期教育似乎不分性别,女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。

5 在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如,有一项研究显示了这样一种情况:让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片,然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远,这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多,女孩指出的范围很有限,而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力,尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的;对女孩灌输的结果是:对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧,且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是,在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师,更注重作业的形式和整

洁而非内容,更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间,社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观,并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。

Unit 4

关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考

1 教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。

2 如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见,也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品 了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”,通常称为3M公司。在工作中,他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质,黏性很强,能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训:现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。

3 现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用,而且全国各地的专家认为,对待孩子也应仿效这种做法,无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为,如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维,他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。

4 受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。 5 创造性并非与生俱来,也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子,而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。

6 遗憾的是,学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数,强调阅读、写作和数学能力,往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是,孩子们能够反馈所学的知识,却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如,他们可能熟记乘法表,却不会用它来解决数学应用题。

7 然而,在有些学校里,教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题,并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如,教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆,他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约,情况会是如何。要回答这一问题,学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑,也毫无关系,这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为,在课堂以及在家里,必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力,使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子,同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围,一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。 8 在家里,家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题,家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见,让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。

9 具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时,孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看,幽默跨越了常规界限,打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。

10 给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果,要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力,即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大,家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱;当他们作出错误的决定时,不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解,但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力,使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。

Unit 6

风险与你

1 在说不定的某个时候,我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病,就会去检查,看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而,对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样,患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁,诸如对我们生命的威胁,对我们平和心境的威胁,对我们家人的威胁,对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题,我们不得不问自己:我买的食品安全吗?给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗?我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉?我度假时会不会遭抢劫?我们的疑

虑就无休止地增加。

2 对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处;二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生,以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病,要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时,事情就要困难得多,因为对许多风险来说,情况并不那么简单。

3 风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问:“我该不该系安全带?”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞,那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞,结果你被困在车里,又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱,那怎么办呢?这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢?同样,在正面相撞的情况下,保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是,万一正当你在高速公路上开车时,保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀,从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故,那又该如何是好?

4 上面说的这一切,只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关,换句话说,与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能,也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事,而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险,然后相机行事。

5 例如,两车相撞时,大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢?答案是这样:在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而,大车通常比小车贵(并且消耗更多的汽油,由此给环境带来了更大的风险!)。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢?例如,避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车,从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而,即便你买得起,这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢?

6 在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前,我们还无法回答这些问题。那么,我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢?有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如,我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下,每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗?未必。事实是,在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步;而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时,所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数;其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样,所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示,其大小介于0(无风险)到1(完全风险)之间。 7 通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数,我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险,如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大,也就是说它越接近1,那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中,我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数,从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处,我们可以很清楚地看到,乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生;而就采矿而言,其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以,尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多,其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较,即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险,你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧,那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎,除非它们大得令人难以承受。

8 我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的,因而就没有绝对安全的事,我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险,而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素:常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。

推荐第10篇:大学英语4英语翻译[优秀]

1.人人都知道她生性骄傲。(by nature)

It is known to all that she is proud by nature.

2.你只有一次机会,所以最好充分利用它!(make the most of)

You’ll only get one chance,so you’d better make the most of it.

3.事故导致两名乘客死亡。(result in)

The accident resulted in the death of two paengers.

4.有个好老师后,他的情况完全不一样了。(make all the difference) Having a good teacher has made all the difference for him.

5.供职于一家大银行22年后,我突然失去了工作。一次裁员潮导致了一百多名员工失去工作,其中便有我。 After twenty-two years of working for a major bank,a downing wave resulted in the elimination of over one hundred jobs,mine being one of them.

6.没有大学文凭并没有影响到我在银行的职业生涯,但获得学位确实是我的平身夙愿。

Not being a graduate had never held me back in my career with the bank,but now it was a personal goal i longed to achieve.

7.现在,我工作不再是为了“名利”,我的身心与我所关心的人紧紧地连在一起。Now ,instead of working towards materialistic things and personal glory,my heart and life are firmly linked around people i care about.

8.当我细细琢磨我的信条“变是好事,变是进步”时,我意识到我已接受了“变”,并在充分利用“变”。

As i think about the meaning of my belief “change is good,change is progre”,i realize that i have accepted the change,and am making the most of it.

1.你的女儿渴望得到你的爱,你为什么对她那么冷淡?(be hungry for) Your daughter is hungry for your love.why are you so cold to her?

2.尽管我们之间几乎没有什么共同之处,但你仍然是我最好的朋友。(have...in common)

Although we have little in common,you are still my best friend.

3.她完全失去了控制,失声痛哭起来。(lose one’s control) She lost all her control and burst into tears.4.我不明白到底是什么使他陷入绝望。(sink into despair)

I did not understand what on earth made him sink into despair.

5.自从我被从家中带走,并与成千上万的其他犹太人一起被关到这里以来,我已濒临死亡,只能活一天算一天,活一小时算一小时。

I am almost dead, surviving from day to day, from hour to hour, ever since I was taken from my home and brought here with thousands of other Jews.

6.我想把目光挪开,被一个陌生人这样打量,我感到特别害臊,但我的视线无法从她的双眼移开。

I want to look away, oddly ashamed for this stranger to see me like this, but I cannot tear my eyes from hers.

7.一晃过了数月,噩梦仍在继续。但对这个小女孩的回忆支撑着我度过了那恐怖、痛苦和无望的岁月。

Months pa and the nightmare continues.But the memory of this girl sustains me through the terror, the pain, the hopelene.

8.在这充满死亡的世界中,这个苹果无疑表达的是生命和爱。我抬起头时,看见那个女孩在远处消失了。

In my world of death this apple is an expreion of life, of love.I glance up in time to see the girl disappearing into the distance

1.很不幸,只有20人来上我的课。(no more than)

No more than twenty people came to my cla, unfortunately.

2.这位知名教授专门从事儿童早期教育。(specialize in) The famous profeor specialized in the education of children at an early age.

3.她说她恨她的丈夫,或者大意如此的话。(to that effect) She said she hated her husband, or words to that effect.

4.我们已采取了一切必要措施来纠正这些错误。(remedy)

We have done whatever is neceary to remedy these mistakes.

1.求职申请信应该简洁明了,长度不超过一页。求职申请信还应该清晰易读,只需把必不可少的信息写上即可。

The application letter should be brief, no more than one page in length.It should be easy to read and include only the neceary information.2.选择哪种格式其实是个人喜好问题,因为有许多格式可供选择。

The style you choose is really a matter of personal preference, as there are many different styles to choose from. 3.假如你是未经预先通知、自己登门求职的,那么你应该说明如果现在的职位已满,你还有意申请以后的工作机会。

If you are \"cold calling\" a company, then you should make it clear that you are applying for any current or future employment opportunities.

4.面试就是你真正获得朝思暮想职位的时机。祝你好运! The interview, then, is where you can really get the position you\'ve always wanted.Good luck!

1.在演艺界要达到顶峰可不容易。(make it)

It\'s hard to make it to the top in the show busine.

2.她生活中曾经跌宕起伏,但她总能振作起来。(pull oneself together) She had her ups and downs, but she had always managed to pull herself together.

3.他从来没有乘过船。(on board)

He has never been on board a ship before.

4.我无法照你的意见做,不过还得谢谢你的忠告。(neverthele)

I can\'t follow your advice.Neverthele thank you for giving it.

1.当我冲向座位时,乘客们惊恐万状地抬头望着我,那是意识到自已即将死去的表情。

As I rushed toward my seat, paengers looked up at me with the nervous expreions of creatures who know they are about to die.

2.我眼看要晕倒了。但看见邻座女孩那张面孔,我又振作起来。

I was ready to faint, but when I saw the face of the girl next to me, I pulled myself together.

3.在那20分钟里,我脑海中掠过许多情感,其中之一就是骄傲。我为机上乘客个个都表现出色而骄傲。

Among the many feelings going through my head during those 20 minutes was pride—pride in how well everybody on board was behaving.

4.当最终叫到我的名字,要我登上另一架飞机时,我差不多是含泪和他们告别的。尽管相识时间短暂,但他们深深地打动了我。

When my name was finally called to board my new flight, I felt almost tearful to be parting from the people whose lives had so intensely, if briefly, touched mine.

1.他想长大后当公司经理。(grow up)

He wants to be a company manager when he grows up.

2.这首歌代代相传。(hand down)

This song is handed down from generation to generation.

3.我们不得不耐着性子看完那部沉闷的电影。(sit through) We had to sit through that boring movie.

4.你要不停地学习才能跟上这个忙碌的社会。(on the go)

You must keep studying to catch up with this society that is on the go.

1.我这一代,即在20世纪50年代和60年代长大成人的这一代,也许是喜欢被营造各种情节的无数文字包围的最后一代。

My generation, the generation that came of age in the 1950s and 1960s, may be the last to appreciate being surrounded by millions of words working together to create plots of every kind.

2.最近,伊利诺伊州大学芝加哥分校校长的一番话证实了这个问题的存在。他说在他的大学,10%的新生只有普通小学生的阅读水平。

Recently, the head of the University of Illinois\'s branch campus in Chicago reinforced the reality of such a problem in saying that 10 percent of the freshmen at his university could read no better than the average student in elementary school.

