英语介绍信范文兼翻译

推荐第1篇：英语介绍信带翻译

英语介绍信带翻译

随着社会不断地进步，需要使用介绍信的'情况越来越多，介绍信在介绍联系接洽事宜中具有介绍、证明的双重作用。怎么写介绍信才能避免踩雷呢？以下是小编精心整理的英语介绍信带翻译，欢迎大家分享。

Dear mr./ ms.,

this is to introduce mr.frank jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in london from april 5 to mid april on business.

we shall appreciate any help you can give mr.jones and will always be happy to reciprocate.

yours faithfully,

yang ning

尊敬的先生/小姐，

现向您推荐我们的市场专家弗兰克·琼斯先生。他将因公务在四月15日到四月中旬期间停留伦敦。

我们将非常感谢您向琼斯先生提供的任何帮助，并非常高兴施以回报。

您诚挚的

杨宁

推荐第2篇：英语自我介绍信加翻译

自我介绍是向别人展示你自己的一个重要手段，自我介绍好不好，甚至直接关系到你给别人的第一印象的好坏及以后交往的顺利与否。本文是小编为大家整理的英语自我介绍信加翻译，仅供参考。

英语自我介绍信加翻译篇一：

I\'m Jia Wenwen, on bayi street primary school, in cla 4, grade 3, this year ten years old, my hobby is very broad, such as drawing, reading, dancing, and so on

I love dreaming, love fantasy is a girl.Sometimes desk at home, or lying in bed, flying mind wandering, want to some strange things.A fantasy I flew to Paris in France, and to see Versailles; Soon fantasized oneself fly to Egypt, to see the pyramids; Then fancies himself to the marianas trench, to explore the mystery of the endle sea

I was a love reading girl, often reading a book over and over again, on my desk there is a small cabinet, full of, especially insects, trees mother\'s tears, blue rabbit ears gra and so on.This is me, a love fantasy, love dream girl you would like to make friends with me?

我叫贾文雯，在八一街小学上，在4年级3班，今年十岁，我的爱好很广泛，如画画、读书、跳舞等等

我是一个爱做梦、爱幻想的女孩。有时会在家里的桌子前，或躺在床上，任思绪飞翔，想些稀奇古怪的事情。一会儿幻想自己飞到法国巴黎，去欣赏凡尔赛宫;一会儿幻想自己飞到埃及，去看看金字塔;一会儿又幻想自己游到马里亚纳海沟，去探索海底无尽的奥秘

我还是个爱读书的女孩，经常反复读一本书，我的桌子上有一个小柜子，都满了，尤其是昆虫记、大树妈妈的泪水、蓝色兔耳朵草等等。

这就是我，一个爱幻想、爱做梦的女孩你们愿意跟我做朋友吗?

英语自我介绍信加翻译篇二：

Everybody is good! I\'m Ren Zijia, I this year ten years old, then I will introduce myself.

I had a big, round head, like a big ball, big round head and a pair of watery big eyes, just like a black grapes.I now more and more fat, mom booked a plan for me, morning and noon can eat more, can\'t eat in the afternoon.Although I\'m a little fat, but start to as fast as an arrow.

I like to eat candy.When mom buy a candy bar, even if the fairy to also don\'t want to stop me.I also like playing computer games.But now my friends are myopic, dad set a paword on the computer.It\'s very disappointing.In addition, I also like small animals.But no space to keep small animals at home.I had to catch a little covers an area of bird to raise.Every day I fed it act as hosts to many insect pests.

This is me, do you want to make friends with me?

大家好!我叫任子甲，我今年10岁了，接下来我就自我介绍一下。

我长着一个又大又圆的头，就好像一个大皮球，圆圆的大头上长着一双水汪汪的大眼睛，就如同一个黑葡萄。我现在越来越胖，妈妈给我订了一个计划，早晨和中午可以多吃饭，下午不可以多吃。虽然我有点胖，但是走起路来像飞箭一样快。

我喜欢吃糖块。每当妈妈买来糖块时，就算神仙来了也别想拦住我。我还喜欢玩电脑游戏。可是现在我的朋友都近视了，爸爸在电脑上设了密码。真是太扫兴了。除此之外，我还很喜欢小动物。可是家里没有空地来养小动物。我只好捉了一只不大占地的小鸟来养。每天我捉来好多害虫来喂它。

这就是我，你们愿意和我做朋友吗?

英语自我介绍信加翻译篇三：

There is a little girl, a little mouth, the eyes like cherry, long eyebrows, and gue who is that? Yes, I -- -- -- Wu Wenre, a good little girl.

I have a position in cla is also a man - captains.I do little affectations who is special pipe cla, a someone do little tricks, I have to hold at the meeting that a few \"mice\".

Once in cla, there are a few was seen by me \"little mouse\" doing little tricks, I cough at first, but that a few \'little mouse didn\'t hear, I didn\'t also the way.

For a while, keeps ringing, the cla that a few naughty little mouse ran out of the claroom immediately, I will follow up.

Teachers in school is not allowed to play with toy, I saw the \"mouse\" playing mini car, I went up to receive his small car, to the teacher.I\'m glad! Help teachers get rid of a \"mouse\".

This is me!!!!!!!

有一个小女孩，小小的嘴巴，樱桃般的眼睛，细又长的眉毛，猜猜那是谁?没错，就是我---吴文若，一个优秀的小女孩。

我在班级也是一个有地位的人——大队长。我是专门管上课做小动作的人，一有人做小动作，我便会上去管住那几只“小老鼠”。

有一次在上课的时候，有几只“小老鼠”被我看见了在做小动作，我便先咳嗽一声，可那几只‘小老鼠’没听见，我也没办法。

一会儿，丁零零下课声响了，那几只淘气的小老鼠立马跑出了教室，我便跟了上去。

老师是不允许在学校玩玩具的，我看见那“小老鼠”在玩迷你小赛车，我走了上去收了他的小赛车，给了老师。真高兴啊!帮老师摆脱了一是“小老鼠”。

这就是我!

推荐第3篇：二、英语介绍信

(letter of introduction)

（一）英语介绍信的定义和类型

1.介绍信的定义

通过对某人的情况介绍让收信人对被介绍人有一定的了解，并使他们相互认识，从而解决被介绍人的一些实际问题，这样的英语书信就是介绍信。

2.介绍信的类型

（1）正式介绍信（formal letter introduction）

正式介绍信一般是写信人因为公事将自己本单位本部门的某人或业务关系人介绍给某单位或某个人，从而处理一些同公务有关的事宜或进行业务接洽。这种介绍信格式要求规范、严谨，语气比较正式、庄重。

（2）非正式介绍信（informal letter of introduction）

这是一种个人与个人之间交流的介绍信，用以介绍朋友相互认识，介绍某人前往办理事务，或有什么事请朋友帮忙，等等。这种介绍信一般从词语的选用到行文都较随意。

（二）介绍信的内容和写作注意事项

1.介绍信的内容

（1）被介绍人的基本情况

不管由于公事还是由于私事，介绍信应首先介绍前去联系的人的基本情况。所谓基本情况主要包括被介绍人的姓名、职务、与写信人的关系等。

（2）介绍的原因和目的

向收信人说明被介绍人前往是为了开展什么工作，办理什么事情，需要收信人给予哪些具体帮助或照顾等。

（3）表示谢意

预先对对方可能给予的帮助或照顾表示感谢。

2.介绍信写作的注意事项

介绍信写作的格式同一般书信大致相同，但一般不必写信头和信内地址，而只在右上角处注明写信的时间即可。

介绍信在选词上要客气，请求他人帮忙不可用命令的口吻。一定要预先在文中向收信人表示感谢，做到不失礼节。

介绍信篇幅无需太长，文字要简洁，语言要流畅。

【 例 文 】

正式介绍信

a formal letter of introduction

to whom it may concern,

this is to introduce to you mr.gao, the bearer of this letter, who is the head of the overseas inspection group sent by qinghua university.we should be highly gratified if you would be kind enough to provide them with guidance and conveniences when they visit your company.

respectfully yours,

zhao,

director of guangmin co.ltd

非正式的介绍信

an informal letter of introduction

dear profeor tao,

li ming, one of my students, is going to the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia for his graduate study on august 23th ,and i am giving him this note of introduction to you.i think perhaps you will enjoy seeing him.

best regards，

johnson

推荐第4篇：介绍信英语作文

oct.22,2013 dear general manager, i have attended the electronic products fair held in new york, us, which lasted for one week. there is another thing that needs mentioning.our customers hope that we may provide top-quality after-sales service. sincerely yours, david wang sales manager篇二：英语作文介绍信模版 dear tom， the house is located in the croing of the north street with a bedroom and a living room .it is on the second floor and covers an area of 70㎡.the shining point of this house is that il has enough furnitures and is opposite to the south .at there not only can you go to the gym to do physical exercise , but also can go shopping gladly by convenient traffic .the rent is 4500 yuan a month.if you want to know more about the house , please call 15382649512. i sincerely hope that the information i offered will be beneficial for you . yours, lihua.篇三：英文介绍信范文

英文介绍信格式 1 文体介绍

正式介绍信是写信人因公务把自己的同事或业务关系介绍给某单位或某个人。 这种介绍信言和格式比较规范、严谨， 内容一般包括以下几个方面：

（1）简单地介绍一下被介绍人的身份和情况。

（2）说明事由，并要求对方对被介绍人提供某种帮助。

（3）对对方的帮助预先表示感谢。

（4）如果是熟悉的业务往来或老的工作关系，也可以附带询问一下工作上的近况和向对方致以问候。

（5）介绍信一般篇幅不长，前三个方面的内容常常可以放在一个段落里。 2 实用范例

（1）subject: introduction dear mr./ ms., this is to introduce mr.frank jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in london from april 5 to mid april on busine. we shall appreciate any help you can give mr.jones and will always be happy to reciprocate. yours faithfully, yang ning 尊敬的先生/小姐，

现向您推荐我们的市场专家弗兰克·琼斯先生。他将因公务在四月15日到四月中旬期间停留伦敦。

我们将非常感谢您向琼斯先生提供的任何帮助，并非常高兴施以回报。 您诚挚的

杨宁

(2)subject: introduction dear mr./ ms, we shall be most grateful if you will introduce him to reliable manufacturers and give him any help or advice he may need. yours faithfully, yang ning 尊敬的先生/小姐， 我们非常高兴向您介绍我们纺织部的进口经理王有先生。王先生将在你市度过三周，他要与主要的生产厂家拓展商务并为下一季度采购装饰织品。 如能介绍他给可靠的生产厂家，向他提供所需的任何帮助或建议，我们将不胜感谢。

您诚挚的, 杨宁篇五：英文推荐信范文 dear sir: sincerely yours, chung weikuo research fellow and profeor the institute of european and american studies 第二部分、对该推荐信的分析您觉得这封推荐信怎样呢？如果这是一封为秘书介绍新工作的推荐信，那还可以接受；不过对于申请研究生院来讲，就似乎不太够力度了。首先，这封推荐信犯的一个大忌就是不够明确。从信中我们只看到推荐人很努力地用了一大堆形容词，试着告诉入学评审委员，这个申请人“很聪明”、“很热心”、“很有潜力”、“很有分析能力”云云，相关的例证却付之厥如；接著，这封信又未能指出这个申请者这些特质与将来的研究领域有何相关，只说在这个申请人的帮助下，他可以专心于研究工作，言下之意似乎就是告诉对方这个申请者是个很好的秘书，而非一个有前景的研究生。 其实，只要多用一点心思，换个观察角度，单纯、琐碎的助理工作一样可以表现出这名申请者在研究生院相关方面的能力。比方说，推荐人不妨强调他之所以雇用这个人为研究助理，是因为这个助理以前曾做过与他目前的研究领域相关的报告，表现出申请者在这个研究领域已经具备的基础知识和研究潜力。

推荐第5篇：英语作文介绍信

dear general manager, i have attended the electronic products fair held in new york, us, which lasted for one week. there is another thing that needs mentioning.our customers hope that we may provide top-quality after-sales service. sincerely yours, david wang sales manager篇二：英语作文介绍信模版 dear tom， the house is located in the croing of the north street with a bedroom and a living room .it is on the second floor and covers an area of 70㎡.the shining point of this house is that il has enough furnitures and is opposite to the south .at there not only can you go to the gym to do physical exercise , but also can go shopping gladly by convenient traffic .the rent is 4500 yuan a month.if you want to know more about the house , please call 15382649512. i sincerely hope that the information i offered will be beneficial for you . yours, lihua.篇三：英文推荐信范文 dear sir: sincerely yours, chung weikuo research fellow and profeor the institute of european and american studies 第二部分、对该推荐信的分析您觉得这封推荐信怎样呢？如果这是一封为秘书介绍新工作的推荐信，那还可以接受；不过对于申请研究生院来讲，就似乎不太够力度了。首先，这封推荐信犯的一个大忌就是不够明确。从信中我们只看到推荐人很努力地用了一大堆形容词，试着告诉入学评审委员，这个申请人“很聪明”、“很热心”、“很有潜力”、“很有分析能力”云云，相关的例证却付之厥如；接著，这封信又未能指出这个申请者这些特质与将来的研究领域有何相关，只说在这个申请人的帮助下，他可以专心于研究工作，言下之意似乎就是告诉对方这个申请者是个很好的秘书，而非一个有前景的研究生。

其实，只要多用一点心思，换个观察角度，单纯、琐碎的助理工作一样可以表现出这名申请者在研究生院相关方面的能力。比方说，推荐人不妨强调他之所以雇用这个人为研究助理，是因为这个助理以前曾做过与他目前的研究领域相关的报告，表现出申请者在这个研究领域已经具备的基础知识和研究潜力。

推荐第6篇：介绍信英语怎么说

介绍信英语怎么说

介绍信英语怎么说

letter of introduction

letter of recommendation

介绍信常用英语词汇：

introduce 介绍

interview 面谈

allow 允许

references 证明书；介绍信

介绍信常用英语句型：

A letter of introduction will ensure you an interview.

一封介绍信可确保你得到一次面谈。

The hardest thing is writing a recommendation for someone we know.

最难的事情，是为一个认识的人写介绍信。

Do you have any references?

你有介绍信吗？

A good face is a letter of recommendation.

漂亮的面孔就是最好的介绍信。

Please allow me to introduce one of my best friends to you.

请允许我向您推荐我最好的朋友。

I take pleasure in introducing to you the bearer Mr.Li.

很高兴能向您介绍这封信的持有者李先生。

英文介绍信范文示例：

Introduction

Dear XXX,

This is to introduce Mr.Frank Jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in London from April 5 to mid April on busine.

We shall appreciate any help you can give Mr.Jones and will always be happy to reciprocate.

Yours faithfully,

Johnny

尊敬的先生/女士，

现向您推荐我们的市场专家弗兰克•琼斯先生。他将因公务在四月五日到四月中旬期间在伦敦停留。 我们将非常感谢您向琼斯先生提供的任何帮助，并非常愿意回报您的帮助。

您诚挚的

约翰尼

原文来自 必克英语

推荐第7篇：英语的介绍信

有的时候，我们是需要用英语去写相关的介绍信的。下面是小编推荐给大家的英语的介绍信模板，希望大家有所收获。

英语的介绍信模板一

Dear Sir/Madam:

As a teacher at xxxx school, I am writing to provide you a recommendation for Mi/Mr.xx so as to help you ae her/his application for acceptance into your program and consideration for financial aid.Considered a promising student with originality and sophistication in her/his thinking, (she/he was asked, in the spring semester of 2008, to develop a subsystem of a DBMS project for her B.S.thesis, for which I was the chief leader.T

his subsystem was designed to manage the information of materials in NO.1 Foundry Plant of Dongfeng Auto Works.To do the job, she/he read many books about software engineering and took some courses in Database Principles and Management.Keenly aware that the design of a DBMS decides the quality of the whole software system, she did her/his utmost from the beginning of the project.)(参加过什么活动).From analyzing users requirements to designing the whole system, from the detailed designing to the final programming, she was very level-headed and full of innovation every step of the way.Taking full advantage of her ability and creativity, she firmly focused herself on her objective and gnored all distractions.She succefully reached her goal.In the final software testing, only a few bugs were found in her subsystem.My appreciation of her talelent was thus confirmed.Mi is a very personable woman, friendly and helpful, and she has always been a team player in her work.

I would greatly appreciate it if you could give her application for candidacy to your Ph.D.program favorable consideration.Should you need any further information in your deliberation, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely xxxx

亲爱的先生/女士：

在XXXX学校的一名老师，我写信给你提供一个推荐的小姐/先生以帮助您评估她接受到你的程序中，考虑他的申请金融援助。

是在她/他的思维的独创性和复杂性很有前途的学生，（她/他问，在2008春季学期制定她的b.s.thesis，子系统DBMS的项目，我的主要领导人。T

他的子系统是为了管理东风汽车厂第一铸造厂的材料信息而设计的。为了完成这项工作，她阅读了许多软件工程书籍，并学习了一些数据库原理和管理课程。清醒地认识到，一个数据库管理系统的设计决定了整个软件系统的质量，她/他从一开始的项目最大。）（参加过什么活动）。从分析用户需求到设计整个系统，从详细设计到最终程序设计，她每一步都是头脑清醒、充满创新的。充分利用自己的能力和创造力，她坚定地专注自己的目标，忽视所有的干扰。她成功地达到了她的目标。在最后的软件测试中，在她的子系统中只发现了几个错误。我对她talelent升值从而证实。小姐是一个很漂亮的女人，友好和乐于助人，她一直在她的工作团队中的一员。

如果你能给她申请博士学位的话，我将不胜感激。如果您需要进一步的资料，请及时与我联系。

真诚的XXXX

英语的介绍信模板二

Dear Admiion Committee:

Mi Pan Bei requested a letter of recommendation from me to support her application for graduate program at your university.As her teacher, I am pleased to comply with her request.I first got to know Mi Pan when she enrolled at university and I was the aistant director of her cla at that time.Being a profeor for several years, I noticed that due to the lack of self-learning ability, it is really challenging for students, even those performing excellent in senior school, to keep up with the college speed.However, as a diligent girl without any solid background in Computer Science before college, she adapted quickly to the especially competitive environment in our department.At the end of the first year, she earned the 5th rank in her cla, while ranking 1st among the girls.I was fairly impreed by her self-learning technique and exceptional efforts.Hence, I believe, goal-oriented, not afraid of inchoatene and with persistence, she has the quality to make achievements.

What distinguished her among her clamates, I think, was that she went far beyond acquiring excellent scores in the exams and instead got her range of knowledge enlarged.In spring, 2006, Mi Pan took the course I taught named Algebraic Structures and Combinatorial Mathematics.This inquisitive and aiduous young woman was sometimes the last to leave after my cla, raising novel questions related to the subject.I found that she understood the knowledge in depth and detail.Furthermore, I still remember during the spring vocation in May, due to the break-down of my mail box, I mied her mails to discuing some questions.But the following week during the course time, she asked me directly.Her zeal for knowledge and the spirit to explore answers really leave me a deep impreion.Finally, she was among the few students who got almost full marks in every test in cla which showed her exceeding grasp of every chapter.Thus, I gave her 98/100 for the excellent performance in my course.