3.听音乐、看电影、看电视上的卡通片,这些活动对文化消费者没有任何要求,只需到场即可。

To listen to a record, to sit through a movie, to watch cartoons on television—these activities all require nothing of the cultural consumer, save his mere presence.

4.处于一个任何东西都可用完就扔掉的时代,一本被珍藏并反复阅读的书最终不过是旧时代的古物,在高速运转的时代几无立足之处了。

Ultimately, in an age when everything seems to be disposable, the book one keeps and reads time and again is nothing more than a primitive item from the past with little or no place in a society that is always on the go.

1.她羞怯地看了他一眼。(give sb.a look) She gave him a shy look.

2.看上去好像全镇的人都来看这场戏了。(seem like) it seemed like the whole town had come to the show.

3.如果你想这样做,你就是如履薄冰了。(be/skate on thin ice) If you try that, you\'ll really be on thin ice.

4.我不得不克制住自己,没把坏消息告诉他。(restrain from) I had to restrain myself from telling him the bad news.

1.我说:“我会想念你的。”但她瞥了我一眼就离开了房间。

I say, \"I\'m going to mi you,\" and she gives me one of her looks and leaves the room.

2.她那张曾经坦诚、信赖的面孔现在变得几乎带有敌意了。

Her face, once so open and trusting, is almost hostile now.

3.有人说你和孩子的关系越密切,她就越需要摆脱这种关系,以确立自己在这个世界上的身份。

Some say the tighter your bond with your child, the greater her need to break away, to establish her own identity in the world.

4.你女儿会回到你身边的。这不过是她正在经历的一个阶段而已。

Your daughter will come back to you.This is just a phase she\'s going through.

1.这些便宜的包也很好,何必非买那个贵的。(make sense)

It doesn\'t make sense to buy that expensive bag when those cheap ones are just as good.

2.我们还是把事实真相告诉她吧,她迟早会发现的。(sooner or later) We\'d better tell her the truth.She\'ll find it out sooner or later.

3.英语老师建议我从中级课程开始学习。(intermediate)

My English teacher suggested that I start with the intermediate course.

4.这处房产已经易主。(ownership) This estate is under new ownership.

1.不管房子多么小或多么寒酸,英国人总是把他们的家看成是这个世界上属于自己的一个小角落。

No matter how small or humble the home, a British person considers the place where they live to be their own little corner of the world.

2.因此,绝大多数人与银行协商贷款,称为抵押贷款。这种贷款在一段较长时期内(通常是25年)分期偿还。

So, most people negotiate a loan, called a mortgage, with a bank.This loan is then paid back in regular installments over a long period of time—often twenty-five years.

3.虽然英国人口增长不快,但每年修建的房屋和公寓难以满足需求。因此,房屋价格上涨。

Even though Britain\'s population is not growing very fast, the number of new houses and flats built every year is not quite enough to meet the demand.Consequently, prices rise.

4.英国人的房屋所有权的另一个特点是“卖旧房买新房”的愿望,这让其他国家的许多人迷惑不解。

Another feature of British home ownership, which is puzzling to many people from other countries, is the desire to \"trade up\".

1.关于你的求职申请,我们会在三天之后给你答复。(in regard to)

In regard to your application for a position, we will give you an answer in three days.

2.外资占这家工厂总投资的30%。(make up) Foreign investment makes up 30 percent of the factory\'s total investment.

3.并非所有努力都会带来成功,但我们还是要尽力。(result in)

Not all efforts will result in succe, but we still have to try our best.

4.改掉抽烟的坏习惯并不容易,可这是你唯一的选择。(get rid of)

It\'s not easy to get rid of the bad habit of smoking, but this is your only choice.

1.你得改改口音,否则升到高级管理职位的机会不大。

Either you improve your accent or your chances of getting promoted to senior management won\'t be good. 2.尽管心情复杂,他还是雇了一位语音老师来帮助自己。

Despite mixed feelings, he hired a speech coach to help him out.

3.语音教师和许多其他专业人士认为,一些美国人对说话带有口音的人带有偏见。

Speech coaches and many other profeionals say that some Americans have a prejudice against those who speak with an accent.

4.但接连上了一段时间的课之后,他的发音提高了78%,自信心也增加了,这对他很有利。他承认他早就应该这样做了。

But following the long proceion of leons, he improved by 78 percent, received a healthy injection of confidence, and admits that he should have done it sooner.

1.她告诫我不要过于自信。(warn against)

She warned me against being too self-confident.

2.我们终于成功在望了。(in sight) Our succe was in sight at last.

3.他在外面淋了一天雨,结果患了重感冒。(bring on)

He was out in the rain all day and this brought on a bad cold.

4.这幢房子是他的奶奶传给他的。(pa down)

This house was paed down to him from his grandmother.

1.一些科学家认为快乐属于生物学范畴,尽管很多科学家认为答案并非如此简单。

Some scientists believe it to be a matter of biology, though many believe the answer cannot be wrapped up in such a neat little packet.

2.同样地,医学研究者认为沮丧和焦虑是由这些化学物质失衡造成的。所以他们经常开一些片剂给那些无法产生足够此类化学物质的病人。

Likewise, medical researchers believe that depreion and anxiety are caused by an imbalance of such chemicals, and often prescribe them in tablet form to patients who cannot produce enough.

3.另一方面,反对哈默理论的人指出,多种因素都有可能对研究人员的研究构成影响,并告诫人们不要过于重视这些研究结果。

On the other hand, opponents of Hamer\'s theory note that any number of factors may have affected the researchers\' studies, and warn against attaching great importance to these results.

4.最后,双方辩论仍在如火如荼地进行,短期内不会平息。Ultimately, torches still burn brightly on both sides of this debate, with no real settlement in sight.

1.从他的第一部小说,我们可以看出他是极具深度和智慧的作家。(depth) From his first novel, we can see that he is a writer of great depth and wisdom.

2.他们以极大的决心对付环境问题。(confront) They have confronted the problem of environment with great determination.

3.我们要优先考虑能给农民带来利益的项目。(give priority to) We should give priority to projects which can bring benefits to farmers.

4.这家工厂的生产能力是每周200辆汽车。(capacity) This factory has a productive capacity of 200 cars a week.1.近来,最先在发达国家,然后在其他国家,人们的健康状况取得了长足进步,这主要归功于早期儿童传染性疾病死亡人数的下降。

The considerable recent gains in health, first in developed countries and then in others, have resulted primarily from a reduction in the number of deaths caused by early-childhood infectious diseases.

2.我们现在必须问自己的问题是,对于如此高的消费、健康和环境影响水平,我们期望维持多长时间。

We must now ask ourselves how long we can expect to maintain these high levels of consumption, health, and environmental impact.

3.然而,在新的世纪人类是否能够保持健康与快乐,越来越不容乐观。

Yet, it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain a positive outlook on our capacity to sustain healthy and happy populations in the coming century.

4.我们不能把“环境健康”狭隘地看成是地方性污染问题,认为凭借技术管理就能解决;当面临“经济增长”的竞争时,人们通常牺牲环境健康,保全经济利益。

We must look beyond the restricted views of \"environmental health\" as a problem of local population—a problem that can be solved with technical management, but one that is often compromised when \"economic growth\" is the competing value.

第11篇:大学英语4翻译(优秀)

UNIT1 1.我们接到通知,财政部长将于次日接见我们。

We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day.2.我觉得很奇怪,他似乎不记得自己的生日。

I thought it odd that he didn\'t seem to remember his own birthday.3.学期论文最迟应在下星期二交来,可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。

Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far.

4.看到学生人数不断减少,校长心里很难受。(pain) It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking.5.在那个国家一般用现金付账,但支票变得普遍起来了,不久会代替现金作为人们结账的一种方式。

Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts.6.该公司声称,这条河流的污染不是它造成的。

The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.

UNIT2 1.比尔已是个成熟的小伙子,不再依赖父母替他做主。

Bill is a mature young man who is no longer dependent on his parents for decisions.

2.这个地区有大量肉类供应,但新鲜果蔬奇缺。

There are abundant supplies of meat in this region, but fresh fruit and vegetables are scarce.

3.工程师们依靠工人们的智慧发明了一种新的生产方法,使生产率得以提高。

Drawing on the wisdom of the workers, the engineers invented a new production method that led to increased productivity.

4.他花了许多时间准备数学考试,因此当他获知自己只得了个B时感到有点失望。

He spent a lot of time preparing for his math exam.Hence he was somewhat disappointed to learn that he got only a B.

5.我们有充裕的时间从从容容吃顿午饭。

We have ample time for a leisurely lunch.

6.地方政府不得不动用储备粮并采取其他紧急措施,以渡过粮食危机。

The local government had to draw on its grain reserves and take other emergency measures so as to pull through the food crisis.

UNIT3 1.萧伯纳在他一个剧本的前言中提出这样的看法:今天人们比在中世纪时更加迷信。

In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances the idea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages.

2.丈夫死后,她只好独自挑起抚养五个孩子的经济重担。

After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financial burden of raising five children by herself.

3.证明或驳斥某个论点的最好办法之一是从亲身经历中举出例子。

One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience.