In summary, I have every reason to believe that Mi.Pan will make outstanding performance at your university as a graduate.I would appreciate greatly if you give her a favorable consideration.Please feel free to contact me directly if more aistance is needed.Faithfully yours,

Wanling Qu, Profeor

Department of Computer Science and technology Peking University

亲爱的招生委员会：

Pan Bei小姐要求我提供一封推荐信，以支持她申请贵校的研究生课程。作为她的老师，我很乐意遵从她的要求。

我第一次认识潘小姐是在她上大学的时候，那时我是她班的副主任。作为一名教授，我注意到，由于缺乏自学能力，对学生，甚至是那些表现优异的高中生来说，跟上大学的速度是很有挑战性的。然而，作为一个勤奋的女孩，在大学之前没有扎实的计算机背景，她很快就适应了我们部门竞争激烈的环境。在第一学年结束时，她在班上名列第五，在女生中名列第一。她的自学技术和非凡的努力给我留下了深刻的印象。因此，我相信，目标导向，不害怕不成熟的和坚持，她一直以质量取得成就。

我认为她的同班同学之所以与众不同，是因为她不仅取得了考试中的优异成绩，而且扩大了自己的知识范围。2006岁的春天，潘小姐参加了我教的课程，名为代数结构和组合数学。这个求知欲强、勤奋的年轻女子有时是我班最后一个离开的人，提出了与这个问题有关的新问题。我发现她对知识的理解非常深入和细致。此外，我还记得在五月的春季假期，由于邮箱的中断，我错过了讨论一些问题的邮件。但在接下来的一个星期里，她直接问了我。她对知识的热情和探索答案的精神确实给我留下了深刻的印象。最后，她是班上每一次测验中几乎全部满分的少数学生之一，显示出她对每一章的理解力。因此，我给了她98/100英镑，因为我的课程成绩优异。

总之，我完全有理由相信那个小姐。潘将作为一名毕业生在贵校取得优异的成绩。如果你给她一个有利的考虑，我将不胜感激。如果需要更多的帮助，请直接与我联系。敬上，

万菱曲，教授

北京大学计算机科学与技术系

推荐第8篇：英语作文介绍信

Oct.22,2013

Dear General Manager,

I have attended the electronic products fair held in New York, US, which lasted for one week.

Our company arranged three stands and our products are very popular among the customers.Five American companies have signed sales contract with us.We are sure that our products will enjoy a good prospect in the American market.

There is another thing that needs mentioning.Our customers hope that we may provide top-quality after-sales service.

Sincerely yours,David WangSales Manager

推荐第9篇：英语介绍信证明

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

Date：

This is to certify that the sir called, who born in, is‘s employee form.He has been ainof.He is agreed to hold the paport for private tofor machine debugging by our campany since，anditill a member of our campany during this period.Name:National ID No.

Date of Birth：

The leader’s signature：Date:Tel:

CACHET HERE

推荐第10篇：翻译英语

With an elevation of more than 2000 meters, Lily bulbs, planted by cooperatives,is found in Er’yin mountains of Guan mountain, which is the provenance belonged to Lan Zhou reserve and in the east of Yong Jing county, Gan Su province.Owing to the unique geography in Guan mountains, the period of Lily growth is five years, therefore, all the products here are characterized by white color luscious taste,and full petals.Lily contains so much nutritional goodne such as amylum, proteide, fattine, sweets, calcium, phosphorus,iron, colchicin and other alkaloids.Besides, the dietary property and the officinal value of this flower are extremely high.This flower could also bring the positive effects:antipyretic, antidotal, moistening lung, improving looks, relieving cough and reducing sputum, calming the nerve.Lily has been the superb cuisine among commons as well as in the state banquet from the ancient times; known as “the superb in cuisine, the panax in dishes”, Lily is the first for junketing and presenting.

第11篇：考研英语介绍信作文

距离最后的考试只有近两个月的时间，最后的冲刺序幕正式拉开。英语复习到这个阶段，最重要的就是作文。要想在最后的考试成绩中脱颖而出，现阶段就必须要把精力放在分值占在30分的写作上。

考研英语中大作文的要求是内容切题、表达清楚、文字连贯、句式多变和语言规范。小作文考察点在信息点的覆盖、语言的准确性、文章组织的连贯性上。

其中小作文占10分，分为求职信、祝贺信、道歉信、询问信、推荐信、感谢信、邀请信、辞职信等等二十多种应用文。每个类别都有相对固定的语言模式，都有固定词语要求。

介绍信是社交书信中较常用的，一般是向收信人介绍第三者并希望得到他的支持、帮助或者照顾。根据介绍人、被介绍人与收信人之间的关系以及介绍的目的，可以分为普通社交介绍信和公务介绍信两种。

公务介绍信往往比较正式，有一定的规律可循。介绍信一般都包括：第一部分详细叙述被介绍人的情况，如姓名、年龄、学历等；第二部分说明情由，即被介绍人此行的目的；第三部分写明被介绍人希望得到哪方面的帮助并向收信人致谢。

写作\"三步曲\"

说明被介绍人的身份→提出希望收信人做的事情→像收信人表示感谢或者表示希望能合作愉快。

注意：

语言上介绍信应措辞礼貌得体，对被介绍人的说明应简洁明了、重点突出。

范文解析：

Directions: Your close friend in college, Li Ming, is going to pursue his postgraduate study in the foreign university where you studied before.

Write a letter of no le than 100 words to your former teacher Profeor Smith to introduce Li Ming\'s characters and so on, expreing your hope for help from Prof.Smith.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use \"Wang Hua\" instead.Do not write the addre.

Dear Prof.Smith,

I take great pleasure in introducing to you Mr.Li Ming, my clamate and best friend.

He is going to pursue his studies as a postgraduate in your university after his graduation here.We\'ve lived and studied together for almost four years.No friend deserves so much love and respect as he does.His performance in the school years was outstanding.In addition, he has a very pleasant personality and staying with him is always pleasant.

Will you please give him some guidance regarding the postgraduate entrance examination? If it is convenient, could you introduce him to the future tutor? It would be appreciated if you can give him some help.

Yours truly,

Wang Hua

第12篇：1996年12月北美听力文字兼翻译

96 年12 月(NA) TOEFL 听力文字

Part A

1. I\'m sure glad that today\'s physics cla\'s over, what did you think of the lecture? 1。我很高兴,今天的物理课上完了,你觉得刚才的课怎么样? I was lost, I couldn\'t follow a word Prof.Smith said. 我迷失了, 史密斯教授说的我一个字也听不懂。 What does the man mean?

2. So I told Jane you\'d get back to her before you got the concert tickets. 2。所以我告诉简。在你拿到音乐会的票之前你会回来的。 Ok, I\'ll give her a call as soon as I finish my sociology paper.

好吧,我一旦我完成我的社会学论文就马上给她打个电话。 What will the man probably do first?

3. Excuse me, do you mind if I borrow that newspaper for a little bit? 3。对不起,你介意我借那份报纸的几张看看吗？ I\'m sorry, but it doesn\'t belong to me. 我很抱歉,但它不属于我的。 What does the woman imply?

4. 1 hope I\'ll be able to find Fred\'s sister at the bus station, all I know is that she\'s got brown hair and blue eyes.

4。我希望在公交车站我能找到弗雷德的妹妹, 我所知道的是,她的头发是褐色的, 眼睛是蓝色的。

I could go with you, I met her a couple of years ago.

我可以和你一起去,我两年前遇见了过。 What does the man imply about Fred\'s sister?

5. There must be some mistake, I didn\'t order the baked flounder. 5。肯定是弄错了,我没有点烤比目鱼。

I\'m so sorry, that\'s right, you have the crab cakes. I\'ll take care of it right away. 我很抱歉,你吃了蟹肉蛋糕。我将立刻处理的。 What can be inferred about the woman?

6. I haven\'t seen you at the student center all week, have you been sick? 6。我一个星期都在学生中心没见到你,你病了吗? I\'ve been overwhelmed with my history paper. 历史论文让我不知所措。 What does the man mean?

7. I can give you a ride, I\'m going home this weekend anyway.

Thanks, but let me give you some money for gas.

7。我可以载你一程, 反正我周末回家。

谢谢,但是让我给你一些钱买汽油吧。 What does the man want to do?

8. We thought we\'d all go out for lunch today. Can you be ready to leave at one o\'clock. 8。我们今天准备出去吃午饭。你一点钟能准备好离开吗？

I have to pick up my car and do a couple of errands. I\'ll just come straight to the restaurant.

我得开车去做几件差事。到时直接去餐厅。 What will the woman do?

9. Are your allergies acting up again? I thought your doctor gave you medication for that last week..

9。你又过敏了吗? 我以为上周医生给你治疗药物了。

He did, but so far, it isn\'t helping much. I\'m going to have to go back to try to get it changed.

是的,但到目前为止,作用不大。我要试图换药了。 What will the woman probably do?

10. Could I poibly get a copy of your most recent catalog? 10。我可不可以得到一份您的最新目录吗? I\'m sorry, but we are all out right now, If you give me your name and addre, I make sure you\'ll get one when some new ones come in.

我很抱歉,但是我们都现在出去了,如果你给我你的名字和地址,我保证你会得到一个当一些新东西进来。

What will the man probably do?

男人可能会做什么? 11. Have you seen the new pottery Lisa\'s made for the student\'s exhibition? 11。你有没有看见新的陶器丽莎使得学生的展览? Know, she really outdid herself this time. 知道,她真的超越自己这一次。 What does the woman imply? 女人意味着什么呢? 12. Could you turn down your stereo a bit, I really can\'t concentrate on my book. 12。你可以关掉音响有点,我真的不能专注于我的书。 Why didn\'t you just say so? 你为什么不就这么说? What can be inferred about the man? 我们可以推断出人类如何? 13. 1 can\'t believe we have another lab report due so soon. Dr.Rodgers must think that we don\'t have any other claes. 13。1不相信我们有另一个实验室报告将这么快。罗杰斯必须博士认为,我们没有任何其他的类。

I know just what you mean, I\'ll be really preed to get it done.

我明白你的意思,我真的会非常压地完成它。 What does the man mean? 男士的意思是什么呢? 14. Those modern sculptures over there are really weird, don\'t you think? 14。这些现代雕塑的那边是很奇怪的,你不觉得吗? I couldn\'t stand them either at first, but now I rather like them. 我不能忍受它们要么在第一,但现在我非常喜欢它们。 What does the woman imply?

女人意味着什么呢? 15. I need to do something to improve my spoken Italian as quickly as poible. 15。我需要做些事情来提高自己的口语尽快意大利。 Doesn\'t the community college offer something?

没有社区学院提供一些东西吗? What does the man suggest the woman do? 男人如何建议女人做什么? 16. What, you are going to the hairdreers again? seems like you just had a haircut. 16。什么,你都要去理发店了吗?你似乎只是剪头发了。 You kidding, it\'s been over a month. 你在开玩笑,这是一个多月。 What does the woman mean? 那个女人说什么? 17. You can\'t even see the people\'s faces in these pictures. It\'s strange, I\'m sure there was enough light in the room.

17。你甚至无法看到人民面临的这些照片。奇怪的是,我确信有足够的房间光线。

You know what, I bet you were using films for outdoor pictures. You need film for taking pictures indoors.

你知道,我敢打赌你正在使用电影户外拍照。你需要胶卷在室内拍照。 What does the woman mean? 那个女人说什么? 18. Look at the delicious sandwiches, John\'s really going all out this time. 18。看看美味的三明治,约翰真正发生的一切了。 Just wait until you see the deert. 要耐心等待,直到你看到甜点。 What does the man imply?

这个男士暗示什么? 19. Did you have to do anything special to use the rare book collection. 19。你必须执行任何特殊使用稀有的藏书。

I just had to tell them a day ahead of time what I needed. 我刚刚告诉他们提前一天我所需要的。 What did the woman probably do? 女人做什么可能吗? 20. 1 didn\'t catch what Prof.Burke said about calculators. 20。1没有听懂教授伯克表示对计算器。

Well, she said we\'ll be doing a lot about statistics in the cla, so they should really come in handy.

她还说,我们将会做很多关于统计数据的类,所以他们应该真的派上用场。 What does the woman mean?

那个女人说什么? 21. 1 haven\'t seen George all day. 21。1还没有看到乔治一整天。

Have you checked the lab, I wouldn\'t be surprised if he slept there. 你已经检查过实验室,我不会感到惊讶,他睡在那里。 What does the woman imply about

女人意味着什么呢

22. The coat you tried on was really nice, and reasonably priced. 22。这件外套你试穿确实不错,价格合理。

I\'d bought it right away if they had had it in my size. 我马上买下了它,如果他们它一直就在我的尺寸。 What can be inferred about the woman?

可以推断出什么对这个女人吗? 23. Saturday my husband and I are going to visit his mother, how about you? 23。星期六我丈夫和我都要去看他的母亲,你呢? I\'m going to fix some loose shutters on my house, now that the weather is a little warmer. What does the woman mean?

我要去解决一些松散的百叶窗在我的房子,现在的天气暖和一些。那个女人说什么? 24. I\'m trying to talk Jane out of studying abroad next semester. 24。我试图说服简从下学期出国留学。

That\'s a lost cause, You know Jane when she has her heart on something. 这是一个失败的事业,你知道…她的心的事情上。 What does the woman mean?

那个女人说什么? 25. I\'m really not interested in seeing that film. 25。我真的没兴趣看那部电影。 But it1 has won so many awards. 但it1已经赢得了如此多的奖项。 What does the woman imply? 女人意味着什么呢? 26. I thought the doctor said you should stay off your foot until the swelling goes down. 26。我认为医生说你应该远离你的脚,直到肿胀下降。

She did. It just makes me uncomfortable to ask my friend to wait on me all the time. 她做的。它只是让我不舒服,问我的朋友来等着我所有的时间。 What does the man mean? 男士的意思是什么呢? 27. I came in here to get something from my briefcase, now I forgot what I wanted. 27。我在这里得到一些来自我的公文包,现在我忘记了我想要的是什么。 You were going to show me a newspaper article. 你要给我看报纸上的一篇文章。

What does the woman imply?

女人意味着什么呢? 28. The washing machine in our apartment is more than seventeen years old, and it worked just fine until last night.

28。洗衣机在我们的公寓是超过17岁,并且效果很好,直到昨天晚上。

You\'ll never be able to get parts for it. It might be time to invest in a more recent model. 你永远无法部分恢复它。可能是时候来投资于最近的一个模型。 What does the woman imply about the washing machine?

女人意味着什么洗衣机? 29. I saw you coming out of Prof Yang\'s office this morning, were you asking for more time to finish your project.

29。我看见你走出杨教授的办公室今天上午,你要求更多时间来完成您的项目。

No, I just had to get his signature to take an upper level seminar. I haven\'t taken the introductory course.

没有,我只是让他签名采取一个高层研讨会。我没有花介绍性课程。 Why does the man speak to the profeor?

这个男的为什么说那个教授吗? 30. Now if you have any questions concerning this agreement, I\'ll be happy to try to answer them.

30。现在,如果你有任何问题关于这个协议,我很乐意尽力回答。

Nothing comes to my mind right now, but I\'d like to read it through once more before signing.

没什么东西是在我看来现在,但我想读完它再次签约之前。 What is the woman doing?

那女人在做什么? Part B B部分

31*34 Two students in a campus dining hall 31 * 34两个学生在校园食堂

A: I haven\'t seen you here for a couple of weeks. Have you stop eating or something? 答:我没有看到你在这里一两个星期。你停止进食或类似的东西? * No. Does it look as I\'ve stopped eating? I\'ve been spending a lot of time in the library. *没有。它是否看起来像我不再吃吗?我花很多时间在图书馆里。 A: Working on a paper? 答:工作上的一篇论文吗? * I wish I were working on A paper. I was working on three different papers: anthropology, English lit, and history.

*我希望我是工作上的一篇论文。我是工作在三个不同的论文:人类学、英国文学和历史。 A: Wow. That is a lot of work. 哇。这是很多的工作。

* Yeah. And what\'s frustrating is that I\'m studying 19 century British Empire in all three claes. But I can\'t write a single paper for all the three.

*是的。和什么是沮丧的是,我正在学习19世纪英国帝国在所有三个类。但我不能写一个纸所有三种。

A:Why not?

答:为什么不呢? * The profeors won\'t let me. Even if I make it three times as long as the suggested length.

*教授们不让我。即使我使它的三倍长建议长度。

A: Oh. That\'s too bad. Could you write your paper on three aspects of one topic? 哦。那太糟了。你能写你的论文在三个方面的一个主题? * MM.What do you mean? Do you have something in mind?

*嗯，你什么意思?你有什么建议吗? A: Well, let\'s see. Maybe you could do something with Romanticism, like —write you anthropology paper on a cultural basis of Romanticism; and your history paper on the influence of the Romantic poets on the British foreign policy; and—OK— and your English paper on analysis of some Romantic poems.

嗯,让我们看看。也许你可以做一些对浪漫主义,就像你-write人类学论文在浪漫主义的文化基础;你的历史论文的影响浪漫主义诗人在英国外交政策;and-OK——和你的英语论文在分析一些浪漫的诗。

* Hey. That\'s not a bad idea. I\'ve already started the research for one of my papers. So 1 can use that. what can I do to repay you?

*嘿。这不是一个坏主意。我已经开始了我的一篇论文的研究。因此,1可以使用这些。我能做些什么来报答你? A: You want wrap up my chemist lab for me? A:你想结束我的化学家实验室给我吗? * Td love to. But I\'ve never taken chemistry. So I\'m not sure you like the results. * Td爱。但我从来没有化学。所以我不知道你喜欢这个结果。

A:Oh, well. No thanks neceary then. Have a good weekend. And try to get out of the library and get some sleep. You have big circles under your eyes,

哦,好吧。不,谢谢必要进行。有一个愉快的周末。并试图走出图书馆,睡上一会儿。你有一个大圈,在你眼睛下面

* OK. I\'ll try. See you later. *好。我试试看。待会儿见。

31. What has the man been busy doing all week? 31。什么人忙了整整一周? 32. What does the woman suggest the man do to make his work easier? 32。什么女士建议男士做,让工作变得轻松吗? 33. Why does the woman mention Romanticism? 33。这个女的为什么提到浪漫主义吗? 34. Why doesn\'t the woman want any help from the man? 34。为什么没有女人想要的任何帮助的人吗?

35-38 Two friends on the beach. 35-38海滩上的两个朋友。

A: Hi! Mitchell. Look what I\'ve just found. Right here in the sand.

嗨!米切尔。看看我刚发现。这里的沙子。

* A piece of wood? Oh, drift wood. Interesting shape. Almost like some sort of modern sculpture.

*一块木头?哦,漂流木。有趣的形状。几乎像某种形式的现代雕塑。 A: Yeah. And feel how smooth it is. 答:是的。和感觉它是怎么光滑。

* MM.Must’ve been in the water a long time. It could\'ve been drifting in the ocean currents for months or even years.

*毫米。必须已经在水里很长时间。它可能是在洋流漂流数月甚至数年。 A: In the currents? Doesn\'t the wind just blowing things around out there? 答:在水流中吗?风吹不只是周围的事物出现了吗? * Well, sure. But the currents are always moving too. Almost like rivers.

*哦,当然。但洋流也总在运动。几乎像河流。 But underwater rivers flowing through the ocean. 但是水下河流经大海。

A: So how do they find out where these currents go? Stick a meage in a bottle and throw it in the water?

答:所以他们如何找出这些电流去吗?坚持一个消息在瓶子里扔在水里吗? * Don\'t laugh. In fact, I was reading in the Science magazine that oceanographers have released huge numbers of bottles into the ocean over the years. They want to map out where the currents will carry them.

*别笑。事实上,我正在阅读在《科学》杂志,海洋学家已经释放大量的瓶子放入海洋多年来。他们想在地图上标出将携带的电流。

A: Say. I\'ll bet after they\'ve found out where all these bottles ended up, they could enter all that data into a computer and make a pretty detailed model to show where these currents go.

答:说。我敢打赌,他们已经找到后,所有这些瓶子最终,他们可以输入所有数据放入一个计算机和创建一个非常详细的模型来证明这些水流走。

* In fact they did. And they also found they a neat way to test the model, there was a freighter carrying sneakers from a factory in Asia. It was caught in a big storm and thousands of pairs of sneakers got dumped into the Pacific Ocean.

事实上,他们做了。* * * *他们还发现他们一种简洁的方式来测试模型,有一艘货轮运载运动鞋工厂在亚洲。是夹在一场大风暴和成千上万的双运动鞋扔进了太平洋。 A: Really? What a waste.

答:真的吗?真是一种浪费。

* Yeah. Turns out though that hundreds of these shoes started washing up on beaches somewhere hear Seattle. Just about where the computer models have predicted the currents would carry them.

*是的。结果虽然,成百上千的这些鞋开始冲上了海滩某处听到西雅图。差不多达到计算机模型预测的电流将携带他们的。

A: Gee. You mean all that stuff I\'ve found on the beaches might be part of some big scientific

天啊。你的意思是说所有的这些东西我海滩上发现的可能是一些大型科学的一部分

experiment? I thought it was all just trash. 实验吗?我认为它的一切都只是垃圾。 35 What are the speakers mainly discu? 35谈话人主要讨论吗? 36. What did the man find on the beach?

36。什么人发现在海滩上? 37. According to the magazine article, what did scientists put into the ocean? 37。根据该杂志的文章中,科学家们把什么入大海? 38. What can be inferred from the story about the sneakers?

38。我们可以推断出故事的运动鞋? Part C C部

39-43 Talk by a resident advisor in a dormitory for the first year students.

39-43谈话的居民顾问在一间宿舍,在第一年的学生。

I need to make sure you understand how to get housing for next year. When you entered as first year student this year, the school aigned you to a dorm and a roommate. But next year as returning students, you\'ll choose both your roommate and your dorm. But whether or not you actually get to live in your first choice depends on what number you or your roommate draws in the lottery system. The system gives priority to the students who have been here the longest. Fourth year students get the first block of numbers, third years get the second block and second years, like you\'ll be, get the third. The lower the number you draw, the sooner you choose. No. one gets the first choice, No. two gets the second choice, and so on. You can use either your own or your intended roommate\'s number to make your room choice. If your roommate for next year has been in the school longer than you have, they\'ll be in a better block of numbers and so will have a better number than any second year student. But most of you will probably be rooming with other second year students and so neither of you may have a great number. You may not get into your first or even second choice. Of course, if you\'ve made plans to live off campus, you don\'t need to enter the lottery at all. Dorm space will be especially tight this year because the dorms on north campus will be closed for renovations. This means that those of you who draw the worst numbers won\'t be able to get dorm housing at all. In that case the housing office will help you find off campus housing.

我需要确保你知道如何让明年的住房。当你成为了今年第一年的学生,学校将你指派到宿舍和一个室友。但明年回归的学生,那么你会选择你的室友都和你的宿舍。但是你是否真的开始住在你的第一选择取决于你或你的室友数量吸引了彩票系统。该系统为主的学生在这里已经最长的。第四年学生获得第一块数字,第三年获得第二个块和第二年,就像你会,获得第三。你画的数字越低,你就越有选择。没有。一个得到的第一选择,没有。两个获得第二选择,等等。你可以用自己的或你想室友的编号,以使你的房间的选择。如果你的室友为明年一直在学校的时间比你有,他们就会在一个更好的块的数据将有一个更好的数字比第二年的学生。但你们中的大多数人可能会住在其他二年级学生,所以你们谁都可能有一个伟大的号码。你可能不会得到你在第一甚至第二选择。当然,如果你已经计划了校园生活,你不需要输入在彩票所有。宿舍的空间将会相当紧密,今年由于宿舍在北校区将关闭进行翻修。这意味着那些画最糟糕的数字不可能把宿舍住房所有。在这种情况下房地产办公室将帮助你找到校外住房。

39. What aspect of the student housing does the talk mainly focus on?

39。学生的哪些方面房价是否讨论主要集中在吗? 40. Why do the students attending the meeting need the information that is given? 40。为什么学生参加会议需要的信息,由于? 41. What determines which group a student is placed in to choose housing for the next year?

41。是什么决定了哪一组学生被放置在选择住房对明年? 42. Who is not expected to participate in the housing lottery? 42。他预计不会参与住房彩票吗? 43. What special problem will affect housing next year? 43。什么特殊的问题将会影响到住房明年?

44-46 Lecture in a zoology cla.

在动物44-46讲座课。

Before I tell you about the interesting discovery related to the tyrannosaurus rex, I need to review something we studied last semester: the difference between what we commonly called cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals. In warm-blooded animals, birds and mammals for examples, the body temperature normally stays within a narrow range no matter what the outside temperature is. As a result, a warm-blooded animal is usually active in both cold and hot weather because the body temperature can adjust to the temperature as in the environment. On the other hand, cold-blooded animals, such as most reptiles, amphibians and insects, are unable to create enough heat internally to raise their temperature above the temperature of the environment. So, for example, the temperature of a cold-blooded animal falls when the environment is cool. I hope this extension is clear. Now moving on to the tyrannosaurus rex, you may know that dinosaurs being reptiles are generally believed to have been cold-blooded. Well, a recent research study has found that a chemical composition of the bone of the tyrannosaurus rex was consistent with the bone of the animal that has a very narrow range of the internal temperature, indicating that it was probably warm-blooded.

在我告诉你关于这个有趣的发现与雷克斯暴龙,我需要回顾一下我们所研究的东西上学期:之间的区别,我们通常称为冷血和温血动物。在温血动物,鸟类和哺乳动物的例子,体温通常得在较窄的范围内不管外面的温度是什么。因此,一个活跃的温血动物通常是在两个冷、热的天气,因为身体温度可以适应的环境温度。另一方面,冷血动物,如大部分爬行动物、两栖动物和昆虫,无法创造足够的热量来提高他们的内部温度高于环境的温度。所以,例如,温度的冷血动物的时候恰逢环境是很酷的。我希望这个扩展是清楚的。现在转向了雷克斯暴龙,你可能知道恐龙被爬行动物一般被认为是冷血的。嗯,最近一项研究表明,一种化学成分的骨头暴龙是符合动物的骨头,有一个非常狭窄的范围的内部温度,这表明它可能是温血动物。

44. What is the mainly topic of the lecture? 44。什么是主要的主题讲座吗? 45. What is likely to happen to cold-blooded animals when the weather is cold?

45。可能发生什么冷血动物当天气很冷吗? 46. Why does the speaker discuses tyrannosaurus rex? 46。为什么演讲者探讨霸王龙?

47-50 A guest speaker being introduced to a local busine group. 47-50客座被介绍给一个当地的商业组织。

Thank you all for coming out this evening to meet sociologist Allen Lambert. Ms.Lambert specializes in research on work place and recently has been writing about the future of work. This topic should have been of special interest since I know many of you are already at the forefront of the work place technology. For example, let\'s have a show of hands to see how many people here telecommute at least part of the time. Mm, I see eight hands raised. Well, you eight folks who work at home and communicate with the office by the computer represent one of the trends Ms.Lambert has described. The people are becoming le tied to the work place. One of the important tools for telecommuting is electronic mail or email. Email let you send and receive meages almost immediately on your computer.

感谢大家的光临今晚来满足社会学家艾伦•兰伯特。兰伯特女士专门从事研究工作的地方和最近一直在写关于未来的工作。这个主题特别感兴趣的应该是自从我知道你们中的许多人已经在工作场所的前沿技术。例如,让我们有一个举手表决时,看多少人在这里至少部分的远程办公时间。Mm,我看见八举手。嗯,你在家里工作的八人并与之通信办公室的电脑代表的趋势之一兰伯特女士描述了。人们正变得越来越不绑定到工作的地方。一个重要的工具对远程办公是电子邮件或电子邮件。电子邮件让您发送和接收消息几乎立即在你的电脑上。

But you control when you read them and when you respond to them. This technology allows people to have more control over time than one relying solely on the telephone. Our guest tonight will discu how these important changes will alter the way we work. But before turning the floor over to Ms.Lambert, I would just like to remind you that she will be available to answer any individual questions at the reception immediately following the talk.

但当你阅读你控制他们,而当你回应他们。这种技术可以让人们有更多的控制时间比仅仅依靠一个电话。我们的客人今晚将讨论这些重要的变化将改变我们的工作方法。但是在把地板到兰伯特女士,我只是想提醒你,她将可用来回答任何具体问题在招待会上紧跟在说话。

47. What will the topic of Allen Lambert\'s talk be?

47。什么会的主题是艾伦•兰伯特的谈话吗? 48. Why does the speaker ask the people to raise their hands? 48。诗人为何问人举起手来好吗? 49. What does telecommuting involve? 49。远程办公涉及什么? 50. What is one effect of the electronic mail? 50。什么是一个影响的电子邮件吗?

第13篇：英语课文翻译

英语课文翻译 第一单元

一场关于男人是否比女人勇敢的激烈的讨论以一个意外的方式。

晚宴

我最初听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像实有其事似的——尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之后不久就出现在一本杂志上。但登在杂志上的那篇故事, 以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。故事发生在印度。某殖民官员和他的夫人举行盛行的晚宴。跟他们一起就座的客人有——军官和他人的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家——筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯；屋顶明椽裸露；宽大的玻璃门外便是阳台。席间，一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻的女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则不以为然。“女人一遇到危急情况，”少校说，反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。”那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。在座的客人中，除了那位美国人以外论证也没有注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的阳台上。那个美国人突然醒悟过来。在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思——引蛇的诱饵。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子——那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方——但那上面空荡荡的。室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着下一道菜。这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了餐桌下面。他首先想到的是往后一跳，并向其他人发警告。但他知道这样会引起骚乱，致使眼镜索受惊咬人。于是他很快讲了一通话，其语气非常威严，竟使所有的人安静了下来。我想了解一下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力，我数三百下——也就五分钟——你们谁都不许动一动。动者将罚款五十卢比。准备好！”在他数数的过程中，那20个人像一尊尊石雕一样端坐在那儿。当他数到“„„280„„”时，突然从眼然处看到那条眼镜蛇钻了出来，向那碗牛奶爬去。在他跳起来把通往阳台的门全都砰砰地牢牢关上时，室内响起了一片尖叫声。“你刚才说得很对，少校！”男主人大声说。一个男子刚刚为我们显示了从容不迫、镇定自若的范例。”“且慢”，那位美国人一边说着一边转向女主人。温兹太太，你怎么知道那条眼镜蛇是在屋子里呢？”女主人的脸上闪现出一丝淡淡的微笑，回答说：“因为它当时正从我的脚背上爬过去。 第二单元

杰斐逊很久以前就死了，但是我们仍然对他的一些思想很感兴趣,杰斐逊的箴言, 布鲁斯.布利文、托马斯.杰斐逊美国第三任总统，也许不像乔治.华盛顿和亚伯拉罕.林肯那样著名，但大多数人至少记得有关他的一件事实：《独立宣言》是他起草的。

虽然杰斐逊生活在二百多年以前，但我们今天仍可以从他身上学到很多东西。他的许多思想对当代青年特别有意义。下面就是他讲过和写到过的一些观点：

自己去看。杰斐逊认为，一个自由的人除了从书本中获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识；亲自做调查是很重要的。当他还年轻的时候，他就被任命为一个委员会的成员，去调查詹姆斯河南部支流的水深是否可以通行大型船只。委员会的其他成员都坐在州议会大厦内，研究有关这一问题的文件，而杰斐逊却跳进一只独木舟去做现场观测。

你可以向任何人学习。按出身及其所受的教育，杰斐逊均属于最高的社会阶层。 然而很少跟出身卑贱的人说话的年代，在那个贵人们除了发号施令以外。杰斐逊却想尽办法跟园丁、仆人和侍者交谈。有一次杰斐逊曾这样对法国贵族拉斐特说：你必须像我那样到平民百性的家里去，看看他们的烧饭锅，吃吃他们的面包。只要你肯这样做，你就会发现老百姓为什么会不满意，你就会理解正在威胁着法国的革命。”

自已作判断。未经过认真的思考，杰斐逊绝不接受别人的意见。“不要相信它或拒绝它。”他在给侄子的信中写道，“因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西。上帝赐予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。那你就运用它吧。

杰斐逊觉得人民是“完全可以依赖的，应该让它们听到一切真实和虚伪的东西，然后作出正确的判断。倘使让我来决定，我们是应该有一个政府而不要报纸呢，还是应该有报纸而不要政府，我会豪不犹豫地选择后者。”做你认为是正确的事。在一个自由的国家里总会有各种相互冲突的思想，而这正是力量的源泉。使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。虽然有好多年杰斐逊一直受到激烈的批评，但他从不回答那些批评他的人。他在想写给一位朋友的信中表达他自己的观点：“每个问题都有两面。如果你坚持站在一面，根据它有效地采取行动，那么，站在另一面的那些人当然会对你的行动怨恨不满。”相信未来，相信青年。杰斐逊认为，绝不可以用那些已经无用的习俗来束缚住“现在”的手脚。“没有哪个社会，”他说，“可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至连一条永远适用的法律也制订不出来。地球是属于活着的一代的。他不害怕新的思想，也不害怕未来。“有多少痛苦，”他评论说，“是有一些从未发生的灾难引起的啊！我期待的是最好的东西，而不是最坏的东西。我满怀希望地驾驶着自已的航船，我满怀希望地驾驶着自已的航船，而把恐惧抛在后面。”杰斐逊的勇气和理想主义是以知识为基础的。他懂得的东西也许比同时代的任何人都要多。在农业、考古学和医学方面他都是专家。在人人普遍采用农作物轮作和土壤保持的作法以前一个世纪，他就这样做了。他还发明了一种比当时任何一种都好的耕犁。他影响了整个美国的建筑业，他还不断地制造出各种器械的装置，使日常生活中需要做的许多工作变得更加容易。在杰斐逊的众多才能中，有一种是最主要的：他首先是一位优秀的、不知疲倦的作家。他的全集，目前正在第一次出版的，将超过五十卷。他作为一个作家的才能很快便被发现了，所以，当1776年在费城要撰写《独立宣言》的时刻来到时，这一任务便落在了他的肩上。数以百万计的人们读到他写的下列词句都激动不已：我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的；一切人生来就是平等的„„”杰斐逊在1826年7月4日与世长辞，正值美国独立五十周年纪念日之际，他给他的同胞留下了一份丰富的思想遗产和众多的榜样。托马斯 杰斐逊对美国的教育事业作出了巨大的贡献，他认为，只有受过教育的人民组成的国家才能保持自由。 第三单元

进入大学之前，尽力去攒一些钱。作者申请了一个教书职业。但是面试变得越来越糟。我的第一份工作, 在我等着进大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一张广告，说是在伦敦某郊区有所学样要招聘一名教师.离我住处大约十英里, 我因为手头很拮据，同时也想干点有用的事，于是便提出了申请，在提出申请的同时我也担心，自己一无学位，二无教学经验，得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的。然而，三天之后，却来了一封信，叫我到克罗伊顿去面试。这上路去那儿原来还真麻烦：先乘火车到克罗伊顿车站，再乘十分钟公共汽车，然后还要步行至少四分之一英里。结果，我在六月一个炎热的上午到了那儿，因为心情非常沮丧，竟不感到紧张了。学校是一座装着大窗户了红砖房子。前庭园是个铺着砾的正方形：四个角上各有一丛冬青灌木，它们经受着从繁忙的大街一吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。开门的显然是校长本人。他又矮又胖，留着沙色的小胡子，前额上布满皱纹，头发差不多已经秃光。他带着一种吃惊的、不以为然的神态看着我，就像一位上校看着一名没系好靴带的二等兵一样。“哦，”他咕哝着说。“你最好到里面来。”那狭窄的，不见阳光的走廊里散发出一股腐烂的卷心菜味，闻上去很不舒服；墙 上墨迹斑斑，显行很脏，周围一片静寂。他的书房，从地毯上的面包屑来判断，也是他的餐室。“你最好坐下，”他说，接着便问了我许多问题：为了得到普通学校证书我学过哪些课程；我多大岁数了；我会玩些什么游戏；问到这里他突然用他那双充满血丝的眼睛盯住我，问我是否认为游戏是儿童教育的一个极为重要的组成部分。我含含糊糊地说了些不必太重视游戏之类的话。他咕哝了几句。我说了错话。我和校长显然没有多少共同语言。他说，学校只有一个班，二十四名男生，年龄从七岁到十三风不等，除了美术课他亲自教以外，其余所有的课程都得由我来教。星期三和星期六的下午要到一英里以外的公园去踢足球、打板球。整个教学计划把我吓坏了。我得把全班学生分成三个组，按三种不同的程度轮流给他们上课；想到要教代数和几何这两门我在读书时学得极差的科目，我感到很害怕。更糟糕的也许是星期六下午打板球的安排，因为这时候我的朋友大都会在悠闲地自得其乐。我羞羞答答地问，“我的薪水是多少？”“每周十二镑外加中饭。”还没等我来得及提出异议，他已经站了起来。“好了，”他说，“你最好见见我的妻子。她才是这所学校真正的主管人。”我再也无法忍受了。我当时很年轻，想到将在一个女人手下干活，就觉得是最大的侮辱 第四单元

我的父亲是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的亲密朋友。做为一个腼腆的年轻的来访者来到爱因斯坦的家里时，我感到舒适，因为爱因斯坦说，\"我有东西要给你看。\"他走到他的桌前返回来时带着一个游游。他试图给我看它是怎样工作的但他没有办法让它的线绕回去。当该我来玩时，我展示我的一点技巧并向他指出绕得不正确的线使这个玩具失去了平衡。爱因斯坦点头，并对我的技术与知识留下了印象。后来，我买了一个新的游游做为圣诞节礼物寄给教授，我收到一首答谢诗。

做为一个小孩和做为一个成人，我一直都想了解身为名人的爱因斯坦。他是我认识的所有的这样的人中的一个，他承认他自身的有限性并与他周围的世界和平相处。他知道他想要的是什么并且他想要的仅仅是这个：

理解在他做为一个人的限度之内宇宙的特性和在它的作用中的逻辑与简单性。他知道在他的智力所能达到的地方之外有答案。但这不能使他沮丧。他要尽自己的可能来努力。

在我们的23年的友谊里，我从未看到他显示出嫉妒、空虚、痛苦、生气、怨恨，或者个人的野心。他显得不受这些强烈情绪的影响。他超越了一切虚荣。虽然他与这个世界上最著名的人们中的一些人通信，但他的信笺只有一个水印的符号——W——是伍尔沃思连锁店的标记。

做工作时他只需要一只铅笔和一张纸。物质的事情对于他意味着什么也不存在。我从不知道他带钱因为他从不用钱。他信奉朴素，如此之深以至于他仅仅使用安全剃须刀沾水剃胡须。当我建议他试用剃须膏时，他说，\"这把剃须刀与水一起就可以了。\" \"但教授，你为什么不试一次这种膏呢？\"我争辩道。\"它使递须更平滑更少疼痛。\" 他耸耸肩。最后，我送给他一管递须膏。第二天早晨当他下楼来吃早餐时，他正因为一个新的大的发现而快乐。\"你知道，那膏真正有效，\"他宣布说。\"它没有扯胡须。感觉很棒。\"于是，他每天早晨使用这种递须膏直到这管用空为止。然后他又恢复使用平常的水。 爱因斯坦是一位纯粹而完全的理论家。他对于自己的思想与理论的实际运用一点儿兴趣也没有。他的E=mc(c平方)恰是历史上最为著名的方程式——爱因斯坦也不会走到街上来看看反应堆制造原子能。他由于自己的光电学理论赢得了诺贝尔奖，在这个理论中有他在重要性上相互考虑得更少的一系列方程式，但他没有任何好奇心去观察他的理论如何使电视成为可能。