4.亨特说贝蒂老是夸大他的缺点,这话很可能会引起一场争吵。

Hunt\'s statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults may well lead to a quarrel.

5.我当时对她绝对信任,无论她告诉我什么,我都会相信。

I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story she told me.

6.一家人聚拢来讨论经济问题时,父亲一开头就说,每月存点钱是绝对必要的,遇到紧急情况,我们可以依靠积蓄。

When the family gathered to discu matters of finance, Father started off by saying that it was absolutely neceary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could fall back on our savings.

UNIT4 有时,倒霉的事儿似乎会到处跟随着你。就举不久前我所遭遇到的事为例吧。一天我开车去附近一座城市出差,在一个十字路口,见到红灯亮起我便将车停了下来。可是,突然一辆黑色的别克车从后面向我的车子撞过来。我受了点伤。万分忿怒之下我咒骂着下了车,可却发现那车的女驾驶员像是被撞得不省人事了,她那坐在车后的小孩也受伤了。我只好在口袋中摸找手机报了警。几分钟后一辆警车开来,急忙将女士和小孩送往医院。而我却被告知要待在原处。事实上,尽管我对这事毫无责任,我在两小时后方得以离开现场。回到家,精神力气好像一点儿都没有了。至于出差的事么,我只好取消了。为此,我的工作也受到很大损失。至今,我仍搞不明白这车祸到底是怎么回事。

Sometimes bad luck seems to follow you everywhere.Take, for instance, what happened to me not long ago.One day I drove to a nearby city on busine.At a junction I pulled the car to a halt as the red light was on; however, a black Buick suddenly collided into my car from behind.I was slightly injured.Wild with anger I cursed and got out only to find that the woman driver of the other car appeared to have been knocked unconscious and her young child, who was sitting in the rear of the car, was hurt, too.I had to fumble in my pockets for my mobile phone and call the police.In a few minutes a police car came and rushed the lady and her child to hospital.I was, however, asked to stay where I was.In fact, I didn\'t leave the scene until two hours later although I was not to blame at all.By the time I got home all my energy seemed to have deserted me.As to the busine trip, I had to cancel it.As a result, my work suffered enormously.Up to now, I still can\'t make sense of the accident.

第12篇:大学英语周记(4)

Cla: 13- 2

Name: Will Chow

Student No.: 13406030240

Journal No.:3

Journal 4 Week 9

This week, the temperature here was decreased a lot.I had a cold and my nose was uncomfortable last a long time.If it was at home, my parents would take me to hospital or buy medicine for me, they could care me.But now, I must take care of myself.

This week we have a select which is called “Planted plan”, and we should take 3 examinations.3 examinations were differentiate arranged in the evening on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.The first examination was English writing, it was greatly different from English writing in senior high school.In senior high school, English writing was just requiring us to write an article, and the number of the words were limited in 120 to 150.But this time, it was not just requiring us this, it also need us to read a paage and fill in the blanks.The second examination was English reading, it was also different from senior high school.I think it was difficult.In senior high school, English reading is several articles and questions, we would select an answer from A B C and D.And this text we also had this form, but there were another forms to exam us.The third text was English listening, I have’t done English listening test in a long time and I think it is a bit difficult to do this now.

On Friday, we had a English listening and speaking test, oh my god, why do we have so many test!

第13篇:大学英语教学改革调查报告4

大学英语教学改革调查报告4

(二)大学英语师资状况不容乐观

1.大部分高校的大学英语教师年龄、职称结构不够合理。大学英语教师中间层断档,一些老同志对新的教学模式有些力不从心,对现代教育技术学习积极性不高。年轻的教师缺乏教学经验。部分高校大学外语教研室得不到应有的重视,大学英语教师的水平还有待提高。

2.部分高校领导不深入基层,对大学英语教学改革知之甚少,大学英语教师在改革之初工作量过大,没有应有的待遇和政策来保障。这次改革中所面临的压力和所付出的艰辛比以往要多。大学英语教学改革是一个浩大的工程,要构架新的教学体系,要与校内相关部门进行接洽,要衔接好每一个教学环节,要调动每一个参加大学英语教学改革教师的积极性。凡此种种,教师投入了很多精力,但是由于种种原因,有些高校对他们的工作不认可。

(三)教学改革不要走过场

改革不是一蹴而就的事,有个别高校缺乏对大学英语教学改革艰巨性的认识,缺乏对规模增长与学校基本办学条件、经费投入等相挂钩的计划性。领导的重视仅体现在资金、设备的投入上是远远不够的,在管理上还要下大功夫。有的高校不重视管理,致使改革中问题重重,改革的精神贯彻不下去,环节上失控,给改革带来极坏的负面影响,对改革本身,对学生来说极为不利。如,在一次调研中看到一个学校的口语测试,事先按级给定范围,题量过小,从开始进场到结束退场不到十分钟,学生回答问题时照着事先准备的答案“朗读”,没有起到真正检验学生口语技能的作用,学生对大学英语教学改革就会有想法。

(四)对自主学习能力差的学生引导不够

长期以来,我国学生大都接受的是应试教育、填鸭式教育,刚进入大学的他们,完全适应宽松、弹性的英语自主教学模式对有些学生而言是不太容易的。部分高校教师对学生自控能力的缺乏束手无策,埋怨多于引导。少数学生在网上聊天、玩游戏,不珍惜学校提供的良好教学资源,对公物不爱惜,将语音室的耳机带走或破坏,影响教学的正常进行。

四、对今后大学英语教学改革工作的建议

(一)加强领导,进一步推进大学英语教学改革

各地教育行政管理部门应该理顺大学英语教学改革的管理体制,高质量地完成大学英语教学改革的重要任务,要因地制宜,分类指导,分步推进,优势互补。各高校应提出进一步推进大学英语教学改革和发展的思路,促进本校英语教学改革不断创新;进一步完善改革方案,细化改革措施;坚持实事求是,从实际出发,加快大学英语教学的基本建设;切实解决大学英语教学改革中存在的突出问题,确保取得实效;改革人事制度、管理制度和分配制度,提高教师的教育教学和师德水平,激发大学英语教师的积极性和创造性,切实为提高大学生英语综合应用能力而努力。

高校领导应具有前瞻性、预见性,使改革的每个环节都具有可操作性,有调整的余地,很好地应对在大学英语教学改革过程中出现的新情况、新问题、新挑战,根本改变“费时低效”的英语教学状况。大学英语教学部主任要具备扎实的工作作风和凝聚力,坚定信念,不断进取,敢于突破阻力,切实做好大学英语教学改革的各项工作,使大学英语教学改革真正成为高等教育改革的突破口。

(二)强化师资队伍建设,努力提高大学英语教师的英语水平和教学能力

大学英语改革是一个复杂的系统工程,高校要完善学科带头人加创新团队的新组织模式。拥有一个团结务实、拼搏创新的集体,是大学英语教学改革工作成功开展的决定因素;教师积极投入、求真务实、注重实效、肯于奉献、乐于探索、善于合作,是大学英语教学改革工作成功开展的重要因素;造就一支有较高思想道德和职业品格素质、科学文化素质、身心素质,相对稳定的大学英语教师队伍,是提高英语教学水平的关键。要进一步提高大学英语教师的待遇和地位,增强大学英语教师队伍的吸引力。要通过有效的培养培训,使现有大学英语教师的素质、能力和水平有一个大的提高。

(三)加强宣传功能,积极开展培训

调研中,我们发现还应充分利用各种媒体,加大大学英语教学改革的舆论宣传,以不同侧面的教学事例让更多的教师了解网络环境下大学英语教学的进展情况以及成果。各级教育行政部门可以通过简报、网站等形式大力宣传改革的指导思想、热点及进展情况。高校也应将大学英语教学改革信息及时反馈给教育部大学外语教学指导委员会、大学英语教学改革联络办公室,以确保信息畅通。今后应将各种培训结合起来,完善信息交流平台的主渠道。及时、畅通、有针对性的经验交流,是加强大学英语教学的建设,确保改革稳步向前发展的有效途径;走出去、请进来,是增强大学英语教师信息素养、提高工作效率、少走弯路、快速推进教学改革的必由之路。

第14篇:大学英语4第二章翻译

2.Nowadays, many people are enjoying the benefits brought about by material and technological advances unimaginable in previous eras.With the development of science and technology, people’s standard of living is getting higher and higher.People’s life expectancy has soared, too.

However, oddly enough, many people do not feel happier than they used to be.It can be seen that there is no close correlation between people’s income and their happine.Happine cannot, after all, be bought with money.

Although the majority of people are not very satisfied with their lives, they are happy to be alive, and the more time they get on earth, the better off they feel they’ll be.What is important is that material wealth is far from enough.People need spiritual happine, too.

3.1、大多数人都坚信法庭一定会严惩那些银行抢劫犯。

2、在为治疗这种疾病而进行的长期探索中,医疗工作者克服了一个又一个困难。for a cure for the disease.