我的兄弟曾经送给教授一个玩具鸟，这只鸟站在一碗水的边缘并重复地将头浸入水中。爱因斯坦高兴地注视它，试图找出操作的原理。但他不能做到。

第二天早晨他宣布，\"在我上床前我考虑那只鸟比较长的时间，我想它是这样工作的......\"他开始了一次长的解释。然后他停住了，领悟到他的理论中有一个缺陷。\"不，我猜想不会是这样，\"他说。他推断各种理论达几天直到我建议我们将玩具拆开看看它是怎样工作的。他的迅速的不赞成的表情告诉我他不同意这种实践方法。他从没有说清这个原理。 另一个让爱因斯坦困惑的是他的名声。他已经创造了如此深奥并让少数相关的科学家兴奋的理论。但他的名字在文明世界家喻户晓。\"我有好的主意，其他人也有，\"他曾经说。\"但它是我的幸运因为我的观点被接受了。\"他让自己的名声弄糊涂了：人们想要见他；陌生人在街上凝视他；科学家，政治家，学生，和家庭妇女写信给他。他从不能理解为什么他得到了这种关注，为什么他就像某种特别的事物一样突出。 第六单元

一名外科大夫的成功之道- 一位著名的外科大夫告诉说，在他的经历中自信是重要的。 作者：诺兰博士

一名医生是怎样看待他成为一名外科大夫那一刻的？当我做为一名住院医生的岁月即将结束时我不止一次地这样问自己。

这个答案，我判断，是自信。当你能对自己说，\"没有外科病人我不能熟练治疗，就像其他外科大夫治疗的一样好甚至比他们还要好\"——那么，一直到这时候，你才确实是一名外科大夫。我正在期待着这一刻。

例如，我们几乎每天夜晚都要遇到紧急状态。这一年开头的几个月我害怕电话铃声响起。我知道它意味着另一次批评的机会被制造。经常，当我告诉瓦特或劳瑞在一个特殊的情形下做什么之后，我很难再入睡了。我回想这件事的全部事实，不是少有的，想知道我是否已经做了一个糟糕的决定。不止一次在凌晨2点至3点，我醒着躺在床上一个小时，就起床，穿上衣服并驱车到医院看望我的病人。这是我能够找到的让心灵平静并松驰下来的惟一途径。 现在，在我的住院实习的最后一个月，睡觉不再是一个问题。依然有我不能确定我的决定是否正确的情形，但我已经了解到一名外科大夫存在的经常的问题，他从来不能够完全能解决——并且我能够与它同在。于是，我做出了一个深思熟虑的决定，我不再想这事。回想将是无助的并且我知道凭我的知识与能力，我所做出的决定是正确的。这是一种很不错的感觉。 在手术室里，我通常是自信的。我知道我有知识、技术，和在以往实践中遭遇到的紧急情形的把握能力。没有更多的紧张当我切开一个腹部或一个胸腔时。我知道即使这个病例不能够预见前进中的问题，但我能够把握住我发现的什么。我出的汗流过戳伤的肺、刺穿的胃和粉碎性骨折的我的部分。我已经流汗淌过这些部位有5年了。我不需要出更多的汗。 现在我也不害怕出错。当我结束实习期后我知道自己不可避免地要出一次又一次错，并且为不需要做手术的人做了手术或者忽视了某人的这种情形。5年前——甚至一年前——我还不能够单独地为自己判断上出现的错误负责任。现在我能够。我仍然害怕出错——我会尽量做得好一些以避免它——但我知道它们是一名外科大夫生命中的一部分。我能够镇静地接受这个事实因为我知道我是不能够避免错误的，别的外科大夫也难以避免。 这些话听起来挺自负的并且我猜它是如此——但一个外科大夫需要良好的自我感觉。他需要它鼓励他在努力的这一刻当他困惑于医疗过程中常有的怀疑与不确定时。他不得不感觉他与世界上其他所有的外科大夫一样好甚至还要强。称之为自负——称它为自信；无论它是什么，我拥用它 第九单元

究竟什么是智力？

阿西莫夫解释，为什么智力低些的反而能在智力测验时取得高分。 作者：艾萨克·阿西莫夫

究竟什么是智力？当我在军队里时我遇到一种所有士兵参加的能力测试，对应通常的100分，会给160分。基地里还没有人看到那样一种数字并且两个小时时间他们让我造成不必要的紧张（这不意味着任何事情。第二天做为我的最高的职位我仍然是一名厨房值勤的列兵。） 在我的一生中，我一直在登记着那样的分数，以至于我产生了自满的感觉我是高智商的，并且我期待其他人也是这样认为。实际上，虽然如此的分数并不简单地表明我在回答那种典型的学术性问题时是很好的，这些问题被那些设计智力测验的人们认为值得回答——那些人的智力与我的近似？ 例如，我曾经有一名汽车修理工，我估计他在这些智力测验方面是不可能有高过80的分数。我总是据此以为我是比他聪明得多的。但是，我的汽车出了任何问题时我总是赶紧让他来维修，当他检查汽车的零部件时我烦恼地看着他，听着他的似乎是圣言的判断——并且他总能修好我的汽车。

于是，就建议我的汽车修理工为一个智力测验设计问题。或者建议一位木匠这么做，或者一位农民，或者其他人，的确，除了院士以外的所有人。通过这些测验中的每一个证明，我自己是一个低能者。并且我已经是一名低能者。在一个我不能使用我所受的学院训练和我的口才但不得不用我的双手来做复杂或粗糙的工作的世界里，我会做得很糟糕。所以，我的智力不是绝对的。它的价值被我所生活的这个社会所决定。它的数字价值被这个社会的已经设计了它的一小部分人所决定并将其强加于做为如此事情的公断人的我们中的其他部分。 再次考虑到我的汽车修理工。他有一个无论什么时候都告诉我笑话的习惯。有一次他从车头盖下面抬起头来说：\"博士，一位聋哑小伙子走进硬件仓库要些钉子。他将两根手指头一起放在柜台上并用另一只手做锤的动作。这个伙计给他一把锤子。他摇头并指着他正在锤的两根手指头。这位伙计带给他钉子。他挑出他想要的尺寸的，离开了。好，博士，第二个进来的小伙子是瞎子。他想要剪刀。你建议他怎样要求它们？\" 我举起我的右手并用前面的两根手指头做剪的动作。随后我的汽车修理工开心地笑了并说，\"为什么，你真蠢，他用他的声音来要求剪刀。\"接着他沾沾自喜地说，\"我今天已经在我所有的顾客身上试了。\"\"你套住了多少？\"我问。\"相当少，\"他说，\"但我确信地知道我套住了你。\"\"为什么呢？\"我问。\"因为你是如此受了教育，博士，我知道你是不可能很聪明的。\" 因此我有一种不舒服的感觉因为他说的有些道理。

第14篇：英语课文翻译

课文1翻译

美国不像我们以前想象的那样，招人喜欢；在国际社会上形象很差。这很大程度上是由我们自己国家的交流媒介造成的。在过去的十年中，我感觉这种情况日益明显。这些年，我游历多个国家，诸如： „„, 所到之处，我都能在电视的任何频道观看到ＣＮＮ新闻，美国影视节目。对此我感到十分惊讶。

世界各地的观众都可以看到好莱坞制作的几乎每一部匪片、贫民窟犯罪片。影片描绘各色形象：富有而过分放纵奢靡的美国生活方式，以及平民窟的暴力犯罪、吸毒、卖淫嫖娼等等。

除此以外， CNN滚动播报，更新各类新闻：牧师奸淫、美国安然公司对金融的操控、白宫/国会的最新丑闻、对竞选中非法募捐的指控、校园暴力、乡村吸毒问题、佛罗里达州总统选举选票重复计票的政治指控。 凡此种种负面新闻就像在本地（美国国内）得以滚动播报一样，在海外也得以滚动重复播报。

我们无法从（上述）种种现象中找到真正的美国形象---我们想要其他国家的人民所了解的美国。传媒没有能够凸显出我们所珍惜的美国价值观---诸如：宗教、言论自由，扶贫济困的慈善行为、政府行为的公开化。

一群巴西妈妈们对由普通美国民众生活反映出来的美国形象的曲解给我留下深刻印象。她们原准备把孩子送到印第安纳州一所中学进行交流学习项目，但是，她们担心孩子们（在美）的安全，还担心孩子们会受毒品的影响/接触到毒品/ 沾上毒品。

海外留学生也证实了这个国家所传达的信息中有这种扭曲的形象。学生们跟我谈到他们害怕来这里(指美国)，谈到他们的家长担心他们的安全。那他们是从哪里感知到美国国内生活的呢？当然是电视 ---一种日益唾手可得的媒介工具，以及日益增多的媒体受众可以轻易得到的卫星新闻和成功销售海外的美国电视节目。

千万不要误解我的意思。新闻媒体的自由和各类资讯及政府文书的开放是使得我国完善执法、司法、政治、及政府系统的两个根本原因。问题是：新闻媒介反复把我们的社会问题传播给国际受众，而他们对媒体传播方式又缺乏了解。如果没有一个参照框架，不了解什么是我们认为的娱乐，什么是事实，不了解新闻在一个开放社会里报道的方式，只通过新闻媒介、电视节目来传播美国的生活并使之形象化将会导致人们对美国生活的误解多过了解。

那么，我们对新闻媒体是疏还是堵？要通过娱乐业投射出什么样的特殊信息？问题的答案在于我们如何平衡我们的传播交流，对其加以改变以增进人们对所接受信息的了解。美国政府、媒介成员、影视行业以及旅居国外的美国人必须携手共同承担责任。在此我对其各自分担的角色提出以下建议：

政府的角色： 华盛顿政府应该也必须负起领导责任，对我们，作为一个国家，对外应投射出什么样的形象进行监控，告诫国民、决策者应该采取什么步骤来建立国际社会对美国价值观的了解

娱乐行业的角色：应鼓励他们发展其自身的行业政策，并担负起责任。在对海外销售、发行电影、电视节目时，为海外观众建立一个他们所缺乏的参照，让他们了解什么是虚幻的，什么是真实的。在决定什么时候提供给海外观众信息，让他们明白什么是真，什么是幻，对影视节目所反映的问题已经采取了或正在采取什么解决措施等方面，好的管理判断能力一定能奏效。前言或补充说明能非常有助于（国际观众）了解（美国）。

新闻媒体的角色：诸如ＣＮＮ之类的国际新闻提供者在报道新闻事件时应该认清其特殊的责任。这样的话，生活在其他文化中的新闻受众将会有一个参照来理解他们所接收信息的背景。对美国公开的法律文件、司法系统、消费者投资者保护法、教育质量、美国社会中媒体所扮演的角色、承担的责任等进行解释说明。仅举几例说明海外媒体受众所需的方向标杆。由于缺乏共同的经历，我们不能想当然地以为其它国家的媒体受众也会和美国媒体受众（对美国的新闻事件）有着同样的理解。

美国海外游子的角色：我们的政府有必要提醒国人，当他们旅行时，他们是游客。此时，他们就成为美国形象的模范代表，人们从他们身上来了解所有美国人。政府还必须提醒国人不要忘记我们所持的价值观以及我们所享有的重要的民主进步。美国人得明白他们有责任向他人阐述这些价值观以及自己如何受惠于这些价值观。最为重要的是，随着全球相互依存性的日益增强，美国人应该大胆地阐述为什么他们觉得这些价值观对于维护世界和平具有普遍的重要意义。我们采取以上行动时，在改变美国形象方面，我们就已经跨越了一大步。

课文2翻译

来自华盛顿地区的300多名歌手，还有来自西非的著名舞蹈团，最近在华盛顿交响合唱艺术团举行15届 年度交响演唱会。为小马丁· 卢瑟国王博士献礼。仅仅一晚上，肯尼迪艺术表演中心满座音乐会提供经 典传统音乐， 还有献礼工作的新表现形式的世界首演。 和存在已久的华盛顿传统演唱， 为这位已遇害的， 想通过非暴力手段建立和平的公民平等权力领导人举行生日庆典。

这是一件人道主义的大事，就是这一庆贺活动把我们联系在一起，每个人都一样，没有什么比音乐会 更好的了，怎么说也没有比这更好的了，‖诺曼· 斯克雷伯纳解释道。他是华盛顿交响合唱艺术团的创始 人和指挥者，国内一个著名的交响合唱艺术团。

为马丁· 卢瑟国王生日举行的传统音乐会是他留下的遗产，是如此的强有力，简直令人难以置信。它真 正架起了横跨20世纪的长桥。‖他说：―国王他自己的生命没有超过整个世纪，但当你考虑这一个世纪发 生了什么事件时，你就开始明白为什么国内各种宗派集团必须要和平相处生活，不仅仅是必须，而且要 欢乐欣喜的生活，马丁· 卢瑟就揭示了20世纪的这种趋势体验，并成为这一事业的主要代言人。

除了几个华盛顿地区的演唱团单独表演以外，斯克雷伯纳先生说，他非常兴奋的是他们能够走到一块，进行一项特别特别委托工作的世界首演。这一年，题目为―Truth Preed to Earth‖合唱曲上演，作曲者、演唱者--塞也· 巴恩沃尔，她供职于世界知名的合唱团―甜蜜蜜摇滚乐团‖。

并且，它们全部来自马丁· 卢瑟国王的著作‖斯克雷伯纳解释说―她对国王说过的话进行了彻底调查，她 想找出哪些话与当今世界有关。如果国王还在世，他以前说过的哪些事情，特别早于1968前他被害的那 些，现在的话他该如何说？并且她已完成了难以置信的文章精选和非常好的音乐精品，并且全部写进剧目，我相信，它会成为首唱乐曲‖。

除了塞也· 巴恩沃尔的新作品，马丁· 卢瑟国王荣誉交响合唱会包括一个新闻短片----国王的―我有一个梦‖ 演讲。有西非坎库化舞蹈艺术团的舞蹈表演。总导演诺曼· 斯克雷伯纳，他是循道宗信徒的儿子，说道： 马丁· 卢瑟国王的生日演唱会敲响了每一个人的内心和弦。

我终生都是通过自己的心灵透镜看待任何事情，并且这音乐会是你最易接近的精神乐事。‖他说，―我 们做了一些事，是为广大基督教大众，拉丁系大众，基督教爱心故事，罕得尔《弥赛亚》 ，以及精彩的 宗教作品。在马丁· 卢瑟国王的祝词中，你们可探讨一些在最基础层面如何影响每一个人，对我来说， 我将全身心完成它，同样，我也全身投入完成其它的音乐，但这一次，我实在有点不能自持，每年终了， 我忍不住落泪，这是发自肺腑的事情。‖诺曼斯克雷伯纳，华盛顿交响合唱艺术团的导演，在肯尼迪艺 术表演中心举行的小马丁· 卢瑟国王献礼合唱会如是说。

课文3翻译Unit 3 enjoy the great outdoors

很少有国家像美国那样具有各种各样诱人的户外活动。除热带气候外，各种气候都具备。阿拉斯加的极 地气候，加利福尼州北部的地中海式气候，东北部和西北部的温带气候，佛罗里达州的亚热带气候，亚 里桑那州和新墨西哥州的沙漠气候。加利福尼亚的死亡之谷，在夏季始终保持着全世界的最高温度，有 时高达132华氏度。

至于山水，那可是多种多样，引人入胜，颇为壮观。西部有落基山脉和内华达山脉，那里白雪皑皑；在 东部，有森林覆盖的阿拉巴契山脉，它的最高峰近7000英尺。这儿有丰富的瀑布群和涓涓小河，既有祥 和宁静的小湖泊，也有像 GREAT LAKES 那样的大湖，这里有世界上最大的淡水湖—--苏必利尔湖。 那里的波浪像大海波涛一样汹涌澎湃。冬春季节，亚里桑那、科罗拉多、和新墨西哥州和洁静滑雪和眼 花缭乱的多彩岩石吸引了大批宿营人.在美国最值得一瞧的是宿营人、野炊人和度假人的便利。高速路、高等公路、未铺油的二等公路四通八 达，从你动身之处一直到野外。在空旷的野外，你最担心的不是避开旅游高峰，而是怕迷了路！

美国为野外活动爱好者们所作的特殊贡献就是建立了众多的国家公园， 及州立公园， 这些公园布局漂亮， 体现了对野营爱好者的特殊关爱。海边有许多野营营地，这些营地，或隐匿在海滩一连串的沙丘后，或 在海滩茂密的林带后面。无论你走到哪里，几乎能找到地方野餐，这些地方设备齐全，全都配有木制桌 子、长凳、垃圾桶和洗手间。

有很多美国人，不管老少，更愿自己开车野营。车型多种多样，有特别豪华奢侈的，也有可折叠的轻型 皮卡，许多野营者豪华程度难以想像，深色的冰箱，微波炉，长绒地毯到彩电，可以很舒服给四个人提 供宿膳。但这并不仅仅是富人的专利。

许多老夫妇把他们大部分积蓄花费在―车轮子上的家‖，一年中的大半时间在国内游历，在他们的有生之 年仍然心醉于渴望到开阔的地方，并且这也是一种省钱的生活方式，如果汽油价格上扬，他们就将减少游历。

即使是行装最简的野营者也不能够穿过陡峭险峻、蜿蜒曲折的通往野外的山间小路，这时野营者常常把 他们的自行车或摩托车捆在野营地前面，然后一身轻松地穿过山间小路，穿过沙漠或森林.还有其他借助于四驱车旅行全国的游历者，四驱车上装着独木舟或竹筏子，下水划船游历。这些小溪由 国家公园服务处管理。通往野外，这些探险者可在小河边宿营，但禁止进入内陆腹地。不准打猎，可以 钓鱼，许多小河蜿蜒曲折，水流湍急，从深谷中或从森林茂密的深壑中流出。有时，偶尔与护林员相遇， 沿河顠游，自担风险.骑马旅行是时兴但花费较贵的运动，在得克萨斯州有旅游大牧场。你可以停在与它边界毗连的地方（相 当贵的）做一回牛仔们的生活。其他的户外探险运动，到密歇根密林，穿雪鞋旅行，在各州的雪上开车 旅行，在洛基山脉和阿拉斯加的划雪，冲浪、划水、和狩猎。你可以做美国人―伟大的户外活动者‖可作 的许多的其他事情。

第15篇：英语课文翻译

Apology of Socrates

Let us reflect and we shall see that there is great reason to hope that death is a good; for one of two things — either death is a state of nothingne and utter(完全的) unconsciousne, or, as men say, there is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another.Now if you suppose that there is no consciousne, but a sleep like the sleep of him who is undisturbed even by dreams, death will be an unspeakable gain.For if a person were to select the night in which his sleep was undisturbed by dreams, and were to compare with this the other days and nights of his life, and then were to tell us how many days and nights he had paed in the course of his life better and more pleasantly than this one, I think that any man, I will not say a private man, but even the great king will not find many such days and nights, when compared with the others.Now if death be of such a nature, I say that to die is a gain; for eternity is then only a single night.But if death is the journey to another place, and there, as men say, all the dead abide, what good, my friends and judges, can be greater than this? 我们如果从另一角度来思考死亡，就会发觉有绝大理由相信死亡是件好事。死亡可能是以下两种情形其中之一：或者完全没有知觉的虚无状态，或是人们常说的一套，灵魂经历变化，由这个世界移居到另一个世界。

倘若你认为死后并无知觉，死亡犹如无梦相扰的安眠，那么死亡真是无可形容的得益了。如果某人要把安恬无梦的一夜跟一生中的其它日子相比，看有多少日子比这一夜更美妙愉快，我想他说不出有多少天。不要说平民，就是显赫的帝王也如此。

如果这就是死亡的本质，永恒不过是一夜。倘若死亡一如人们常说的那样，只是迁徙到另一个世界，那里寄居了所有死去的人，那么，我的诸位朋友，法官，还有什么事情比这样来得更美妙呢？

If indeed when the pilgrim arrives in the world below, he is delivered from the profeors of justice in this world, and finds the true judges who are said to give judgment there, Minos and Rhadamanthus and Aeacus and Triptolemus, and other sons of God who were righteous(正直的) in their own life, that pilgrimage will be worth making.What would not a man give if he might converse with Orpheus and Musaeeus and Hesiod and Homer? Nay, if this be true, let me die again.I myself, too, shall have a wonderful interest in there meeting and conversing with Palamedes, and Ajax the son of Telamon, and any other ancient hero who has suffered death through an unjust judgment; and there will be no small pleasure, as I think, in comparing my own suffering with theirs.Above all, I shall then be able to continue my search into true and false knowledge; as in this world, so also in the next; and I shall find out who is wise, and who pretends to be wise, and who is not.What would not a man give, my judges, to be able to examine the leader of the great Trojan expedition(远征); or Odyeus or Sisyphus, or numberle others, men and women too! What infinite delight would there be in conversing with them and asking them questions! In another world they do not put a man to death for asking questions; auredly not.For besides being happier than we are, they will be immortal, if what is said is true.假若这游历者到达地下世界时，摆脱了尘世的审判官，却在这里碰见真淳正直的法官迈诺、拉达门塞斯、阿克斯、特立普托马斯，以及一生公正的诸神儿子，那么这历程就确实有意义了。如果可以跟俄耳甫斯、谬萨尤斯、赫西亚德、荷马相互交谈，谁不愿意舍弃一切？要是死亡真是这样，我愿意不断受死。

我很希望碰见帕拉默底斯、蒂拉蒙的儿子埃杰克斯以及受不公平审判而死的古代英雄，和他们一起与某人交谈。我相信互相比较我们所受的苦难会是件痛快的事情。

更重要的是，我可以像在这个世界时一样，在那个新世界里继续探求事物的真伪，我可以认清谁是真正的才智仁人，谁只是假装聪明。

法官们啊，谁不愿舍弃一切，以换取机会研究这远征特洛伊的领袖——奥德修斯、西昔法斯和无数其他的男男女女！他们交谈，向他们请教，将是何等快乐的事情！在那个世界里，绝不会有人仅仅因为发问而被处死！如果传说属实，住在那里的人除了比我们快乐之外，还能得到永生。

Wherefore, my judges, be of good cheer about death, and know of a certainty, that no evil can happen to a good man, either in life or after death.He and his are not neglected by the gods; nor has my own approaching end happened by mere chance.I am not angry with my condemners, or with my accusers; they have done me no harm, although they did not mean to do me any good; and for this I may gently blame them.Still I have a favor to ask of them.When my sons are grown up, I would ask you, my friends, to punish them, and I would have you trouble them, as I have troubled you, if they seem to care about riches, or anything, more than about virtue; or if they pretend to be something when they are nothingI to die, and you to live.Which is better only God knows.法官们啊，不必为死亡而感到丧气，要知道善良的人无论生前死后都不会遭恶果，他和家人不会为诸神抛弃。快要降临在我身上的结局非偶然发生。我清楚知道现在对我来说，死亡比在世更佳。我可以摆脱一切烦恼，因为未有神谕显现。为了同样的理由，我不怨恨起诉者或是将我判死罪的人，他们虽对我不怀善意，却未令我受害。不过，我可要稍稍责怪他们的不怀善意。

可是我仍然要请你们为我做一件事情。诸位朋友，我的几个儿子成年后，请为我教导他们。如果他们把财富或其它事物看得比品德重，请像我烦劝你们那样烦劝他们。如果他们自命不凡，那么，请像我谴责你们那样谴责他们，因为他们忽视了事物的本质，本属藐小而自命不凡。你们倘能这样做，我和我的儿子便会自你们手中得到公正。

离别的时刻到了，我们得各自上路——我走向死亡，你们继续活着。至于生与死孰优，只有神明方知。

The Three New Yorks

There are roughly three New Yorks.There is, first, the New York of the man or woman who was born here, who takes the city for granted and accepts its size and its turbulence as natural and inevitable.Second, there is the New York of the commuter — the city that is devoured(充满) by locusts(蝗虫) each day and spat out(吐出) each night.Third, there is the New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something.Of these three trembling cities the greatest is the last — the city of final destination, the city that is a goal.It is this third city that accounts for New Yorks high-strung(高度紧张的) disposition, its poetical deportment, and its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements.Commuters give the city its tidal(潮汐的) restlene, natives give it solidarity(团结) and continuity, but the settlers give it paion.

Whether it is a farmer arriving from Italy to set up a small grocery store in a slum(贫民窟), or a young girl arriving from a small town in Miiippi to escape the indignity(侮辱) of being observed by her neighbors, or a boy arriving from the Corn Belt with a manuscript(手稿) in his suitcase and a pain in his heart, it makes no difference: each embraces(拥抱) New York with the intense excitement of first love, each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer, each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company.

大致说来，有三个纽约。首先是那些土生土长的男男女女的纽约，他们对这座城市习以为常，认为它有这样的规模和喧嚣，乃是自然而然、不可避免的。其次是家住郊区、乘公交车到市内上班的人们的纽约——这座城市每到白天就被如蝗的人群吞噬进去，每到晚上又给吐出来。第三是外来人的纽约，他们生于他乡，到纽约来寻求机缘。在这三座充满骚动的城市中，最了不起的是最后一座——那座被视为最终归宿的城市，视为追寻目标的城市。正是由于这第三座城市，纽约才有了紧张的特性、诗人的气质、对艺术的执着追求和无与伦比的成就。上班族给纽约带来了潮汐般时涨时落的骚动，当地人保证了纽约的稳固和持续发展，而外来人则赋予纽约以激情。

无论是从意大利来到贫民窟开小杂货店的农夫，还是从密西西比州某小镇跑出来躲避邻居的淫秽目光的年轻姑娘，还是从玉米地带满怀酸楚地拎着手稿跑来的小伙子，情况都没有什么两样：每个人都怀着初恋的激情拥抱纽约，每个人都以冒险家的新奇目光审视纽约，每个人散发出的光和热，足以令爱迪生联合电气公司相形见绌。

The commuter is the queerest bird of all.The suburb he inhabits(居住) has no eential vitality(活力) of its own and is a mere roost(栖木) where he comes at day’s end to go to sleep.Except in rare cases, the man who lives in Mamaroneck or Little Neck or Teaneck, and works in New York, discovers nothing much about the city except the time of arrival and departure of train and buses, and the path to a quick lunch.He is desk-bound, and has never, idly(空闲地) roaming(漫步) in the gloaming(黄昏), stumbled suddenly on Belvedere Tower in the park, seen the ramparts(壁垒) rise sheer from the water of the pond, and the boys along the shore fishing for minnows, girls stretched out negligently(疏忽地) on the shelves of the rocks; he has never come suddenly on anything at all in New York as a loiterer(混日子的人), because he had no time between trains.He has fished in Manhattan’s wallet and dug out coins, but has never listened to Manhattan’s breathing, never awakened to its morning, never dropped off to sleep in its night.上班族是天下最怪异的人。他们居住的郊区没有自身的勃勃生机，仅仅是他们晚上回来睡觉的栖息所。那些住在马马罗内克、利特尔内克、蒂内克，到纽约上班的人，除个别情况外，对这座城市了无所知，只晓得火车汽车到站离站的时间、去快餐店的路径。这些人整日伏案工作，从来没有闲暇徜徉在暮色之中，意外地走到公园里的观景塔跟前，瞧见湖中突兀而起的防护堤，沿着湖边钓米诺鱼的男孩，大大咧咧地舒展着身子躺在石台上的女孩。他们从未在纽约游游逛逛偶然遇见什么，因为他们从下火车到再上火车，这中间是没有闲工夫的。他们把手伸到曼哈顿的钱包里捞钱，抓到几个微不足道的小钱，但却从未聆听过曼哈顿的鼻息，从未在醒来时见到曼哈顿的早晨，也从未在曼哈顿的夜幕中入睡过。

About 400,000 men and women come charging onto to the Island each week-day morning, out of the mouths of tubes and tunnels.Not many among them have ever spent a drowsy(昏昏欲睡的) afternoon in the great rustling(瑟瑟声) oaken(橡木制的) silence of the reading room of the Public Library, with the book elevator (like an old water wheel) spewing out(涌出) books onto the trays(托盘).They tend their furnaces(炉子) in Westchester and in Jersey, but have never seen the furnaces of the Bowery, the fires that burn in oil drums on zero winter nights.They may work in the financial district downtown and never see the extravagant(奢侈的) plantings of Rockefeller Center—the daffodils(水仙花) and grape hyacinths(麝香兰) and birches(桦树) of the flags trimmed to the wind on the fine morning in spring.Or they may work in a midtown office and may let a whole year swing round without sighting Governor’s Island from the sea wall.The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit, but he is no rover(流浪者).His entrances and exits are more devious(弯曲的) than those in a prairie-dog village; and he calmly plays bridge while his train is buried in the mud at the bottom of the East River.The Long Island Rail Road alone carried forty million commuters last year; but many of them were the same fellow retracing his steps.每个工作日的早晨，大约有40万男男女女走出地道口、隧道口，涌上曼哈顿岛。他们之中没有多少人跑到公共图书馆沉寂得只能听到沙沙声的阅览室，懒洋洋地度过一个下午，看着图书传送机像旧水轮一样，将书吐在书盘里。他们在韦斯特切斯特和泽西烧火炉，却从未见过鲍厄里街在气温降至零度的冬夜用油桶烧火取暖。他们可能在市中心的金融区工作，却从未见过洛克菲勒中心那枝繁叶茂的花木—春光明媚的早晨，黄水仙、风信子和莺尾花，齐崭崭地迎风摇曳。他们的办公地点可能位于商业区和居住区之间，可是一年到头也没从海堤上眺望过加弗纳斯岛。上班族一生中有着惊人的行程，但是从未东游西逛过。他们进进出出的地方比草原犬鼠的地洞群还要曲曲弯弯。即使火车陷进东河底的淤泥中，他们也会若无其事地只管打桥牌。去年，仅长岛铁路就运载了4千万上班族，只不过许多人是反反复复往返乘车罢了。

The terrain of New York is such that a resident sometimes travels farther,in the end,than a commuter.The journey of the composer Irving Berlin from Cherry Street in the lowest East Side to an apartment uptown was through an alley and only three or four miles in lenth;but it was like going three times around the world.纽约的地形比较特别：有时，这里的常住居民最终会比上班族走的路还要远。作曲家Irving Berlin从下东区的切里街走到住宅区的住所，中间只经过一个小巷， 只有

三、四公里的距离；但他却像绕地球走了3圈。

New York will bestow the gift of loneline and the gift of privacy.It is this large that accounts for the presence within the city\'s walls of a considerable section of the population; for the residents of Manhattan are to a large extent strangers who have pulled up stakes somewhere and come to town, seeking sanctuary or fulfillment or some greater or leer grail.The capacity to make such dubious gifts is a mysterious quality of New York.It can destroy an individual, or it can fulfill him, depending a good deal on luck.No one should come to New York to live unle he is willing to be lucky.

纽约会送上两件礼物：孤寂和私密。正是这种大度解释了城市人口中相当一部分人的存在，因为曼哈顿居民中多的是异乡客，他们背井离乡，到这儿来寻求庇护，或实现抱负，要不就是追求别的什么大大小小的目标。得以向人送上如此不成其为礼物的礼物，乃是纽约一种谜一般的特质，它可毁掉一个人，也可成全他，很大程度上全看此人运气如何。不愿交好运的人可别来纽约居住。

Although New York often imparts a feeling of great forlornne or forsakenne, it seldom seems dead or unresourceful; and you always feel that either by shifting your location ten blocks or by reducing your fortune by five dollars you can experience rejuvenation.Many people who have no real independence of spirit depend on the city’s tremendous variety and sources of excitement for spiritual sustenance and maintenance of morale.In the country there are a few chances of sudden rejuvenation—a shift in weather, perhaps, or something arriving in the mail.But in New York the chances are endle.I think that although many persons are here from some exce of spirit (which caused them to break away from their small town), some, too, are here from a deficiency of spirit, who find in New York a protection, or an easy substitution.纽约虽说时常给人一种沉重的失落感或被遗弃感，城市却难得显出死气沉沉或一筹莫展的样子，反倒是你总拥有一种希望：越过10条马路搬次家，或是花去5美元，就能重新焕发青春。许多缺乏独立精神的人依赖城市巨大的多样性和兴奋源，来求得精神上的耐久力并保持振奋。在乡下，青春得以突然重新焕发的偶然机会不是没有 —— 也许是天气的骤变，要不收到一封让你惊喜的邮件。可是在纽约，这样的机会无穷无尽。在我看来，尽管有不少人是由于精神追求过度到这儿来的（这使他们逼着自己离开小城），也有些人是因为精神贫乏到纽约来的，并在此找到了保护或是轻而易举得到了易地取代的报偿。

Celebrating Entrepreneurs I want to tell Jack Ma what an honor it is to be here representing the United States Embay, representing the people of America, representing so many friends in China – many of whom you trade with, invest with, you’ve studied with in university and schools in China and the United States.It truly is an honor to be here in Hangzhou.I think Hangzhou is perhaps the most beautiful city in all of China.It is historic, it is sophisticated(复杂的，久经世故的), it is culture, and it is the home of the Alibaba gathering – in its 7th year in a row.And it’s just an unbelievable opportunity to be able to look out at so many representatives of emerging industry and busine here in China.I am just so very honored to be here. You know so much more about the iues and the subject matter than I do.我想告诉马云，非常容幸能来到这里，代表美国大使馆，代表美国人民，代表中国这么多的朋友，在座的很多人都是在美国学习或者是美国人交朋友，做生意，有很多的交往，真的非常高兴来到杭州这个美丽的城市，我认为杭州在整个中国最漂亮的城市了。它是历史名城，一个成熟有底蕴的城市，有深厚的文化底蕴，而且是阿里巴巴的网商大会的一个主场。而且看到来自这么多网商在中国正在冉冉升起的一个网络行业，网商的行业的年轻人，我相信大家对这个主题比我了解的更多，所以对我来说我其实在这里就是在班门弄斧了。

Now, the main reason for coming to Hangzhou today is to offer up a challenge, and it starts with many of you right here in this room.The challenge is simple, it goes like this: entrepreneurs of the world, it is time to unite.I\'m convinced this is a historic time for our two countries to unite around iues of innovation and the development, advancement, and protection of ideas -- the fuel that fires the engines of entrepreneurs everywhere in the world, leveling the playing field, of all competitors.来到杭州主要的原因其实对我来说也是一个挑战，你们今天来了很多人，其实这个挑战就是很简单的，我这么说吧，是在座的企业精神可以联合的， 企业家团结起来。我很相信这一点，这是一个历史性的时刻，我们应该遵循进步、保护以及创新的精神团结起来，我们精神的引擎应该点燃全世界，我们应该有个非常公平的竞争的场地跟环境。

Hangzhou also has a special place in the revitalized(复兴) U.S.-China relationship.We\'re coming up in the 40th anniversary of Henry Kiinger\'s historic visit here, the first tentative step toward re-establishing diplomatic relations(建交) between our two great countries.At the time, 40 years ago, the negotiations were all done face to face, secret memos were paed back and forth by hand and if you wanted to look something up you had to actually read a book.There was no internet, no email, no cell phones, no Alibaba and Jack Ma was only around 5 or 6 years old.President Nixon reportedly(据报道) enjoyed his time here at Westlake so much he said Beijing may be China\'s capitol, but Hangzhou is the country\'s heart! My Chinese friends also refer to it as Yu Mi Zhi Xiang (land of plenty).

杭州是一个很重要的地方，在中美建交的时候扮演了一个很重要的角色。基辛格国务卿访问过中国杭州，当时中美还没有恢复建交，40年之前中美建交的谈判在杭州举行，做了一些秘密的协议。实际上你要读一读历史书才知道过去的这段历史，当时没有移动电话，没有电脑，没有阿里巴巴，当时马云可能才5、6岁那么大吧。尼克松总统在西湖旁边渡过一段非常美好的时光，他说过北京是中国的都城，但是杭州是这个国家的心脏，我的朋友曾经有说过鱼米之乡。

President Nixon\'s visit here was one of the great diplomatic(外交的) breakthroughs in recent American history.It was a time (before many of you were born) of estrangement(疏远), not cooperation between the United States and China.Our relations were largely defined by the hostilities in Korea and Vietnam, and the conflicts between capitalism(资本主义) and communism(共产主义).It took visionary leadership on both sides of the Pacific to bring these two countries together and so much of that hard work happened right here in Hangzhou.Predictably, we continued to have our differences, and sometimes we still do.But those meetings, over 40 years ago, marked a signal shift in our relationship, from opposition to, at its best, genuine(真正的) cooperation and mutual benefit.But the 1970\'s were in many other ways a very difficult time in the United States.The Vietnam War sparked tremendous domestic(国内的) upheaval(剧变).Our economy stalled(停止), we were battered by stagflation(经济滞涨), high unemployment and declining living standards.Millions of Americans were ready to close our borders and turn inward.尼克松总统访问杭州可以说是最近美国历史上的一大突破。这是发生在你们出生之前的一段时间，这也说明了中美之间合作的重要性。当时美国的关系跟韩国、中国都是很敌对的，我们认为你们是共产主义者，你们认为我们是资本家。但是因为两国领导人的远见，我们两国走到了一起，很多重大的事件就从杭州开始。可以预言，很多的差异还会继续的弥合，当然现在还有很多的差异。你想40多年前这么大的差异都可以弥合，我们过去从敌对变成了最好的、最真诚的合作伙伴，同时是互利的一个合作关系。

70年代，从很多角度来看都是对美国人来讲是非常艰难的一个时刻。当时的越南战争对我们国家造成了巨大的创伤，同时我们当时是在非常高的生活水平上，但是整个经济滞胀，我们的总统又被暗杀了，当时美国整体的经济模式都遭到了挑战，有人预言说美国要走下坡路了，他们会失去在世界舞台的地位，其实在美国内部来讲的话，我们也关闭了很多的国界线。

But then an interesting thing happened that we have seen in other chapters of our history.Our economy bounced back stronger than ever, thanks in large part to our fundamental belief in the powers of an open marketplace.Maybe it\'s because we are a nation of immigrants, or maybe it\'s because we stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, but even during the toughest times, we always believed in the power of freedom and always valued engagement over isolationism.

但是发生了一件有意思的事情，可能在美国其他的历史篇章上又看到，发现美国又回到了一个非常好的经济发展渠道上。这可能是有赖于我们很高的雇佣率，很低的失业率，以及很强大的经济基础，既使是在当时最艰难的时刻，我们也一直坚信不已，一个开放的市场是非常重要的，参与是非常重要的。

We welcomed tens of thousands of international students (maybe even some of you or your family members) to our universities, as we continue to do today.Students who return to their home countries armed with uniquely American ideas and approaches, planting their own seeds of innovation and enterprise.We attracted brainpower(智囊团) to the United States, and we still do.Talent helped fuel our economic engine when we needed it the most and became valued and equal members of American society.We created industry clusters(产业集群) where scientists and entrepreneurs could interact and exchange ideas – creating incubators(培养器) for future ideas and future busine opportunities – this, too, continues today.The best example and one I am sure you are all familiar with, is Silicon Valley, which not only helped launch the computer revolution but established a certain recipe for succe that serves as a model for similar technology hubs(枢纽) throughout the world, from Brooklyn to Beijing.Our commitment to open markets and an open society resulted in a flurry(慌张) of innovation and new technologies that revitalized our economy, ultimately creating some 30 million new jobs.It was innovation, and the entrepreneurial culture that fostered it, that helped drag the United States out of the economic challenges and doldrums(经济不景气) of the 1970\'s and set up three decades of unprecedented growth and prosperity.我们欢迎成千上万的国际学生来到美国，也许你们某些家庭成员也去过美国的大学学习，现在我们继续欢迎外国的学生，我们有自己独特的思路，美国人有非常强的创业精神，我们美国人到目前为止还是有非常强大的精神力量，我们认为人才是美国经济的基础和引擎，我们也非常坚信社会公民的平等，我们认为企业跟科学家的合作是非常重要的，需要来交换理念，来为未来的业务机会创造一个孵化机会，这样一个理念今天还在持续，我想最好的例子大家可能都知道了，就是硅谷，我们不仅在硅谷出现了大量的电脑的创新，还看到了很多成功的案例，我们可以看到那里已经成为了很多的巨大的一个新技术的发生地，从布鲁克林到北京到充满了我们在硅谷出现的新技术，这样的新技术使得我们经济得以重振，而且产生了三千万的新工作机会，我们企业家的精神得到了在更大一部分的培养，这也直接带领美国走出了1970年的经济困境，而且持续了30年的繁荣。

Now both countries have experienced both enormous growth and change since our modern relationship began 40 years ago.I suspect the pace of change will advance beyond anyone’s comprehension in years to come.And I am gueing the driver will be the development of ideas in health, energy, transportation – just to name a few.So here\'s the question: is there a central role for innovation in the U.S.-China relationship that speaks to where we want to find ourselves in the future? If so, and I believe there is – then let\'s get moving!