3、根据所获得的情报,警察封锁了街道并且抓获了抢劫银行的罪犯。

4、听说这家刚建成的电视机厂第一年就能生产50万台电视机,我们都感到惊讶。We were amazed at learning that the newly-built TV factory can produce 500,000

5、政府正在调查这么多人下岗的原因,并设法帮助下岗工人就业。

6、为了扩大产品的销售,这家公司采取多种措施,开拓市场,改进业务。

7、他的学习荒废(neglect)到如此程度,要在一个月赶上别的同学恐怕是不可能的。

8、那家烟花爆竹厂由于未能遵守政府的安全条例上个月关门了。

9、我们的足球队能否战胜对手,好药等到比赛结束后才知道。

10、史密斯先生预言,新近发现的石油储藏再加上新技术的利用,会让原油的价格降下来。

第15篇:大学英语4辅导资料十

大连理工大学网络教育学院

大学英语4辅导资料十

题:对Unit 7的语法点——分词的讲解(3) 学习时间:2014年6月2日-6月8日

容:

分词的用法(本课难点) 5.作句子独立成分

分词有自己的逻辑主语时,称为独立主格结构。 例如:

Flags flying, the army men marched in the streets.旗帜飘扬,军队在街上行进。

All his ribs broken, he lay half dead.他的肋骨全部折断,半死不活地躺着。

分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。 例如:

My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together. 我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间,解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。 (现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作,它们之间是主动关系。)

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given 表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系。)

We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide. 我们到那山洞探险,彼得做向导。(独立主格)

The train having gone, we had to wait another day. 火车已去,我们只好在等一天。(独立主格)

分词短语做状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but, and),因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。 例如:

误:Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.正:He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.正:Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it 给他讲了许多遍,他还是不懂。

注意:

(1)分词作状语时,逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。 例如:

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Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people there.( = When I looked out of the window, I saw lots of people there.)

我往窗外一看,看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window 的逻辑主语,就是句子的主语I)

(2)在see, hear, watch, notice 等动词后,用动词不定式作宾语补语,通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语,则通常表示动作正在进行。 例如:

We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment.我们坐了两个小时,看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验)

We paed by the claroom and saw the teacher making the experiment.我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教室的一刹那间,看见老师正在做实验)

I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back.我看见他走进房间,打开抽屉,拿出一份文件,拍了照又放回去。(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时,用动词不定式。)

I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret.我注意到他们坐在角落里在谈论什么秘密事儿。(表示几个同时正在进行的动作,用现在分词)

(3)在“have + 宾语 + 分词”的结构中,用现在分词或过去分词表示的意义不同。

在“have + 宾语 + 现在分词”的结构中,现在分词所表示的动作往往是主体让(叫、使、听任、允许)客体做的,或使客体保持或处于某种状态。 例如:

He had the fire burning day and night.他让火日夜燃烧着。

Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation.父亲让我整个暑假天天游泳。

We cannot have you wasting time.我们不许你浪费时间。

在“have(get)+ 宾语 +过去分词”的结构中,过去分词所表示的动作往往是别人做的或与主体的意志无关。 例如:

Mary had her dre washed.玛丽叫别人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被洗)

He had his legs broken.他的腿骨折断了。(表示与主体意志无关的客观遭遇)

I had my watch stolen yesterday.昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷)

They had Jack beaten.他们叫人打了杰克。(Jack 是被打)

(4)分词作表语时,现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、“使”等意义;过去分词有“被动”、“完成”、“受”、“感到…”等意义。 例如:

The story is interesting.这个故事很有意思。(故事使人感兴趣)

He is interested in dancing.他对舞蹈感兴趣。

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大连理工大学网络教育学院

The news was disappointing.这消息令人失望。

They were all disappointed.他们都感到失望。

The work was tiring.那工作累人。

The workers soon became tired.工人们很快就累了。

(5)谓语动词的现在进行时和作表语的现在分词形式相同;被动语态动词谓语和作表语的过去分词形式相同,但两者的意思不一样。 试比较:

They are moving their bed.他们正在搬床。(are moving 是谓语,表示主体的动作)

The story is very moving.这个故事很感人。(moving 是表语,表示主体的特征)

Her homework was done by her sister.她的作业是她姐姐做的。(was done 是谓语动词被动语态)

Her homework is well done.她的作业做得很好。(done是表语)

(6)generally speaking (一般地说),roughly speaking(粗略地说),strictly speaking (严格地说)等现在分词结构都是习惯用语,在句子中作插入语。 例如:

Generally speaking, a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40.一般地说,二十岁的足球队员比四十岁的强。

(7)分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,而独立结构的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不同的。 例如:

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.末班公共汽车已开走了,我们只好走路回家。

统考例题讲解(重点掌握)

1.This is a very difficult operation.It is eential that you ________ for emergency.A.are to be prepared

B.would prepared

C.be prepared

D.must be prepared

解析:考点为虚拟语气的用法。句中eential后接的that从句中要求用虚拟语气,形式为should + 动词原形,should可省去。C为正确答案。

2.Most insurance agents would rather you ________ anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.A.don’t do

B.didn’t do

C.would not do

D.do

解析:would rather, would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。答案为B。

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大连理工大学网络教育学院

3.Her sun-tanned face suggested that she ________ in excellent health.A.be

B.is

C.was

D.were

解析:本题主要考查suggest的用法。Suggest作“建议”讲时,其后的从句需用虚拟语气,但当作“暗示”讲的时候,其后从句需用陈述语气。题意为:她对被太阳晒黑的脸表明(暗示)她很健康。此处suggest作“暗示”,故后面从句应用陈述语气,前后时态搭配,所以正确答案为C。

4.Mary had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of paing it on her first ________.A.intention

B.attempt

C.purpose

D.desire

解析:intention意思是“意图、意向”;attempt意思是“试图、努力”;purpose意思是“目的、意图”,desire意思是“愿望、欲望”。题意为:玛丽为英语考试做了精心准备,以便有把握的一次通过。答案为B。

5.Latin America has a (an) ________ labor force and natural resources.A.wealthy

B.abundant

C.scattered

D.deposited

解析: wealthy意思是“富有的、丰裕的”;abundant意为“丰富的、充裕的”;scattered意为“离散的,分散的”;available意为“可用到的,可利用的”。B符合题意要求。

练习题(重点练习)

1.Sandy could do nothing but _________ to his teacher that he was wrong.

A.admit

B.admitted

C.admitting

D.to admit

2.England is an island country._______ consists of three principal islands, and _______ climate is generally mild.

A.It;its

B.She;her

C.He;his

D.She;its

3.— Take this medicine twice a day, Peter? — Do I have to take it? It ________ so terrible.A.is tasting B.is tasted

C.tastes

D.has tasted

4.______ girl dreed _______ black is her sister Rose. A.A; in

B.A; on

C.The; on D.The; in

5.______ Tom ______ Mary can help me, for they are very busy.

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A.Both;and

C.whether;or

B.Either;or D.Neither;nor

答案:1.A 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.D

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第16篇:大学英语(3)本4

阶段练习----

4I.Grammar points (网络统考语法考点梳理-----非谓语结构)

1.The profeor walked out of the claroom, deeply _satisfied__ (satisfy) with the performance

of his students.2.He was excited to see his paper (论文) __published_ (publish).

3.I seem to smell something _burning__ (burn).

1.The police had a hard time _keeping__ (keep) the traffic _moving__ (move).

2.Mother had the washing machine _running__ (run) for hours.

3.I won’t have anything _said__ (say) against my friends.

4.My sister had her fingernails _painted__ (paint) before _going__ (go) to the dance party.

5.The teacher got all the students _to listen__ (listen) to her attentively.

6.The work accident set all the officials concerned _thinking__ (think) seriously about safety

regulations.

7._Trying__ (try) to make himself _understood__ (understand), he explained the problem in

great detail.

8.__Having received_ (receive) her son’s letter, she felt a great weight _taken__ (take) off her

mind.

9._Stepping__ (step) into the claroom, the teacher found all the students _gone__ (go).

10.When _visiting__ (visit) a strange city, I would like to have an experienced guide _show__

(show) me around.

11.When _put__ (put) into Chinese, almost all of the English prepositions (介词) sound like

verbs.

12._Surrounded__ (Surround) by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but _to

surrender__(surrender).

13._Having finished preparing__(finish)___ (prepare) the test paper, the teacher went on __to

read_ (read) the students’ eays.

14._Not wanting__ (not want) to hear his job performance _discued__ (discu) at the meeting,

he refused _to attend__ (attend) the meeting.

15.Is there any hope of _obtaining__ (obtain) a quiet room? I just can’t stand _sleeping__ (sleep)

with such noise.

16.Though _not knowing_ (not know) anything about it, he tried _fixing__ (fix) the computer

himself.

17.The concert usually takes place at the People’s Square, with the audience __seated__ (seat) on

the ground.

II.课文单句理解与翻译(Unit 6)

21.You want to have a lot of friends but you don\'t want to put up too much effort in maintaining the friendship?

你想拥有很多朋友,但又不想花太大力气维持友情,是吧?

22.I studied English literature when I was in university.

我在大学时学习英国文学。

23.Books, newspapers, letters - that\'s how people communicated and kept in touch.