40年前产生的中美建交之后，我们的经济跟文化都有了巨大的发展，我们都明白这样一种关系对未来是至关重要的，我觉得在这个过程当中，我们需要有解决能源的问题、交通的问题、通讯的问题，这只是其中一部分，我的问题就是创新在中美关系当中重要吗，我们希望未来创新是处于什么个地位，我觉得确实是的，我相信创新是最重要的一点。

In the United States we venerate(尊敬) people like Thomas Edison, who invented the light bulb. Henry Ford, who helped launch the modern automobile industry, John Rockefeller, who revolutionized the oil busine, Warren Buffet and investing, Bill Gates and Microsoft, all of them have helped define the American Dream, where you work hard, you think big and ultimately, you enjoy the fruits of your labor.And then there\'s Jack Ma, who\'s busy creating what we should probably call the Chinese Dream.He started with one of the slowest internet connections in the world.I hear it used to take Jack all day to download a single page.But if it took all day, he\'d wait all day.And slowly but surely he learned how to operate on-line.Pretty soon, he founded China\'s first internet-based company – China Pages.Today, of course, he\'s CEO of the Alibaba Group, which brings us all together today with, at least this morning, more than 50-million members.Knowing Jack, it\'ll probably be 60 million by the time I finish this speech.在美国像爱迪生发明了灯泡，同时福特发明了汽车，诺可菲尔创造了新的石油企业，巴菲特巨大的成功在投资上面，美国人总是有美国之梦，如果你努力工作，你想得远大，最终你就会收获。马云又是一个很好的案例，他创立了我们可以称之为中国之梦，他最开始的时候用得是全球连接最慢的互联网，可能你花一天的时间，马云就下载了一个页面，但是他会等一天来等这个页面，在一个月之后，他就知道如何很快的上网了，很快他居然建立了中国最早一个网络企业，叫中国黄页，后来又建立了中国最大的网络企业叫阿里巴巴，大家都知道，马云是我的一个好朋友，也许我说完话之后，他已经拥有更多的钱了。

So we\'ve all heard stories about entrepreneurs, whether they\'re Chinese or American.And the environments that produced the succe stories all seem to have four basic things in common: One, they encourage free thinking; Two, there is easy acce to information and capital(资金); Three, they welcome collaboration; Four, they tolerate failure.我觉得企业创业精神是很重要的，不管是中国美国人都一样的，需要四个基本的素质，首先他们是开放的思路，第二很快得到资金和信息，第三欢迎合作，第四他们能承受失败。

We all need to empower the entrepreneur.We all need more Jack Mas.Although cultures may be different around the world, the entrepreneurial spirit and drive for succe is the same wherever you go and we need to protect that.Entrepreneurs require an appetite for risk, capital to fuel their aspirations(愿望), a collaborative environment and respect for the power of ideas.Look at Jack Ma; he took a basic idea and expanded it, he transformed the economic model and created opportunities for millions of new businemen, not just here in China but around the world.我们都需要推动企业家精神，我们需要更多的马云，可能世界各地文化不同，但是企业家精神是成功的关键，而这种企业家精神在全球各地都是一样的。当然作为企业家，他要有冒险精神，需要有合作精神，并且尊重创意，看一下马云吧，他把一个基础的想法转变成了经济的模型，而且为很多的中小商人创造了巨大的商机，不仅是对中国，对全球的中小企业和商人都创造了伟大的机会。 We are all helping to define a new tomorrow for the U.S.-China relationship, the most important relationship today in the world.Just like our leaders did 40 years ago in Hangzhou.Their decisions were almost exclusively about Big Balance of Power politics.Today, our discuions should be about enhancing the quality of life for our citizens, finding cures for human diseases, developing new ways to power our economy and building bridges only made poible by innovators, dreamers and creators …people just like you.I have high hopes, and am terribly optimistic, for our future…Entrepreneurs of the world, it is time to unite! 我们都在一起为中美关系的未来创造更好的环境，这是全球最重要的两个大国的关系了。40年前美国也有人来到中国讲到了可能是两大大国之间的平衡，但是现在我们讲的是为我们的人民的生活品质的提高作贡献。对我们的经济寻找新 的方向，建立起桥梁，这种桥梁使得我们创新的企业家和梦想者能够取得更大的成功，我对未来充满的信心，企业家的精神在全球各地都需要联合起来，全世界的企业家团结起来。

On Friendship Few Americans stay put for a lifetime.We move from town to city to suburb, from high school to college in a different state, from a job in one region to a better job elsewhere, from the home where we raise our children to the home where we plan to live in retirement.With each move we are forever making new friends, who become part of our new life at that time.For many of us the summer is a special time for forming new friendships.Today millions of Americans vacation abroad, and they go not only to see new sights but also – in those places where they do not feel too strange – with the hope of meeting new people.No one really expects a vacation trip to produce a close friend.But surely the beginning of a friendship is poible? Surely in every country people value friendship?

They do.The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is not a lack of appreciation of friendship, but different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.In those European countries that Americans are most likely to visit, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and is differently related to family life.For a Frenchman, a German or an Englishman friendship is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment.美国人几乎没有哪一个一辈子不挪动地方。我们由小镇搬到城市，又搬到郊区，从中学到另一个州的大学，由一个地区的某个工作岗位换到别的地方的更好的职位，从把孩子养大的家，搬到打算退休以后安度晚年的家。每一次搬家，我们都不断地结交新朋友，他们成为我们新生活的一部分。

对许多人来说，夏季是建立新友谊的特殊时间。如今，上百万的美国人到国外渡假。实际上没有人指望一次旅行的结果会产生一个密友。但是一次旅行使友谊开始总是有可能的吧！每个国家的人都很重视友谊吧！

他们确实都重视友谊。来自不同国度，又从未见过面的两个人相遇之后，困难不在于他们不珍视友谊，而在于他们对于友谊所包含的内容以及友谊如何产生有不同的看法。在美国人最有可能去旅游的那几个欧洲国家，友谊与其他更为随便的人际关系有很大的区别，在这几个国家里，友谊介入家庭生活的程度也各不相同。对于法国人、德国人或是英国人来说，友谊一般包含更为特殊的内容，承担更多的义务。 But as we use the word, “friend” can be applied on a wide range of relationships – to someone one has known for a few weeks in a new place, to a close busine aociate, to a childhood playmate, to a man or woman, to a trusted confidant(密友).There are real differences among those relations for Americans – a friendship may be superficial(表面的), casual, situational or deep and enduring.But to a European, who sees only our surface behavior, the differences are not clear.As they see it, people known and accepted temporarily, casually, flow in and out of Americans’ homes with little ceremony and often with little personal commitment.They may be parents of the children’s friends, house guests of neighbors, members of a committee, busine aociates from another town or even another country.Coming as a guest into an American home, the European visitor finds no visible landmarks.The atmosphere is relaxed.Most people, old and young, are called by first names.Who, then, is a friend? Even simple translation from one language to another is difficult.“You see,” a Frenchman explains, “if I were to say to you in France, ‘This is my good friend,’ that person would not be as close to me as someone about whom I said only, ‘This is my friend.’ Anyone about whom I have to say more is really le.”

我们把朋友这个词用于广泛的人际关系——包括在一个新的地方刚刚认识几个星期的人，关系密切的同事，孩提时期的玩耍伙伴，男人或女人，直至心腹至交。这些关系对美国人来说实际上还是有差别的，友情既可以是肤浅的、一般的、随情况而变的，也可以是深厚而持久的。但对于只看到我们表面举止的欧洲人来说，这种区别就不明显。

在他们眼里，那些一时认识的人和即兴结识的人，从美国人的家里进进出出，不讲什么礼节，往往也不承担什么个人义务。这些人可以是孩子朋友的父母，邻居家暂住在自己家里的客人，某个委员会的成员，从另外一个城市甚至外国来的商业伙伴。到美国人家里做客的欧洲人，看不到有什么明显的既成规矩，气氛轻松、无论老少，多数人都是互相直呼其名。

那么，什么样的人才是朋友呢？

‚朋友‛一词甚至从一种语言简单地翻译成另一种都是难的。‚你知道，‛一位法国人解释说，‚在法国，我要是对你说‘这是我的好朋友’，他其实没有我只介绍‘这是我的朋友’的人更亲密。越是要把关系说得亲密的人，关系却越是疏远一些。‛

In France, as in many European countries, friends generally are of the same sex, and friendship is seen as basically a relationship between men.Frenchwomen laugh at the idea that “women can’t be friends”, but they also admit sometimes that for women “it’s a different thing”.And many French people doubt the poibility of a friendship between a man and a woman.There is also the kind of relationship within a group – men and women who have worked together for a long time, who may be very close, sharing great loyalty and warmth of feeling.They may call one another copains – a word that in English becomes “friends” but has more the feeling of “pals” or “buddies”.In French eyes this is not friendship, although two members of such a group may well be friends.For the French, friendship is a one-to-one relationship that demands a keen awarene of the other person’s intellect, temperament(性情) and particular interest.A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.Our political philosophy aumes more depth, appreciation of a play becomes sharper, taste in food or wine is accentuated, enjoyment of a sport is intensified(加强的).And French friendships are compartmentalized(区分).A man may play che with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life.Different friends fill different niches in each person’s life.These friendships are not made part of family life.A friend is not expected to spend evenings being nice to children or courteous(有礼貌的) to a deaf grandmother.These duties, also serious and enjoined, are primarily for relatives.Men who are friends may meet in a café.Intellectual fiends may meet in larger groups for evenings of conversation.Working people may meet at the little bistro(小酒馆) where they drink and talk, far from the family.Marriage does not affect such friendships; wives do not have to be taken into account.In the past in France, friendships of this kind seldom were open to any but intellectual women.Since most women’s lives centered on their homes, their warmest relations with other women often went back to their girlhood.The special relationship of friendship is based on what the French value most – on the mind, on compatibility(兼容性) of outlook, on vivid awarene of some chosen area of life.Friendship heightens the sense of each person’s individuality.Other relationships commanding as great loyalty and devotion have a different meaning.In World War II the first resistance groups formed in Paris were built on the foundations of les copains.But significantly, as time went on these little groups, whose lives rested in one another’s hands, called themselves “families”.Where each had a total responsibility for all, it was kinship ties that provided the mode.And even today such ties, croing every line of cla and personal interest, remain binding on(对…有约束力) the survivors of these small secret bands.像许多欧洲国家一样，法国人也认为朋友一般指同性，而且友谊主要指男人间的人际关系。对于‚女人之间不可能成为朋友‛的观点，法国妇女嗤之以鼻，不过她们有时也承认，‚女人间的友谊是另外一回事‛。许多法国人对男人与女人之间是否会有友谊感到怀疑。还有一种群体内的人际关系——包括男女在内的一些人在一起工作多年，可能关系不错、彼此信任、感情融洽。他们彼此称为法语里的copains，这个词译成英语就是‚朋友‛，不过更具‚哥们‛或‚姐妹‛的感情色彩。在法国人的眼里，这不是友谊，当然这个群体里的某两个人之间完全可以成为朋友。

对法国人来说，友谊是一种一对一的人际关系，要求双方了解彼此的智力、性格以及特殊的兴趣。朋友是能把你最优秀的品质发挥出来的人。和他在一起，你才气横溢，无论你们的友谊源于哪方面，你在这方面会变得更加充实。你对政治的见解会深化，你对戏剧的鉴赏力会更加敏锐，你对美食和美酒的品尝会更尽兴，你对某项运动的爱好会加强。

法国式的友谊有具体的分工。一个人可能与一位朋友下了三十年的棋而不知道他的政治观点，也可能与他谈论了三十年的政治，而不了解他的私人生活。不同的朋友在每个人的生活中有不同的作用。他们不介入家庭生活。而必尽的义务主要由家属承担。几个男性朋友会聚在咖啡馆里；有学识的朋友会发起更大的聚会谈上数个晚上；工人们会聚在远离家庭的小酒吧里，喝酒、闲侃。这种友谊不受婚姻的影响，而且建立友谊时不必考虑妻子的情况。 在从前的法国，这种友谊只接纳知识妇女，很少接纳其他妇女。因为大多数妇女的生活是以家庭为中心，她们与其他女性的亲密关系通常是从少女时代就建立起来的。友谊这种特殊的关系的基础是法国人最为珍视的东西——是思想，是观点的一致，是对生活中某一方面的鲜明的意识。

In Germany, in contrast with France, friendship is much more articulately(清晰地) a matter of feeling.Adolescents, boys and girls form deeply sentimental attachments, walk and talk together – not so much to polish their wits as to share their hopes and fears and dreams, to form a common front against the world of school and family and to join in a kind of mutual discovery of each other’s and their own inner life.Within the family, the closest relationship over a lifetime is between brothers and sisters.Outside the family, men and women find in their closest friends of the same sex the devotion of a sister, the loyalty of a brother.Appropriately, in Germany friends usually are brought into the family.Children call their father’s and their mothers friends “uncle” and “aunt”.Between French friends, who have chosen each other for the congeniality(意气相投) of their point of view, lively disagreement and sharpne of argument are the breath of life.But for Germans, whose friendships are based on mutuality of feeling, deep disagreement on any subject that matters to both is regarded as a tragedy.Like ties of kinship, ties of friendship are meant to be irrevocably(不能取消的) binding.Young Germans who come to the United States have great difficulty in establishing such friendships with Americans.We view friendship more tentatively, subject to changes in intensity as people move, change their jobs, marry, or discover new interests.与法国截然不同，在德国，友谊更明确地说是个感情问题。少男少女之间建立起深厚的感情，他们一起散步，一起聊天。这一切不是为了提高自己的智慧，而是相互分享彼此的愿望、忧患和梦想，共同对付学校和家庭组成的世界，发现彼此的内心世界。家庭之内，一个人一生最亲密的关系是兄弟姐妹之间的关系。家庭之外，同性挚友之间像姐妹一样亲密，像兄弟一样真诚。大致说来，在德国，朋友经常被带到家里。孩子们称呼父母的朋友为叔叔和阿姨。观点相投而成为朋友的法国人之间，鲜明的分歧和激烈的争论是这种关系所不可少的。但是德国人的友谊是建立在相互感情的基础之上的。对他们来说，如果在双方都认为重要的问题上亲生了尖锐的分歧，那就是极大的不幸。朋友关系与亲缘关系一样具有绝对的约束力。来到美国的年轻的德国人，很难与美国人建立起这样的友谊关系。我们不把友谊看得那样一成不变，友谊的深浅随着人们的搬迁、调换工作、婚嫁，或兴趣的改变而变化。

English friendships follow still a different pattern.Their basis is shared activity.Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds – discovering a common interest in school, serving together in the armed forces, taking part in a foreign miion, staying in the same country house during a crisis.In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into step – sometimes two men or two women, sometimes two couples, sometimes three people – and find that they walk or play a game or tell stories or serve on a tiresome and exacting committee with the same easy anticipation(希望，预感) of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.Americans who have made English friends comment that, even years later, “you can take up just where you left off.” Meeting after a long interval, friends are like a couple who begin to dance again when the orchestra strikes up after a pause.English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not, as in Germany, contrapuntal to the family nor are they, as in France, separated from the family.And a break in an English friendship comes not necearily as a result of some irreconcilable difference of viewpoint or feeling but instead as a result of misjudgment, where one friend seriously misjudges how the other will think or feel or act, so that suddenly they are out of step.英国式的友谊模式又不尽相同。这些友谊的基础是共同的活动。人生不同阶段的活动是不同的——在学校发现共同的兴趣，同在部队服役，参加同一个外交使团，在某场危机中共同暂住在一个农舍。在活动中（不管是什么活动），人们开始步调一致（有时是两个男人，有时是两个女人，有时是两对夫妇，有时是三个人），他们发现，无论是走路、做游戏、讲故事或是在同一居委会任职，他们都觉得能很自然地估计出每个人平时如何行事，在紧急情况下如何反应。与英国人交过朋友的美国人评论说，即使是多年以后，“你的友谊也可以在哪里中断就在哪里重新开始。”长期没有往来又重新见面的朋友，就好像一对伴侣，在乐队停止演奏时暂时分开，一旦乐曲一响，就又开始翩翩起舞。英国式的友谊建立在家庭之外，但是不像德国那样对朋友的家庭承担义务，也不像法国那样把友谊与家庭截然分开。英式友情的破裂不一定是因为观点产生了分歧或是感情发生了变化，相反是因为判断错误所致，一方严重错误地判断对方的思想、感情或行为，分歧就由此而产生。

What, then, is friendship? Looking at these different styles, including our own, each of which is related to a whole way of life, are there common elements? There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship(亲属关系), invokes freedom of choice.A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen.Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based.And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.These similarities make the bridge between societies poible, and the American’s characteristic openne to different styles of relationship makes it poible for him to find new friend abroad with him he feels at home.那么，到底什么是友谊呢？既然友谊的模式——包括我们自己的——各不相同，且每种模式完全与一定的生活方式相关，那么还有共同之处吗？不同模式的友谊的共同点，是都承认友谊与亲缘关系的不同之处是能够自由选择，朋友能够选择，也能被别人选择。与此相关的是，朋友之间彼此使对方感到与众不同，无论这种感觉的依据是什么。此外，朋友之间必要要有来有往、互谅互让。有了这些相同之处，不同的社会之间才能相互沟通；美国人的特点是不拒绝其它模式的人际关系，因此，他们在国外就有可能与那些在一起感到自在的人交上朋友。

We Need a Dug-out Canoe to Navigate the Net In 1953, when the Internet was not even a technological twinkle(闪烁) in the eye, the philosopher Isaiah Berlin famously divided thinkers into two categories: the hedgehog(刺猬) and the fox: “The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing.”

Hedgehog writers, argued Berlin, see the world through the prism(棱镜) of a single overriding(高于一切的) idea, whereas foxes dart(疾驶，飞奔) hither(向这里) and thither(到那里), gathering inspiration from the widest variety of experiences and sources.Marx, Nietzsche and Plato were hedgehogs; Aristotle, Shakespeare and Berlin himself were foxes.Today, feasting on the anarchic(无政府的), ubiquitous(无处不在的), limitle and uncontrolled information cornucopia that is the web, we are all foxes.We browse and scavenge(除去) thoughts and influences, picking up what we want, discarding(抛弃) the rest, collecting, linking, hunting and gathering our information, social life and entertainment.The new Apple iPad is merely the latest step in the fusion(融合) of the human mind and the Internet.This way of thinking is a direct threat to ideology(意识形态).Indeed, perhaps the ultimate(最终的) expreion of hedgehog-thinking is totalitarian(集权主义者) and fundamentalist(原教旨主义者).The hedgehogs rightly fear the foxes.Edge (www.daodoc.com), a website dedicated(专用的) to ideas and technology, recently asked scores of philosophers, scientists and scholars a simple but fundamental question: “How is the internet changing the way you think?” The responses were astonishingly varied, yet most agreed that the web had profoundly(深刻地) affected the way we gather our thoughts, if not the way we use that information.For both better and worse, fox-thinking is dominant(占优势的).At its worst, it means shorter attention spans(集中注意力的时限), shallower(浅的) memories, fragmented(片段的), unsustained(无支撑的) argument, the undermining(淘空) of intellectual property rights(知识产权) and a tendency to mistake anecdote(轶事) for fact.At its best, the Internet represents an intellectual revolution, fostering(养育) free collaboration as never before, with dramatically improved acce to boundle information, the great store of the world’s knowledge just a few keystrokes and clicks away.