书籍、报纸、信函 – 那就是当时人们交流与保持联系的方式。

24.That is the basis of a virtual friendship: the writings between two people, or between a group

of people.那就是虚拟优异的基础:两个人或者一组人之间的文字。

25.With the Internet, it seems that the strength of the written word has returned.

随着互联网,文字的力量又回来了。

26.In the era of cyberspace, is it now poible to befriend, fall in love with, break up with a person all without physically meeting?

在虚拟空间时代,不用面对面就可以交友、恋爱、分手吗?

27.Personally, while writing is a medium that allows me to expre myself best, it’s not necearily a medium that I prefer.

在我看来,尽管文字是允许我进行最佳自我表达的方式,但这种方式未必是我偏爱的。

28.It’s also because of this element that written communication can be easily abused.

也正是因为这个因素,书面交流很容易被滥用。

29.Deception is poible when there is very little real reason to be honest.

当没有什么真正的理由保持诚实,欺骗是可能发生的。

30.The answer to that question seems to be in the positive.

对那个问题的答案似乎是肯定的。

III.Reading Comprehension

Paage One

I recently turned fifty, which is young for a tree, middle life for an elephant, ancient for a sportsman.Fifty is a nice number for the states in the US or for a national speed limit, but it is not a number that I was prepared to have hung on me, fifty is supposed to be my father’s age, but now I am stuck with this number and everything it means.

A few days ago, a friend tried to cheer me up by saying, ―Fifty is what forty used to be.‖ He had made an inspirational point.Am I over the hill? People keep telling me that the hill has been moved, and I keep telling them that the high-jump bar has dropped from the six feet I onceeasily cleared to the four feet that is impoible for me now.

―You’re not getting older, you’re getting better,‖ says Dr.Brothers.This, however, is the kind of doctor who inspires a second opinion.

And so, as I approach the day when I can’t even jump over the tennis net, I am moved to share some thoughts on aging with you.Getting older is obviously a better change than the one that brings you eulogies (悼词).Most of my first fifty years have been golden ones, so I’ll settle for what is ahead being as good as what has gone by.I find myself moving toward what is ahead with a curious blend of both fighting and accepting my aging, hoping that the philosopher was right when he said, ―Old is always fifteen years from now.‖

31.The author seems to tell us in Paragraph I that ___B____.

A) time alone will tellB) time goes by quickly

C) his father should be fifty years oldD) fifty is an extraordinary number

32.When the author turned fifty, people around him ___A_____.

A) tried to comfort himB) got inspiration from him

C) were friendlier with himD) found him a failure

33.The author considers his fifty years of life __C____.

A) peacefulB) ordinaryC) satisfactoryD) regretful

34.From the paage we learnt that the author must be __C____ when he was young.

A) an succeful businemanB) a distinguished tennis player

C) an excellent high jumperD) an experienced coach

35.The author intends to convey the meage that ____D_____.

A) the old should led a simple life

B) the old should take more exercise

C) the old fill themselves with curiosity

D) the old should face the fact of aging positively

Paage Two

What will people die of 100 years from now? If you think that is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology.With the help of new medicine, the human body will last a very long time.Death will come mainly from accidents, murder and war.Today’s leading killers, such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memories.

In discuion of technological changes, the Internet gets most of the attention these days.But the change in medicine can be real technological event of our times.How long can humans live? Human brains were known to decide the final death.Cells are the basic units of all living things, and until recently, scientists were sure that the life of cells could not go much beyond 120 years because the basic materials of cells, such as those of brain cells, would not last forever.But the upper limits will be broken by new medicine.Sometime between 2050 and 2100, medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so, people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs.The medicine, made up of the basic building materials of life, will build new brain cells, heart cells, and so on – in much the same way our bodies make new skin cells to take the place of old ones.

It is exciting to imagine that the advance in technology may be changing the most basic condition of human existence, but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.

36.According to the paage, human death is now mainly caused by __A___.

A) diseases and agingB) accidents and war

C) accidents and agingD) heart disease and war

37.In the author’s opinion, today’s most important advance in technology lies in __A___.

A) medicineB) the InternetC) brain cellsD) human organs

38.Humans may live longer in the future because ___D__.

A) heart disease will be far away from us

B) human brains can decide the final death

C) the basic materials of cells will last forever

D) human organs can be repaired by new medicines

39.According to the paage, the scientists used to believe that basic units of living things _______B______.

A) were heart organs

B) could not last more than 120 years

C) were brain cells

D) controlled our life span

40.We can learn from the paage that __C___.

A) human life will not last more than 120 years in the future

B) humans have to take medicine to build new skin cells now

C) much needs to be done before humans can have a longer life

D) we have already solved the technical problems in building new cells

Paage Three

When Mrs.Joseph Jones died recently in Vienna, Austria, people asked the obvious question, ―Why did she live to be 107?‖ answers were provided by a survey conducted among 148 Viennese men and women who reached the age of 100.somewhat surprising was the fact that the majority had lived most of their lives in cities.In spite of the city’s image as an unhealthy place, city living often provides benefits that country living can lack.One factor seems to be important to the longevity of those interviewed.

This factor is exercise.In the cities it is often faster to walk around short distances than to wait for a bus.Even taking public transportation often requires some walking.Smaller apartment houses have no elevators, and so people must climb stairs.City people can usually walk to local supermarkets.Since parking spaces are hard to find, there is often no alternative to walking.

On the other hand, those who live in the country and suburbs do not have to walk every day.in fact, the opposite is true.To go to school, work, or almost anywhere else, they must ride in cars.

41.The Vienna survey may help to explain __C___.

a) the complaints of people in apartment houses

b) the cause of Mrs.Jones death

c) the longevity of people like Mrs.Jones.

d) the image of cities in general

42.The purpose of the second paragraph is to list some __B___.

A) benefits of walking

B) occasions for walking in city life

C) comments made by city people

D) problems of city living

43.To reach the third floor of a building, it would probably be most healthful __B___.

A) to take the elevatorB) to walk up the stairs

C) to ride in a carD) to find an alternative to walking

44.People who live in the country probably do more driving than walking because __A___.

A) they don’t live near busine area

B) they don’t need the exercise

C) they never have parking problems

D) they can’t afford to take a bus

45.A conclusion that can be drawn from this paage is that _D____.

A) air pollution is not seriousB) anyone can live to be 107

C) country people should move to the city

D) walking is a healthful exercise

Paage Four

Change—or the ability to adapt oneself to a changing environment is eential to evolution.

The farmer whose land is required for housing or industry must adapt himself.He can move to another place and master the problems peculiar to it; he can change his occupation, perhaps after a period of training; or he can starve to death.A nation, which cannot adapt its trade or defense requirements to meet world conditions, faces economic or military disaster.Nothing is fixed and permanently stable.There must be movement forward, which is progre of a sort, or movement backward, which is decay and deterioration.

In this context (环境), tradition can be a force for good or for evil.As long as it offers a guide, it helps the ignorant and the uninformed to take a step forward and, thereby, to adapt themselves to changed circumstances.Tradition, or custom, can guide the hunter as effectively as it can influence the nervous hoste.But if we make an idol (偶像) of tradition, it ceases (停止) to become a guide and becomes an obstacle lying on the path of change and progre.If we insist on trying to plot the future by the past, we clearly handicap (阻碍) ourselves and invite failure.The better course is to adapt the help which tradition can give but, realizing that it necearily has its roots in the past, to be well aware of its limitations in a changing world.

46.The ability mentioned by the writer is the ability __B___.

A) to work in the changing world

B) to fit oneself to a changing environment

C) to keep a nation’s tradition

D) to live a happy life in the world

47.How is the example of the farmer relevant to the author’s comments on tradition?B

A) The farmer is greatly influenced by tradition.

B) The farmer is mentioned as an example of need for people to be adaptable.

C) The farmer may not have to undergo a period of training.

D) The farmer would rather starve to death than leave his land.

48.In Line 1 of Paragraph 2, ―this context‖ refers to __D__.

A) decay and deteriorationB) movement forward

C) traditionD) a changing world

49.If people make an idol of tradition, __C___.

A) it helps people move forward

B) it becomes a guide

C) it ceases to become a guide

D) it can not influence people

50.The obstacle ―lying on the path of change‖ is __B___.

A) the attitude of accepting tradition as guide only

B) exceive (过度) devotion to tradition without realizing its limitations

C) future events unable to be predicted

D) an exceive desire for change without considering experiences

IV.用适当形式填空

Section A:从“while, when, whereas, as, since”中选择适当的连词填空

51.Their country has plenty of oil, _while__ ours has none.

52.__When__the speaker sat down, the applause (掌声) was terrific.

53._As__ the years paed, he became more and more absorbed in his work.

54._Since__ she entered the school, she has been keeping a diary.

55.She replied, __as_ she took the gift, that she would always cherish (珍爱) it.

56.They got married __while_ still at college.

57._When__ he comes acro a new word in reading, he always look it up in the dictionary.

58._As__ was expected, Tom failed in the math exam.

59.Mary went to church, dreed _as__ she always did in a dark overcoat.

60.__While_ I understand what you said, I can’t agree with you.

Section B:用be动词的适当形式填空,注意数与时态

61.Government __are_(be) believed to differ strikingly from busine in that government _is_ (be)

characterized by its absolute control of power.