The nimble(敏捷的) Internet fox is both an extraordinary time-saver, nipping from one place to another on instant mind-journeys that would once have taken years.But he is also a prodigious(惊人的) time-waster, wandering down distracting(分散注意力的) avenues of celebrity goip, pornography(色情文学), invective(恶言谩骂) and the minutiae(细枝末节) of other peoples’ lives.

The Internet is changing the very nature of human memory.Erudition(博学) and experience, the store of knowledge built up by an individual over years, is becoming le important than the ability to focus and edit: extracting(提取) information from the machine has superseded(取代) the ability to recall it unaided.

In Internet-driven thought, the point is not on what you know, but what you can discover.We do not watch or absorb the Internet, but scour(搜索) it for what is useful.This requires a particular sort of mind, and as the digital world continues its colonization(殖民地化) of our own, fox-like minds will increasingly dominate the workplace.As David Dalrymple of Maachusetts Institute of Technology, puts it: “The bottom line is that how well an employee can focus might now be more important than how knowledgeable he is.” How the Internet teaches us to think depends on whether we treat it as a primary school playground, a place for puerile(幼稚的) fights, shallow entertainment, chatter and self-absorption(聚精会神), or a forum(论坛) of higher learning, packed with delights and discovery, offering unprecedented(空前的) opportunities for exchanging ideas.Most of us, of course, treat it as both simultaneously.Reading the web usefully requires a new form of literacy(读写能力), the ability to sift(筛选) from the abundance of information what is helpful from what is pointle or merely distracting.Many feel overloaded by the onslaught(猛攻) of information: too many websites, too many meages, a deafening(极喧闹的) chorus of tweets(小鸟叫声) and texts.Internet thinking is not just about browsing and gathering, but choosing and rejecting.The Internet fox knows many things, but while hungrily searching tit-bits(珍闻) from every corner, he must also know what is indigestible(难消化的), what is nourishing(有营养的) and what is poisonous.A few hundred years ago literacy was rare and extremely valuable.Today anyone with an Internet connection and a keyboard is a publisher.A generation ago knowledge had to be actively sought out; today we are bombarded(被轰击) with information, much of it bad, biased or simply irrelevant.The fundamental way we think has not changed, but the way we acce information, and the sheer volume of that information has altered in ways that are both inspiring and daunting(令人气馁的).Chipping away(凿下碎片) the rotten wood is, perhaps, the most fundamental skill for the online brain: the discipline of allocating(分配) attention, filtering(过滤), questioning.This is where the Indian canoe comes in.According to the science historian George Dyson, the Indians of the Pacific North West had two, very different methods of boatbuilding.The Aleuts, living on treele islands, constructed kayaks from what they could find on the beaches, skins stretched acro a framework of driftwood(浮木).The Tlingit, by contrast, cut down huge trees, and hollowed(挖空) out an entire canoe, cutting and burning away the exce wood.“We used to be kayak builders, collecting all available fragments(碎片) of information,” writes Dyson.“Now, we have to learn to become dug-out canoe builders, discarding unneceary information to reveal the shape of knowledge hidden within.” As the intellectual torrent(知识的洪流) of the Internet swells with(膨胀，充满) each technological advance, there is only one creature who can be confident of(确信) staying afloat: the fox, paddling(划桨) in the dug-out canoe.

On Becoming a Scientist One normally becomes a scientist through a series of apprenticeships(学徒), pursuing research in laboratories directed by established scientists.My own scientific mentors were Jacques Fresco and Paul Doty at Harvard, where I learned not only technical skills but also how to think and function as a scientist.Both from them, and by making my own mistakes, I learned how to identify important problems, how to think critically, and how to design effective research strategies.Because so much of one\'s scientific future is shaped by early experiences, it is critical that beginning scientists select their mentors wisely.Unfortunately, what constitutes a \"good\" choice is not always obvious.Here I offer some personal advice to help young scientists make these tough decisions wisely.The exact project pursued for a Ph.D.degree is not nearly as important as finding the best place for learning how to push forward the frontier of knowledge as an independent investigator.My first piece of advice for graduate students is to begin research training in a laboratory led by a person with high scientific and ethical standards.It is by talking to people in that lab or those who have previously trained there, and by consulting other scientists in the same field, that one can gain this important insight.It is also important to find an adviser who will pay close attention to your development as a scientist.Brilliant scientists sometimes make poor mentors.Often, an established leader who has no more than about a dozen people to manage can best nurture a creative, exciting, and supportive place to work.But carrying out research with an outstanding new profeor with a very small group can frequently provide even better training.Students enter graduate school both to learn how to do science well and to discover where their talents and interests lie.Succe at either task requires that they be empowered to create new approaches and to generate new ideas.In my experience, beginning scientists will only gain the confidence needed to confront the unknown succefully by making discoveries through experiments of their own design.The best research advisers will therefore provide their graduate students with enough guidance to prevent them from wasting time on nonproductive pursuits, while giving them the freedom to innovate and to learn from their own mistakes.In my field of biology, two apprenticeships are standard for beginning scientists: first while earning a Ph.D.degree and then in a second laboratory in a postdoctoral position.The choice of a postdoctoral laboratory is best made with a long-term career plan in mind.Scientists at this stage should intentionally try to choose a laboratory where they can acquire skills that complement those they already have.For example, a student whose Ph.D.thesis gave her strong skills as a yeast geneticist might choose to do postdoctoral research with an expert protein biochemist, planning to later use a combination of powerful genetic and biochemical tools to attack a biological problem in an area where very few scientists have the same abilities.But succe as an independent scientist will require much more than technical skills.It is critical to be able to design research strategies that are ambitious enough to be important and exciting, innovative enough to make unique contributions likely, and neverthele have a good chance of producing valuable results.An enormous number of different experiments are poible, but only a tiny proportion will be really worthwhile.Choosing well requires great thought and creativity, and it involves taking risks.Senior scientists have the responsibility of maintaining a system that provides talented young scientists with the opportunity to succeed in whatever career they choose.My next editorial addrees the importance of ensuring that innovation and risk-taking are rewarded for those pursuing a life of independent research.Also, a new series in Science Careers highlights conversations with audacious scientists who give their own advice about selecting institutions, mentors, and projects.

第16篇：英语课文翻译

Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happine 1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways.Nobody asks for any of it.But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: \"I wish it hadn\'t happened, but I\'m a better person for it.\" 1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。”

2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endle reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出?积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。

3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth.This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once paed as bromide: What doesn\'t kill you can actually make you stronger.Post-traumatic stre is far from the only poible outcome.In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled.More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。

4 Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happine.We need more than pleasure to live the best poible life.Our contemporary quest for happine has shriveled to a hunt for bli-a life protected from bad feelings,free from pain and confusion.4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。

5 This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life.It is the dark matter of happine,the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our

1 own lives.It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for \"the good life\".5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。

6 This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy.It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret.\"Happine is only one among many values in human life,\" contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Miouri in Columbia.Compaion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful proce of change.To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough.We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts.6这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉?金认为:“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”慈悲、智慧、无私、.洞察力及创造力—有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)我们也需要成长-尽管有时成长是痛苦的。

7 In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying.A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppreing drugs that kept her arthritis in check.She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reactions that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown.The slightest movement-trying to swallow, fqr example-was excruciating.Even the preure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.7在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西?塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事:停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。最轻微的动作—比如说试着吞咽—对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。

8 Cyr is no wimp-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments (drugs, surgery) her whole life.But this time,she was way6 past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help.Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.

2 8塞尔并不是懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍?受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，她的医生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么让疾病结束她的生命，要么她就得很快了结自己的生命了。

9 As her sleeple nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude.She was still in agony, but a new consciousne grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompaing feeling of sympathy and compaion.\"I felt stripped of everything I\'d ever identified myself with,\" she said six months later.\"Everything I thought I\'d known or believed in was usele-time, money, self-image, perception.Recognizing that was so freeing.\" 9然而，在经历了若干个不眠之夜后，她想自杀的念头开始被新的感激之情所打断。虽然她仍然感到痛苦，但一种新的意识每一夜都变得更加强烈:一种令人惊叹的解脱感，结合着一种包容一切的同情和怜悯的情感。“我感到一切我曾经用来认同?自己身份的东西都被剥夺了，”六个月后她这样说道，“一切我认为我知道或相信的事物—时间、金钱、自我形象、对事物的看法—都毫无价值了。意识到这一点真是让我感到解脱。”

10 Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs.She says now there\'s no question that her life is better.\"l felt I had been shown the secret of life and why we\'re here: to be happy and to nurture other life.It\'s that simple.\" 10在几个月内，得益于类固醇加其他药物的鸡尾酒疗法，她开始能够更加自如地活动了。她说，毫无疑问她现在的生活状况有了好转。“我感觉我窥探到了生命的秘密以及我们生存的意义，那就是快乐地生活，同时扶持他人。就这么简单!” 11 Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise.But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a profeor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term \"post-traumatic growth\".His studies of people who have endured extreme events, like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illne show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath; they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered.A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stre disorder 7.But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more Gratifying.11她这种不可思议的经历完全是个惊喜。但是北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校心理学教授里奇?特德斯基认为，这种转变的感觉从某些方面看却是很典型的。里奇?特德斯基教授首创了“创伤后成长”一词。他对那些经历了诸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等极端事件的人群进行了研究，这些研究表明，在刚经历不幸后大多数人随即都会感到茫然和焦虑。他们一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毁了。有少部分人事后很久了还不断被记忆问题、失眠以及类似的创伤后应激障碍所折磨。但特德斯基和其他学者发现，对很多人(可能甚至是绝大多数人)来说，生活最终会变得更加丰富和更加令人满足。

12 Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat.In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective

3 mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away.Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and aumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world.12许多经历过恐怖的人身威胁的人会遇到类似的情况。在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。我们的日常生活轨迹(我们的习惯、自我认识和主观意念)全部被抛到九霄云外，只剩下对世界的原始体验。

13 Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort.Being willing and able to take on this proce is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it.The people who find value in adversity aren\'t the toughest or the most rational.What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.13尽管如此，要实际实现这些转变并完全接受新的现实，通常需要有意识地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承担这个过程，就是那些在灾难中成长和那些被灾难所摧毁的人之间主要的区别之一。认为灾难有价值的人并不是最坚强或最理性的人。使他们与众不同的是他们能够将所遭遇的事融入他们自己的人生历程中。” 14 Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.Survivors say they have become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships.They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities.14最终，他们可能会发现自己以从未想到过的方式获得了解脱。幸存者往往说他们变得更加宽容，也更能原谅别人，能够缓和原本糟糕的关系。他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。

15 People who have grown from adversity often feel much le fear, despite the frightening things they\'ve been through.They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them.\"People don\'t say that what they went through was wonderful,\" says Tedeschi.\"They weren\'t meaning to grow from it.They were just trying to survive.But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.\" 15从灾难中成长起来的人尽管经历过恐怖的事情，但他们的恐惧感往往大为减少。他们对自己的力量感到吃惊，相信不管今后生活中将要遭遇什么，他们都能应付。特德斯基说:“人们不会说他们所经历的是美好的。他们并不是特意要通过这样的经历来成长。他们只是尽其所能生存下来。但回顾起来，他们的收获远远大于他们所预料的。

16 In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time.They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-lo, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery.For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal.After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are

4 doing.

16埃默里大学精神病学家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作《满足》中指出，极限耐力运动员每次训练都要使自己的身体连续数天处于极限状态。他们和经历创伤的幸存者所经历的感觉过程一样:自我失落，困惑，最后获得一种新的驾驭感。对于经常跑超过24小时的l00英里比赛的超级马拉松运动员来说，呕吐和产生幻觉是常事。在一昼夜不停歇不睡觉地跑步之后，竞赛者有时会忘了自己是谁，忘了自己在干什么。

17 For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of life\'s biggest challenges: parenting.Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happine.The sleep deprivation and the neceity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depreed and find their marriage on the rocks.Nonethele, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings.The short-term sacrifice of happine is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful Legacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成长的例子要数生命中最大的挑战之一:为人父母。生育孩子一直被认为会降低幸福程度。为了照顾婴儿而睡眠不足并且必须将自己的消遣撇到一边，意味着有了新生儿的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面临婚姻的危机。然而，长远看来，养育孩子是所有人类活动中最有意义、最值得去做的一件事情。短时间内牺牲了幸福，却有了更多的收获，比如满足感、无私以及有机会留下一笔意义深远的遗产。

18 Ultimately, the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity.This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that it\'s poible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face.In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization.\"You\'re not going to be the person you thought you were, but here\'s who you are going to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great life.\" 18总之，情感上的回报可以弥补灾难带来的痛苦和艰难。这种精神收获并不能抵消所发生的苦难，但是它可以把这些苦难全部放在另一个不同的背景中来看待，..那就是即使我们面临约束和挣扎，我们仍然可以生存得极有价值。金指出，我们所有的人都必须以这样或那样的形式经历这种觉悟。“你将不再是自己心目中曾经的你，取而代之的是一个新的你—而事实会证明生活从此将非常美好。”

Unit2 Commercialization and Changes in Sports 1.Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment.However,sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today.Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors.The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves.Fun and \"good games\" are now defined in terms of gate receipts, conceions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential.Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?

5 1在整个历史长河中，人们都是把体育当作某种形式的公众娱乐。然而，体育从未像今天这样作为一种商业产品被如此盛大地包装、推广、呈现和开展，有关体育的决策以及与体育相关的社会关系也同样从未如此显然地受到商业因素的影响。对许多人来说，账本底线已取代了球门线，体育不再只是为了运动员们自身的兴趣而存在。今天，乐趣和“好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收人、媒体传播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。那么，当体育变得商业化时，它会怎样?当体育变得依赖于门票收人和媒体传播权的出售时，它会发生变化吗?2.We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, it succe depends on spectator appeal.Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event\'s outcome, the risk or financial rewards aociated with participating in an event，and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes.In other words, when spectators refer to a \"good game\" or an \"exciting contest\", they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes\' were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engroed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or \"heroic\" performances.When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discued for a long time.2我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。尽管观众对于体育的拥护背后潜藏着多种动机，但他们对体育比赛的兴趣通常与三种相结合的因素有关:比赛结果的不确定性，参加一项比赛相关的风险或经济回报，以及预期中的运动员的卓越、英勇表现。换句话说，当观众提及一场“不错的比赛”或一场“激动人心的比赛”时，这场比赛，通常在比赛即将结束的最后几分钟甚至儿秒钟时，结果仍然扑朔迷离;或者比赛涉及高额奖金，因而运动员们都全身心地投入比赛。或者比赛展示了许多出色的或者“英雄式”的表现。只要运动比赛包含所有这三方面因素，人们就会长时间记得并讨论这场比赛。

3.Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports.In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format.Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game.For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.3商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。尽管观众会对其产生影响，但在历史上，运动项目保持了它们的基本结构。创新也是在这一框架内进行的，并不会完全废除这项运动的基本设计。例如、奥运会的商业化导致了某些赛事规则的微小变化但其每项运动的基本结构还是和商家赞助及电视转播权出售之前基本一致。

4.Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports.To make money on a sport, it\'s neceary to attract a ma audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television.Attracting and entertaining a ma audience is not easy because it\'s made up of many people

6 who don\'t have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches.Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impreed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype.During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand.They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expreion or who are willing to go beyond and their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being; and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.4看来，与运动的结构和目的相比，商业化更多的是影响运动参与者的取向。若要通过一项运动盈利，就必须吸引广大观众买门票或在电视上观看比赛。吸引和娱乐广大观众并非易事，因为这些观众中有很多人没有技木性的知识，因而不懂得运动员和教练采取的复杂竞技技巧和策略。由于缺乏这些技术性知识，人们容易受到运动或赛事之外的东西的影响，容易受到天花乱坠的宜传的迷惑。在比赛期间，他们经常关注那些他们容易理解的事情。他们喜欢那种运动员冒险并明显面临身体危险的情境，他们喜爱那些搜长戏剧化表现或者愿意超越正常的生理极限以致威胁到自己的安全和健康的运动员。他们喜欢看到运动员不惜代价，立志求胜。5.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunks than about the consistently flawle defense that enabled a team to win a game.Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawle.Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored.They like athletes who project\' exciting or controversial personas,and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expreion leading to dramatic results.They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpa physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can succefully compete for years without going beyond them.5比如，当人们缺乏篮球方面的技术知识时，他们更津津乐道于某一个灌篮，而不会关注球队取胜必需的因素:自始至终配合得天衣无缝的后防。同样，那些对滑冰技术知之甚少的人，他们更感兴趣的是三连跳或四连跳，而不是那些精心设计并训练直至流畅、完美的舞步。没有惊险的跳跃，无知的观众会感到厌倦。他们喜欢那些表现得激动人心或有争议性的运动员。他们往往根据戏剧化的表现是否导致戏剧化的结果来评价比赛。他们想看运动员在超越自己极限时偶尔的突然失败，而不是多年来稳操胜券，熟知自己极限而不去超越它的运动员。

6.When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a ma audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport.This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as \"show-time\", an iey may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes.This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don\'t know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.6当一项体育运动变得依赖于娱乐广大观众时，对于运动中什么才是重要的，运

7 动参与者们往往会改变观念。这一改变常常意味着重心从所谓的美学取向向英雄主义取向转变。其实，运动员可能甚至把运动或比赛称为“表演秀”，并把自己称作表演者兼运动员。这并不意味着美学取向不复存在了，但是这确实意味着与英雄主义行为相比，它们常常退居其后。英雄主义行为吸引着那些没有足够的知识欣赏运动或比赛的策略和技术的观众。

7.As the need to please naive audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations.This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injuries, playing with pain, and courage.Some athletes, however, realize the dangers aociated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports.For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs.These skaters are worried that the commercial succe of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement.However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues.These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.7取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向。这就是为什么美国橄榄球比赛的电视评论员喋喋不休地谈论危险、受伤、带伤比赛和胆量。不过，有些运动员意识到了与英雄主义取向随之而来的危险，并试图在他们的运动中放慢偏离美学取向的步伐。比如，一些前花样滑冰运动员已经呼吁限制滑冰项目中三连跳的数量。这些滑冰运动员担心，他们的体育项目在商业上的成功正越来越依赖于动作的危险性，而不是动作的美感。然而，另外一些滑冰运动员似乎愿意采取英雄主义取向，只要这样能取悦观众，获得收入。这些运动员用体育道德规范去评价自己和他人，他们还学会把英雄主义行为看成是真正地投入及为运动献身的标志。

Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports.When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players.In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport.These conditions come under the control of general managers，team owners，corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, profeional management staff, accountants, and agents.8商业化同样会导致那些控制体育的组织发生变化。当体育开始依赖于创造收入时，体育组织的控制权就会离运动员越来越远。事实上，运动员常常对于自身的体育参与环境失去有效控制。这些环境越来越受控于下列人员:总经理、运动队老板、企业赞助商、广告商、传媒人员、营销和宜传推广人员、专业管理人员、会计师以及经纪人。