62.The new machinery in our factory _was__ (be) introduced from Germany.

63.A series of road accidents _was_ (be) being reported recently.

64.According to a recent report, the species of Giant Pandas _is_ (be) in danger of extinction(灭

绝).

65.The car dealer informed me that a good set of tires _was_ (be) supposed to last at least twenty

thousand miles, which _were__ (be) a long distance.

V.阅读课文Unit 6精读课文,完型填空(单词首次母已给出)

depreives naturally and find ways to recover our true selves.I u sed 67to use my sense ofon the role of cheerleader, morale officer, and head of the Joke Department.It is something we t end 71to do: accept responsibility for doing the impoible, to f ill 72gaping wholes in our souls.

the meds and therapy have kicked in.I can be myself again, though it has been so long that I have forgotten 75what my real self looks like.The search is on.

第17篇:大学英语四级作文题目4

刀豆文秘助手(www.daodoc.com)之2016年大学英语四级

作文题目模板(4)

题目要求:

directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled on volunteering activities.you should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1.越来越多的人从事志愿者工作

2.志愿者工作的社会意义

3.作为大学生,应该怎么做

参考范文:

in recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the chinese people, especially among youngsters.according to a survey, in 2008, there were about 1,700,000 volunteers who offered service for olympic games.actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in china。

volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both those in need and the society.olympic games are a good example.as is known to all, volunteers played an active role in beijing olympic games.without them, it would be a tough task to hold this un-precedent olympic games.therefore, we can say that it was those volunteers who ensured the succe of these games。

as modern college students, we should get actively involved in volunteering activities.by participating, we can learn how to work well in a team, how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability.undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our person growth.so, we should take this chance to learn and to grow.

第18篇:教育学课件4

教育的任何一种社会功能的实现都离不开受教育者个体品质的形成与发展,如果不研究教育与受教育者个体发展的关系,不按这种关系中存在的客观规律组织、开展教育活动,再美好的教育设想也不能变为现实。

第四章

教育与人的发展

教学目标:

1,了解人的发展等概念;

2,理解影响个体发展的各种因素在人的发展中的作用;

3,理解学校教育在个体身心发展中的作用;

4, 懂得学校教育应如何适应并促进学生的身心发展。 教学重点:

人的发展及其规律;全面发展与个性发展;学校教育在个体身心发展中的作用。

第一节

人的发展及其规律

一、人的发展的理论基础

(一)哲学基础

1,人的特性

(1)自然属性

(2)精神属性

(3) 社会属性

2,人的本质

(二)心理学基础

A .智力发展理论

B.道德发展理论 C.认知发展理论

D.人格发展理论

(三)社会学基础

二、人的身心发展及其规律

(一)人的发展的内涵

1,人的发展是个体发展

是个体从生命开始到生命结束的全部人生中,不断发生身心两方面整体的积极的变化过程。在这一过程中,有量的积累,亦有质的变化。教育学对教育与人的发展的研究以青少年时期的发展为主。 2,人的发展是指个体身心的发展

(二)人的身心发展的一般规律

所谓个体身心发展的一般规律是指:

1,不同个体在身心发展过程中所表现出来的共同方面。

2,由人的机体的成熟规律和外部社会发展状态相互作用所决定的,是不以人的意志为转移的。

因此,教师要了解自己的教育对象,合理设计教育活动,以获得最佳教学效果,就必须了解教育对象最基本的规律,遵循并适应这些规律。

情景:儿童在不同阶段的具体发展情况

(1)感知运动阶段(0—2岁)。在这一阶段,儿童主要靠感觉和动作来认识周围世界,适应外部环境,形成了动作图式的认知结构。

(2)前运算阶段(2—7岁)。这个阶段儿童的认知不再依赖于动作,而是以符号为中介,凭借象征性图式在头脑中进行“表象性思维”。

(3)具体运算阶段(7—12岁)。这个阶段儿童的思维具有了“守恒性”和“可逆性”,掌握了群集运算、空间关系、分类与排序等逻辑运算能力。但这种运算离不开具体事物的支持。

(4)形式运算阶段(12—15岁)。这一阶段儿童不再依靠具体的事物来运算,而能对抽象的和表征性的材料进行逻辑运算,依靠假设进行逻辑推理。

(一)身心发展的阶段性

人的身心发展是有阶段性的,每一发展阶段经历着一定的时间,在一段时间内发展主要表现为数量上的变化,经过一段时间发展就由量变到质变,从而使发展推进到一个新阶段。这种阶段以年龄为标定,就有不同年龄阶段的年龄特征(在不同年龄阶段中形成的一般的、典型的、本质的特征)。

根据以上特点,教育既要照顾到学生的现有发展水平,又要向学生不断提出高于其原有水平的要求,抓住“最近发展区”,促进其发展。

最近发展区:

苏联心理学家维果茨基认为为了使教学能真正促进学生的发展,至少应该确定儿童的两种发展水平:已经达到的水平和可能完成的发展水平,介于这两种水平之间的区域称为“最近发展区。” 情景:

儿童的心理发展顺序是:先发展形象思维,后发展抽象逻辑思维;先发展机械记忆,后发展意义记忆;先有高兴、恐惧等一般情感,然后才会有理智感、道德感等。

思考:它符合那条规律?学校应怎样遵循这一规律以促进学生的发展?

(二)身心发展的顺序性

人的身心发展是按照某种固定的顺序开展的。因为人的生理成熟程序由基因控制。生理影响心理。

新生婴儿的身体发展是按照“从头部向下肢”和“从中心部位向全身的边缘方向”进行的。

学校教育必须注意按照人的身心发展的顺序性进行,由浅入深,由简单到复杂,由具体到抽象,由低级到高级,逐步提高教育的要求。

情景:鸡人苏吉特-库玛9岁那年,斐济人苏吉特-库玛被人发现时,他像鸡一啄食,像鸡一样蹲着休息,人说话时,发出“咯咯”的声音。据报道,库玛可能是在6岁到9岁间被关进鸡笼的,在此期间,他几乎没有与人打过交道。

(三)个体身心发展的不均衡性

个体身心发展的不均衡是指:身心发展的速度的不均衡。主要表现在:

1,身心某一方面在不同的年龄阶段的发展是不均衡的。

2,身心不同方面的发展的不平衡性。

个体身心发展的不均衡性,揭示了在个体身心发展的过程中,某些方面的发展存在着“关键期”。 关键期

指个体在发展过程中,形成某方面的能力,达到某种水平的可能性最大的时期。

教育应针对个体身心发展的不均衡性,把握发展的关键期,不失时机地采取有效的教育措施,以便加快个体身心发展的速度,早出人才,快出人才。

情景:

A.同一年龄阶段的儿童在相同方面的发展速度和水平有个别差异。比如:“早慧”、“晚成”等现象。

B.同一年龄阶段的个体在不同的方面存在着差异。比如:兴趣、爱好、性格等

C.性别差异。一般来说,女性比男性成熟的起始年龄要早2—3年,速率高,持续时间短。

(四)个体身心发展的个别差异性

上述现象说明,由于不同的遗传、环境和教育及个体的主观能动性的发挥不同而造成的每个个体的心理发展速度或质量可能不同。从而表现出不同个体的个别差异性特征。

教育如何适应这条规律:应因材施教,长善救失 。 情景:

1964年美国心理学家布卢姆发表《人类特征的稳定性与变化》的研究报告,他认为“个人的智力成熟从出生到4岁发展到40%,4到8岁再发展30%,8岁以后发展剩下的30% ……如果儿童在这非常重要的早期岁月中得不到理智的刺激,他们的学习能量就受到严重的妨碍。”

(五)身心发展的稳定性

指在一定社会和教育条件下,青少年身心发展阶段的顺序、年龄特征和变化速度等大体上是相同的,具有相对的稳定性。

适应该规律要求:

教师要看到学生身心发展的稳定性,它作为施教的出发点和依据 。 情景:

不同的家庭环境具有不同的营养结构,导致儿童身心发展的差异,大量肥胖儿童的出现就是这个原因;另学业负担过重造成部分儿童身体发育的不合乎常规。

(六)身心发展的可变性

可变性是指身心发展的稳定性只是相对的,但在不同的社会条件或教育条件下,同一年龄阶段的青少年,其身心发展的水平可能不一样。

(七)身心发展互补性

该规律反映个体身心发展各组成部分的相互联系。是指机体的某一方 面的机能缺失后,可能通过其他方面的超常发展得到部分补偿。

盲人的嗅觉、触觉、听觉等很灵敏;聋哑人的视觉比较发达。

该规律告诉我们:

生命与发展的可能永远存在,即使机体的某一方面缺失,也没有什么可怕的,只要我们树立信心,一切困难都是可以战胜的。

第二节

影响个体身心发展的主要因素

影响人的身心发展的基本因素主要有:

遗传 环境 教育 个体的主体活动

(一)遗传在人的发展中的作用

遗传,也叫遗传素质。是指从上一代继承下来的生理解剖上的特点,如机体的形态、器官、神经系统的特征等。这些遗传素质是先天的,与生俱来的。

1,遗传素质是人的身心发展的生理基础和前提,提供了发展的可能性。

2,遗传素质的生理成熟程度制约着人的身心发展的过程及其阶段。

3,遗传素质对不同机能发展的影响作用不同,随着机能的复杂度增大而呈递减的趋势。

4,遗传素质在个体发展的不同阶段作用的大小不同,随着个体不断地发展,遗传的作用日益减弱。

5,遗传素质的所带来的素质差异会影响到人的性格的不同特点。 6,遗传素质对人发展影响的大小与其本身是否符常 态有关。 情景:

我国明代文人夏完淳5岁知五经,7岁善诗词,15岁从军,17岁殉国;德国化学家卡尔·威特8岁已能运用六国语言,并通晓数理化学科,9岁考入莱比锡大学,14岁获得博士学位。 遗传决定论:

人的发展是由人的先天遗传素质决定的,人的发展过程也是人的遗传素质成熟、自我发展、自我暴露的过程。 例如:

1,彪勒,奥地利心理学家:“儿童心理的发展过程乃是儿童内部素质向着自己的目的有节奏的运动过程,外界环境在这里只起促进或延缓这个过程的作用,而不能改变这个过程”。

2, 霍尔,美国心理学家:“一两的遗传胜过一吨的教育”。

宋朝王安石写过一篇《伤仲永》的短文,说江西金溪有个名叫伤仲永的少年小时比较聪明,5岁时就能作诗,但由于缺乏良好的生活条件和及时的教育培养,十二三岁时写的诗文已不如从前好了,长到20岁左右,则“泯然众人矣”。

遗传决定论的错误

1、遗传素质只能为人的发展提供可能性,不能决定其现实性。

2、人的遗传素质具有很大的可塑性。

3、遗传素质的个体差异在常态下不是跨越不过的鸿沟。

(二)环境在人的发展中的作用

1,环境是个体发展的资源,为个体的发展提供了可能性与限制。 2,环境对人的影响既取决于环境自身,也取决 于个体的意识发展水平。

3,环境对人的发展的影响,最终取决于个体主观能动性的发挥。 为孩子营造良好的学习环境 安静的环境 和谐的家庭 适宜的温度 适度的光线 固定的学习地方

“孟母三迁”

战国时思想家、教育家孟轲幼年丧父,他家住在墓地附近,孟轲做游戏就学埋死人。他母亲怕对孟轲产生不良影响,就把家搬到集市附近居住。孟轲住在集市旁边,又去学商贩叫卖。孟母感到这也不是教育孩子的环境,又把家迁到学校旁边住,使孟轲从小就学习礼仪。

你怎样看待孟母三迁?

2、环境决定论

人的发展完全是由环境决定的。

环境决定论的错误所在:

把人看成是环境的被动产物,否定了人的主观能动性,能构成人的发展的环境都是人意识到和并与其发生作用的,“存在就是被感知”;不能静态地理解环境。人还可以改造环境、超越环境。

环境对人的影响是不定向的,有正反之分。

(三)个体的主体性在人的发展中的能动作用

所谓个体的主体作用,一般是指作为主体的人,不是消极被动地接受外部的影响,而是能动地反映。 人的主观能动性的理解:

1, 人的主观能动性是指人认识和改造环境和自我的能力。 2, 人的主观能动性是个体发展的动力,在人的发展中表现为人可以有目的地、自觉地发展自身。 3,人的主观能动性从何处来? 个体现有的发展水平

是指个体已经形成的比较稳定的知识、经验、能力、习惯和个性品质等。人们往往就是借助于这些已有的知识和经验再去认识周围的客观事物并选择今后的发展方向。 自我意识与自我教育

(四)教育在个体发展中的作用

教育的个体社会化功能 1,教育促进个体观念的社会化 2,教育促进个体智力与能力社会化 3,教育促进个体职业、身份的社会化 教育的个体个性化功能 1,教育促进人的主体意识的发展 2,教育促进人的个体特征的发展 3,教育促进人的个体价值的实现 1,社会化的含义

社会化就是指个人学习知识、技能、规范,取得社会生活资格,发展个体社会性的过程。它使一个自然人转变成适应一定的社会文化、参与社会生活、承担一定的角色,履行一定责任的社会人的过程。 2,社会化的过程

社会心理学家R·哈维特斯(Havihurst.R)按年龄把人生分为六个阶段,并具体描述了不同年龄阶段社会化的任务: 婴儿期(0-

1、1.5岁) 幼儿期(

1、1.5-

6、7岁) 童年期(

6、7-

11、12岁) 少年期(

12、13-

15、16岁) 青年期(

16、17-

25、30岁) 成年期(

26、31-

55、60岁) 老年期(

55、60-死亡) 3,影响社会化的因素

A、家庭的影响 B.学校的影响 C.同伴群体的影响 D.社区和工作岗位的影响 E.大众传媒的影响 学校教育在个体身心发展中起主导作用

1,具有较强的目的性 2,具有较强的系统性 3,具有较强的选择性 4,具有较强的专门性 5,具有较强的基础性 具体表现:

(一)学校教育规定个体身心发展的方向,对个体的发展起引导作用;

(二)学校教育具有加速个体身心发展的功能;

(三)学校教育,尤其是基础教育对个体发展的影响具有即时的价值,而且具有延时的价值;

(四)学校具有开发个体特殊才能和发展个性的功能。发挥学校教育主导作用的条件

1,社会条件 2,学校教育内部条件 小结:

1,遗传素质是个体发展的物质前提,为个体的身心发展提供可能性;

2,环境(自然环境与社会环境)对个体的发展起一定的制约作用; 3,教育虽然也是一种环境,但它有特别的意义,教育对个体的发展起主导作用;

4,个体的主体性对个体发展起能动作用。

列昂节夫和艾里康宁对不同年龄阶段儿童的主导活动的划分: 1,0—1岁:直接—情绪交往阶段; 2,1—3岁:对象—操作活动阶段; 3,3—7岁:为游戏活动阶段; 4,7—11岁:学习活动阶段; 5,11—15岁:社会公益活动阶段; 6,16—17岁:职业活动阶段 思考:

1,我是一个9岁孩子的家长。在孩子5岁时,我就开始带孩子去各种特长班上课,以培养和开发孩子的智力。可是,近一段时间,孩子拒绝去特长班上课,在学校也拒绝学习任何新东西,而且性格变得孤僻。我想尽了各种办法,他都不肯再学习。我真不知道怎么办,请帮助我。

这位家长望子成龙的努力为什么适得其反?请从教育与人的身心发展关系进行分析。

2,人们常说:“时势造英雄”,“勤奋出天才”,“才需学也,非学无以广才”等。

据说,人脑有多达100亿—150亿个神经元,各种神经元靠它的突起组织跟别的神经元形成无数个连接网络,进行复杂的排列组合。所谓学习,就是凭借着这些神经系统中无数的连接线路才成立的。初步证明,已利用起来的神经细胞,还只有10%——20%。

请从教育与人的身心发展关系进行分析。

3, 孟子曰:“天将降大任于斯人也,必先苦其心志,劳其筋骨,饿其体肤,空乏其身,行拂乱其所为,所以动心忍性,曾益其所不能。”

请分析孟子的话所含的教育意义?

第19篇:新目标八年级上英语unit 4课件

一、teaching material analysis

《新目标英语》的语言教育理念是:知识用于行动,强调“语言应用”,培养“创新、实践、能力”,发展“学习策略”。那么本节课作为unit4的section a,教材以how do you get to school?为中心话题,围绕“traffic way”展开,运用一般现在时。section a与学生的实际密切相关,易于引发学生用英语进行交际交流,完成听说读写的任务活动,我将灵活运用这些活动,将其中的一些活动进行变化或整合。

通过对本课的仔细诊断,把教学策略重点地位在三个教学环节上,即presentation ,practice and production上,将“激发兴趣,激活思维,轻松导入,读后仿说,逐层训练,强化能力,创设情景,迁移知识,实现目标”作为本课的设计导向。

二、teaching aims:

1、技能目标:学生能听懂本课录音;能听懂师生之间就本课内容而展开的一切形式的问答;会和别人展开对话,了解和传递信息;能将本课重难点理解透彻,灵活恰当运用;无大的语言错误;就类似话题创造性地自编对话,掌握比较级的用法。

2、知识目标:take subway train forty ninety hundred minute kilometer

how do you get to school? how long does it take?

3、情感目标:让学生感受到他们学习英语是为了在现实生活进行交流,而不单纯是为了英语课和应付考试而学习;让学生感受到他们是英语学习活动中的主体和中心,以此来激励他们在英语课上积极参与,追求创新,使学生爱学英语,爱说英语,想说口语。

4、学习策略目标:改变传统的死记硬背,积极主动的投入到语言的实践中去,用英语去思考问题,在实践中提高语言的综合使用能力,加深对基础知识的掌握和记忆,学会使用brains storing 。

5、文化意识目标:中外交通规则差异

三、difficult and important points:

how do you get to school? i take the …/ride …/ walk…

how long does it take?

四、teaching method

1 交际法和情景法教学。

2 以学生为中心和任务型教学,并辅助于tpr全身反应教学法及猜谜活动,调动各层次学生的自主能动性。

3 阅读文段的practice方法是:

?表层分析---复述应答:要求学生机械重复文段中的内容,使课文信息再现(是非题,课后问答题,图表填空题等)

?深层剖析---推断应答:要求学生利用信息凭借经验理解读物的“弦外之音”(指导性问题和细节性问题)

整体评价---自由交际:要求学生用所学知识,对新情景进行交际(教师选恰当的与课文相关和有关社会热点topics)

四、teaching tools:卡片、录音机、多媒体

注:

1、课前已分好组,已形成合作竞争探究的教学模式。

2、多媒体辅助:用flash软件将本课所要的动画、录音、图片、文字、图表和音乐制成cai软件,使抽象变得直观,实现生生互动,师生互动,人机互动多向交流。

五、教学步骤:

step 1 复旧引新阶段

学生和老师进行简单的问候

: good morning , teacher.

t: good morning , cla

t: i usually get to school by bike ,but sometimes on foot .how do you get to school?

按实际情况作答

s1: i ride my bike

s2: i take the bus.

s3: ………

t: very good .you’re clever.let’s learn unit 4 section a .之后板书:“unit 4 how do you get to school?”

[新目标八年级上英语unit 4课件]相关文章:

第20篇:关于大学英语多媒体教学课件的设计分析

关于大学英语多媒体教学课件的设计分析

摘 要:现代教学中,越来越多地使用现代化教学手段,尤其是多媒体在教学中扮演着越来越重要的角色。与传统的大学英语教学方法相比,多媒体的优势显而易见。正确合理地运用多媒体课件,将对大学英语教学起到更为重要的作用,而如何设计多媒体课件也成为广大大学英语教师应该探讨的问题。本文从大学英语教学中,多媒体课件的重要作用以及某些教师对多媒体课件设计中存在的问题出发,探讨了大学英语多媒体课件的设计原则。 关键词:大学英语教学 多媒体课件 设计 研究策略

多媒体是现代较常用的教学手段之一,它拥有强大的表现力以及交互性。多媒体课件是以“声、像、图、乐、文”等多种形式来呈现课堂教学内容,形象化、生动化地呈现教学内容。尤其是在大学英语教学中,学生对课堂内容枯燥的反感,使其在课堂上的学习效率降低。教师利用多媒体直接对学生形象、逼真地传授知识,激发学生的兴趣,为课堂教学增添了无穷魅力。

但是,某些教师在进行多媒体课件的设计时,往往会出现一些问题,使多媒体课件的利用价值下降,,达不到良好的教学效果。那么,在设计多媒体课件时,大学英语教育者应该注意哪些细节呢?

一、大学英语教学中多媒体的重要作用 1.完美的视听组合

多媒体课件最主要的特点就是声像组合,学生在课堂中将视觉与听觉同时调动起来,将达到更好的记忆效果。在多媒体课件中穿插了很多的图片、音频,甚至是flash,学生在欣赏图片时,听觉自动将多媒体的音频文件或者是教师的讲解引入脑中,进而从听觉与视觉两方面给学生以信息,给学生深刻印象,激发学生学习英语的兴趣。 2.共享所有学习资源

传统的英语教学中只有基本的教材与参考资料,内容单一而且枯燥。利用多媒体进行英语教学,可以在多媒体中存入大量的学习资料,教学过程中,可以将

这些学习资源有计划性、有组织性、适当地共享给所有学生。比如学生最感兴趣的英语原声电影,既有娱乐性,又锻炼了学生的听力,一举两得。 3.多媒体链接方便

在多媒体光盘中,可以根据学习资料的种类、内容,设立各种文件夹,简单设立的链接,即可以方便的找到所需资料。同时,周密地安排多媒体课件的各个部分,随时进行界面转换。比如,讲解语法时,可以链接到例句上;讲解习题时,可以链接到习题答案上。节省课堂时间,增加学生的信息接受量,提高教学效率。 4.学生参与到课堂教学中

多媒体具有良好的交互性,多媒体课件可以设立很多的对话、讨论,甚至是游戏与角色扮演等等,让学生很好地参与到教学中来,在娱乐中,学习到英语知识,同时锻炼了英语的听说能力,提高学生的英语水平。

二、大学英语教学中多媒体课件设计存在的问题

在大学英语教学中,教师起到主导作用,组织、协调课堂活动;学生起到主体作用,参与课堂活动,主动学习;多媒体课件起到辅助的功能,直观地将教学内容传递给学生;教材则体现了教学的要求以及教学的内容,给课堂教学以指导方向。多媒体课件与教材互为载体,教师有效利用这两者,将知识传授给学生。

但是教师在设计多媒体课件时,常常会出现如下问题。 1.过分依赖多媒体课件,削弱教师的主导作用

在大学英语教学中,某些教师过分地依赖多媒体课件,将所要讲授的内容全部呈现到课件上,甚至将教师口述的语言讲解内容也呈现到课件上,上课完全是“照本宣科”,严重影响了教师在课堂上的主导作用。另外,教师需要随时对多媒体课件的界面进行调整,教师被束缚在电脑前,教师将不再走进学生之间,运用丰富的肢体语言吸引学生的注意力,这严重影响了教师与学生的互动,影响了教师对课活动的组织与协调课堂的作用。

2.限制学生的主动性,减少了学生参与课堂活动的机会。

多媒体课件的一大好处就是有效地鼓励学生参与到课堂教学中来,但是当教师多媒体课件设计不合理时,就会大大限制学生参加课堂活动的能力。学生除了看多媒体课件,不知道还应该干什么,教师把学生需要了解的知识都直接以各种flash或者音频呈现出来,将学生自主进行英语情景对话的练习给忽略,打击了

学生的积极主动性。另外,大量的“图、文、声、像”充斥了整个课堂,多媒体课件界面的快速转换,使学生对知识只有一个接受的过程,而少了思考的过程,认知超负荷,极易产生疲劳感,影响教学效果。 3.教材的中心地位被冲淡,指导作用被忽略

大学的英语教材构成合理,难易程度适中,适合大学英语教师的使用与对教学内容的把握。可是,某些不合理的多媒体课件设计,冲淡了教材的中心地位,大量的信息呈现,体现不了教学目标与重难点。教师往往将学生感兴趣的旁支末节问题放大,虽然活跃了课堂,但也影响了教学效果,学生没有理解英语中的重难点,学生的“听、说、读、写”的综合能力也受到限制。

三、大学英语教学中多媒体课件设计的原则

1.合理运用多媒体课件,突出大学英语教学中的“任务型”特点

在大学教师设计多媒体课件时,应该考虑到教学内容的侧重点,考虑到自身的主导作用,在构建主义理论的指导下,采用双主模式,教师充分发挥疑惑解答者的身份,引导学生积极思考,引领学生进入英语学习中。教师还应该鼓励学生开展一系列活动,实践“听、说、读、写”的综合练习,并且设定有关的具体问题,让学生带着任务学习,提高课堂教学效果。 2.有效提高学生参与课堂的积极主动性

积极创设各种丰富的真实情境,将理论教学融合到情境教学中来,进行语言学习的最终任务---培养学生的交际能力。在此,可以利用多媒体课件对情境进行配乐,使情境更加逼真,培养学生参与到课堂的兴趣,提高学生的积极主动性。另外,还要留下足够的空间进行师生之间的交流,因为大学生的信息量更多、思维更活跃,与教师的交互更能提高课堂教学效果。 3.注重大学英语教材的中心指导地位

合理运用多媒体,科学配备声乐等材料,对教材的内容进行合理组合,精细加工教材信息,突出教材的中心地位,不要偏离教学目标与教学评估。在处理教材信息时,将重难点突出呈现出来,精细化教材,多媒体课件的编排上尽量体现学习的策略思想。结合学生的工作记忆容量,注意学生的认知负荷量,减少额外信息的介入,对重难点内容用重点线画出,或者利用多媒体的大小声功能进行重点引导,但是,这些的基础都是以大学英语教材为基础,保证教材对多媒体课件

的指导作用。 结束语

了解多每一课件的设计原则及相关设计策略,将有利于广大教育者完善对多媒体课件设计的合理性,更有利于课堂教学,达到良好的教学效果。但是,教育者们要充分认识到,多媒体只是大学英语教学的辅助手段,语言学习实践,才是大学英语学习的本质。教师在利用多媒体课件讲解教学重难点之后,还应该注重学生的心理发展,有效抓住学生的心理特点,培养学生自主学习能力,激发学生学习兴趣,这样才能使大学英语教学走向自主化、现代化之路。 参考文献

[1] 雷鹏飞,束学军.大学英语多媒体教学课件的设计原则[J],学术界(月刊),2010,(11)

[2] 韩风.浅析大学英语教学中多媒体课件的使用[J],中国科技博览,2010,(07)

[3] 张明.浅析多媒体课件在大学英语课堂教学中的重要作用[J],和田师范专科学校学报(汉文综合版),2008,(03)

[4] 甘小亚.多媒体辅助大学英语教学中的问题及对策[J],湖北广播电视大学学报,2006,(09)

[5] 刘婷婷.谈多媒体在大学英语教学中的运用[J],时代教育(教育教学版),2009,(08)

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