9..The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues.This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved.The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with

8 sports.Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making procees even when decisions affect their health and well-being.9那些控制商业体育的组织通常非常复杂，这是因为它们企图协调上述所有人的利益，但它们的首要目标还是盈利最大化。这意味着组织决策通常反映的是许多人的混合利益，而他们与体育或相关运动员没有直接联系。影响这些决策的力量根植于各种不同的资源，其中许多甚至与体育没有关联。因此，许多商业体育中的运动员发现自己被逐出了决策过程，即便这些决策影响到他们的健康和幸福。

Unit4 Is Google Making Us Stupid 1.Over the past few years I\'ve had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something,has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprograming the memory.My mind isn\'t going一

so far as I can tell一

but it\'s changing.I\'m not thinking the way I used to think.I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading.Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy.My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose.That\'s rarely the case anymore.Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages.I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do.I feel as if I\'m always dragging my wayward brain back to the text.The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.1在过去的几年里，我老有一种不祥之感，觉得有什么人，或什么东西，一直在我脑袋里捣鼓不停，重绘我的脑电图，重写我的脑内存。我的思想倒没跑掉—到目前为止我还能这么说，但它正在改变。我的思维方式在变。这种感觉在我阅读的时候尤为强烈。过去总是不费劲就能让自己沉浸在一本书或一篇长文章中，被其中的叙述或不同的论点深深吸引。我还会花数小时徜徉在长篇散文中。可如今这都不灵了。现在，我翻上两三页书，注意力就开始不集中了。我会变得烦躁，抓不住重点，开始想找点其他的事情做。我感觉我似乎要硬拖着我任性的大脑才能回到文章中。原本轻松自然的深度阅读，已成了痛苦挣扎。

2.I think I know what\'s going on.For more than a decade now, I\'ve been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet.The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer.Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes.A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I\'ve got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after.Even when I\'m not working, I\'m as likely as not to be foraging in the Web\'s info-thickets2-reading and writing emails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link.(Unlike footnotes, to which they\'re sometimes likened, hyperlinks don\'t merely point to related works; they propel you toward them.) 2我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年来，我在网上花了好多时间，在因特网的信息汪洋中冲浪、搜寻、添加。对作家而言，网络就像个天上掉下来的聚宝盆。过去要在书堆里或图书馆的期刊阅览室中花上好几天做的研究，现在几分钟就齐活。“谷歌”几下，快速点开几个链接，就可以找到我所需要的事实或者精炼的引证。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息丰富的网络里遨游—收发电子邮件、浏览头条新闻、点击博客、看视频、听播客或者只是从一个链接跳转到一个又一个链接。(超链接常被比作脚注，但是和脚注不一样，超链接不仅仅链接

9 到相关作品;它们还驱使你去点击创门。) 3.For me, as for others , the Net is becoming a universa一medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind.The advantages of having immediate acce to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and they\'ve been widely described and duly applauded.\"The perfect recall of silicon memory,\" Wired\'s0 Clive Thompson has written, \"can be an enormous boon to thinking.\" But that boon comes at a price.As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just paive channels of information.They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the proce of thought.And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away at my capacity for concentration and contemplation.My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles.Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words.Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.3对我来说，像对其他人也一样，网络已经成为了一种通用的媒介，大部分信息都通过这个渠道进人我们的眼、耳，最后进人我们的大脑。能从这样一个异常丰富的信息库中直接获取信息，其优点是很多的，而且也得到了广泛的描述和适当的赞誉。“硅存储器的完美记忆性，”《连线》杂志的克莱夫?汤普森写道，“对于思想来说是一个大实惠。”但是这个实惠是要付出代价的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)就像媒体理论家马歇尔?麦克卢恩在上世纪60年代所指出的那样，媒体可不只是被动的信息渠道。它们不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的进程。网络似乎粉碎了我专注与沉思的能力。现如今，我的脑袋就盼着以网络提供信息的方式来获取信息:飞快的微粒运动。曾经我是文字海洋中的潜水者，现在我则像是摩托艇骑手在海面上风驰电掣。

4.I’m not the only one.When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances-literary types, most of them-many say they\'re having similar experiences.The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing.Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon.Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media, recently confeed that he has stopped reading books altogether.\"I was a lit major in college, and used to be a voracious book reader,\" he wrote.\"What happened?\" He speculates on the answer: \"What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e.I\'m just seeking convenience, but because the way I think has changed?\" 4我并不是唯一一个有此感觉的人。当我向文学界的朋友和熟人提到我在阅读方面的困扰，许多人说他们也有同样的感受。他们上网越多，在阅读长文章时，就越难集中精力。我所关注的一些博主也提到了类似的现象。斯科特?卡普开了一个有关在线媒体的博客，最近他承认自己已经完全不读书了。“我大学读的是文学专业，曾经是一个嗜书如命的人，”他写道。“到底发生了什么事呢?”他推测出了一个答案:“如果对我来说，通过网络来阅读的真正理由与其说是我的阅读方式发生了改变，比如，我只是图个方便，不如说是我的思维方式在发生变化，那么我该怎么办呢?”

5.Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits.\"I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,\" he

10 wrote earlier this year.A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me.His thinking, he said, has taken on a \"staccato\" quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short paages of text from many sources online.\"I can\'t read War and Peace anymore,\"he admitted \"I\'ve lost the ability to do that.Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraph is too much to absorb.I skim it.\" 5布鲁斯?弗里德曼经常撰写有关电脑在医学领域应用的文章。他在早些时候同样提到因特网如何改变了他的思维习惯。“稍长些的文章，不管是网上的还是已经出版的，我现在几乎已经完全丧失了阅读它们的能力。”在密歇根大学医学院长期任教的病理学家布鲁斯，弗里德曼在电话里告诉我，由于上网快速浏览文章的习惯，他的思维呈现出一种“碎读”特性。“我再也读不了《战争与和平》了。”弗里德曼承认，“我失去了这个本事。即便是一篇长达三四段的博客也难以消化。我只能略微浏览一下。”

6.Anecdotes alone don\'t prove much.And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how the Internet use affects cognition.But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think.As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs\' documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a UK educational consortium, that provide acce to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information.They found that people using the sites exhibited \"a form of skimming activity\", hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they\'d already visited.They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would \"bounce\" out to another site.Sometimes they\'d save a long article, but there\'s no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it.6仅仅是趣闻轶事还不能证明什么。我们仍在等待长期的神经学和心理学的实验，这将给因特网如何影响到我们的认识一个权威的定论。伦敦大学学院的学者做了一个网络研读习惯的研究并发表了研究结果。该研究指出，我们可能已经彻底置身于阅读与思考方式的巨变之中了。作为五年研究计划的一部分，学者们检测了计算机日志，它跟踪记录了两个流行的搜索网站的用户行为。其中一个网站是英国图书馆的，另一个是英国教育社团的，他们提供了期刊论文、电子书以及其他一些文献资源。他们发现，人们上网时呈现出“一种浮光掠影般的形式”，总是从一个资源跳到另一个资源，并且很少返回他们之前访问过的资源。他们常常还没读完一两页文章或书籍，就“弹”出来转到另一个网页去了。有时候他们会保存一个篇幅长的文章，但没有任何证据表明他们曾经返回去认真阅读。

7.Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text- meaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice.But it\'s a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking-perhaps even a new sense of the self.\' \"We are not only what we read,\" says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the

11 Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, \"We are how we read.\" Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts \"efficiency\" and \"immediacy\" above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing pre, made long and complex works of prose commonplace.When we read online, she says, we tend to become \"mere decoders of information\".Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.7多亏铺天盖地的网络文本，更别说当下时兴的手机短信，可供我们阅读的东西很可能比上世纪七八十年代要多了，那时，我们选择的媒体还是电视。但是，这已是另一种阅读模式，背后隐藏的是另一种思考方式—也许甚至是一种全新的自我意识。“不仅阅读的内容塑造了我们，”塔夫茨大学的发展心理学家、《普鲁斯特与鱿鱼:阅读思维的科学与故事》的作者玛丽安娜?沃尔夫说，“阅读方式也体现了我们自身。”沃尔夫担忧，网络所倡导的将“丰富”与“时效性”置于首位的阅读方式可能已经削弱了那种深度阅读能力。深度阅读能力的形成应归功于早期印刷术的发明，有了它，长而复杂的散文作品也相当普遍了。然而，她说，当我们在线阅读时，我们往往只是一“信息解码器”而已。我们对文句的设释，心无旁鹜、深度阅读时形成的丰富的精神联系，这些能力很大程度上已经消失了。 8.Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings.It\'s not etched into our genes the way speech is.We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand.And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains.Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet.The variations extend acro many regions of the brain, including those that govern such eential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli.We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed Works.8沃尔夫认为，阅读并非人类与生俱来的技巧，它不像说话那样融人了我们的基因。我们得训练自己的大脑，让它学会如何将我们所看到的字符译解成自己可以理解的语言。而媒体或其他我们用于学习和练习阅读的技术在塑造我们大脑的神经电路中扮演着重要角色。实验表明，表意字读者(如中国人)为阅读所创建的神经电路和我们这些用字母语言的人有很大的区别。这种变化延伸到大脑的多个区域，包括那些支配诸如记忆、视觉设释和听觉刺激这样的关键认知功能的部位。我们可以预料，使用网络阅读形成的思维，一定也和通过阅读书籍及其他印刷品形成的思维不一样。9.Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter.His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches.He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up.The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time.Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers.Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.

12 9 1882年，弗里德里希?尼采买了台打字机。此时的他，视力下降得厉害，长时间盯着一张纸会令他感觉疲惫、疼痛，还常常引起剧烈的头痛。他只得被迫缩减他的写作时间，并担心自己今后恐怕不得不放弃写作了。但打字机救了他，起码一度挽救过他。他终于熟能生巧，闭着眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打。心中的词句又得以倾泻于纸页之上了。

But the machine had a subtler effect on his work.One of Nietzsche\'s friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing.His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic.\"Perhaps you will through this instrument even ntake to a new idiom,\" the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his \"`thoughts\' in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.\" 10然而，新机器也使其作品的风格发生了微妙的变化。尼采的一个作曲家朋友注意到他行文风格的改变。他那已经十分简练的行文变得更紧凑、‘更电文式了。“或许就因为这个仪器，你甚至可能会喜欢上一个新短语，”这位朋友在一封信中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音乐和语言方面的‘思想’常常要依赖于笔和纸的质量”。

Unit7 the poetry of architecture 1 The science of Architecture, followed out to its full extent, is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human minds.It is not merely a science of the rule and compa, it does not consist only in the observation of just rule or of fair proportion; it is , or ought to be, a science of feeling more than of rule, a majesty of a building depend upon its pleasing certain prejudices of the eye, than upon its rousing certain trains of meditation in the mind, it will show in a moment how many intricate question of feeling are involved in the raising of an edifice; it will convince us of the truth of proposition, which might at first have appeared startling, that no man can be an architect who is not a metaphysician.建筑科学，如果得以充分体现的话，是只与人类心智创造有关的科学中最高贵的科学之一。它不仅仅是尺子与圆规的科学，不仅仅需要遵守恰当的规则或合适的比例，它是或者应该是，一门重感情胜过于规则的科学，它更多的是服务于心灵，而非眼睛。如果我们明白，一座建筑的美和雄伟，很大程度上取决于它能引发心灵的一系列沉思，而非来自于它能满足视觉上的某种偏爱，我们很快就会发现，一座建筑的兴建会涉及多少错综复杂的情感问题。我们会因此而相信一个乍然一听不无惊人的论点，那就是，一个人如果不是玄学家，就无法成为建筑师。 2 To the illustration of the department of this noble science which may be designated The Poetry of Architecture, this and some future articles will be dedicated.It is this peculiarity of the art which constitutes its nationality;And it will be found as interesting as it is useful, to trace in the distinctive characters of the architecture of nations, not only its adaptation to the situation and climate in which it has arisen, but its strong similarity to, and connection with, the prevailing turn of mind by which the nation who first employed it is distinguished.对这一高尚科学进行说明的文本及今后要写的一些文章都将收入进我暂命名为《建筑之诗意》一书中。正是这一艺术特性构成了它的民族性。建筑不仅与其周围的环境和气候相适应，也与率先采用这种风格的民族的主流性情极其相似，密切关联，这些都可以从各民族的建筑特征中得以追溯，我们会发现，这种追溯既有益，亦有趣。

13 3 I consider the task I have imposed upon myself the more neceary, because this department of the science, perhaps regarded by some who have no ideas beyond stone and mortar as chimerical, and by others who think nothing neceary but truth and proportion as usele, is at a miserably low ebb in England.And what is the consequence?We have Corinthian columns placed beside pilasters of no order at all, surmounted by monstrosified pepper-boxes, Gothic in form and Grecian in detail, in a building nominally and peculiarly “National”; we have Swi cottages, falsely and calumniously so entitled, dropped in the brick-fields round the metropolis; and we have staring square-windowed, flat-roofed gentlemen’s seat, of the lath and plaster, mock-magnificent, Regent’t park description, rising on the woody promontories of Derwent Water.在我看来，赋予自己这项任务显得尤为重要，因为这门科学在英国正处于可悲的低谷之中：在那些只知石头和砂浆的人看来，它是虚妄幻想；在那些满脑袋只有事实和比例的人看来，它毫无用处。那么结果是什么呢？我们看到科林斯式的柱子竖立在杂乱无章的壁柱旁边，上面是怪异的胡椒罐式的塔顶，形式上是哥特式的，细节上是希腊式的，这种建筑美其名曰别具“民族特色”；我们看到所谓的“瑞士小屋”散落在周围的一片砖砌的房子中实在是糟践了这一名称；我们看到那些平顶、有着显眼的方窗，用条板和石灰建造而成的乡绅别墅，它们仿照摄政王公园的样式，冒充宏伟的气势，耸立在德文特湖林木丛生的岬角上。

4 How deeply is it to be regretted, how much is it to be wondered at, that, in a country whose school of painting, though degraded by its system of meretricious coloring, and disgraced by hosts of would-be imitators of inimitable individuals, is yet raised by the distinguished talent of those individuals to a place of well-deserved honor, and the studios of whose sculptors are filled with designs of the most pure simplicity, and most perfect animation;

the school of architecture should be so miserably debased! 多么令人惋惜，多么令人惊异啊。在这个国家，绘画学派虽然受到华而不实的着色方法的损害，并因成群试图东施效颦的模仿者而蒙羞，但在那些天分超群的画家的带动下，绘画享受着当之无愧的荣耀，雕塑家的工作室里随处可见最朴素却最富有生气的设计。

而建筑界竟会堕落到如此悲惨的境地！

5 There are, however, many reasons for a fact so lamentable.In the first place, the patrons of architecture (I am speaking of all claes of buildings, from the lowest to the highest) are a more numerous and le capable cla than those of painting…There, the power is generally diffused.Every citizen may box himself up in as barbarous a tenement as suits his taste or inclination;The architect is his vaal, and must permit him not only to criticize, but to perpetrate.The palace or the nobleman’s seat may be raised in good taste, and become the admiration of a nation; but the influence of their owner is terminated by the boundary of his estate: he has no command over the adjacent scenery,And the poeor of every 30 acres around him has him at his mercy.The streets of our cities are examples of the effects of this clashing of different tastes; and they are either remarkable for the utter absence of all attempt at embellishment, or disgraced by every variety of abomination…

14 不过，现实之所以令人惋惜，原因是多方面的。首先，建筑（我指的是所有等级的建筑，从最低等级到最高等级）的出资人，相比于绘画的赞助者来说，人数更庞大，能力却相形见绌。在建筑领域，权利总体上是分散的。每个公民可以按照自己的品味或爱好，住进粗鄙的房屋里。建筑师是他的仆从，不仅必须听任他批评，还得容忍他胡作非为。宫殿或贵族的宅邸也许能建出好品味，可以成为举国欣赏的对象，但这些建筑的主人的影响力到了地产的边界便中断了：他无法控制周边的景观。他住宅周围的人，只要拥有30英亩土地，就能对他随意摆布。我们的城市街道就体现了不同品位相互冲突的结果：他们或是因为毫无装饰之企图而引人注目，或是因为布满各种面目可憎的建筑而有失脸面。。。。。。

6 I shall attempt, therefore, to endeavor to illustrate the principle from the neglect of which these abuses have arisen; That of unity of feeling, the basis of all grace, the eence of all beauty.We shall consider the architecture of nations as it is influenced by their feelings and manners, as it is connected with the scenery in which it is found, and with the skies under which it was erected;We shall be led as much to the street and the cottage as to the temple and the tower;And shall be more interested in buildings raised by feeling, than in those corrected by rule.We shall commence with the lower cla of edifices, proceeding from the roadside to the village, and from the village to the city; and, if we succeed in directing the attention of a single individual more directly to this most interesting department of the science of architecture, we shall not have written in vain.因此，我要尽力尝试对建筑原则进行阐释。正是由于漠视了原则，才会产生这些恶果。建筑的原则是感情的统一，这是所有优雅的基础、所有美得本质。当我们考察民族建筑时，应该考虑到它受到了人类情感和风俗的影响，它关乎周围的景致，关乎其下的那片天空。我们不仅应该考察殿堂与高塔，也要考察街道和村舍。我们应该将兴趣更多的投向用感情搭建而成的建筑，而不是用规则制定出来的建筑。我们应该从建筑的低级层次开始，从路边到村庄，再从村庄到城市；如果我们能够成功地进行引导，哪怕只有一个人为此更加直接的注意到建筑学中这最为有趣的领域，我们就没有白费笔墨。

10 文化有点类似于把一片消食片丢进一个玻璃杯里~一川;无法看见，但因为它，总会有事情 发生。

—汉斯•马格努斯•恩岑斯贝格尔 跨文化营销策略

雪莉•E.居 1 我们几乎都听说过这样一个销售案例:美国通用汽车公司试图在拉丁美洲销售他们的Nova车型，结果发现在西班牙语中，“no va”的字面意思是“它走不了”。当然，同样有名的还有另外一个案例:可口可乐第一次登陆中国市场时，这种软饮料的名字被译成“蛾蚌啃蜡”。

2 但是市场营销中的文化意识却远远不只是小心谨慎的翻译而已。每一种文化都有它的微妙和特别之处，同时还有一些直白的忌讳。虽然大多数人都无法详尽地罗列出他们自己文化中的条条框框，但他们却肯定知道什么时候人们违背了他们的文化传统。对我们来说，自己所属的文化往往是看不见的，但是，当我们身处异地时，我们碰到的文化差异却令我们感到古怪、有趣或奇特。因此，要辨明另一国家不成文的规定到底有多么困难呢? 3 看来，去目标市场进行调查仍然是不二之选了。.当你身处异国他乡时，你就肯定会留意到审美观的差异。在那里，到底哪些味道或颜色更容易吸引购买者?你觉得很难吃的东西或很艳俗的装饰品对当地人来说就完全是另一回事。主人可能会问客人一些看似不礼貌的间题，

15 如“你多大啦?”或“你赚多少钱啊?”饮食、日程表、交通、个人便利等等都不能想当然。即便是购买最普通的物品，你也可以讨价还价。你没弄清楚所有的硬币，你也不懂任何人名字的含意。总之，一切都与在国内时不一样。 到目标市场走走也是吸收当今文化的黄金时机。任何与你平时生活模式有所不同的细节都能透露出当地居民的行为方式。但同样要记住的是，在培养和发展与客户或联系人的社会关系时，学会另一文化的规范行为举止虽然很重要，但这并不足以助你做一个全面的营销策划。最简单的文化差异也能搁浅最宏伟的计划。 例如，在将其洗涤剂引入日本市场之前，一家大型的家用产品公司花了数百万美金进行了市场营销活动。尽管如此，当他们的洗涤剂在日本上市时，销量却客客无几。事实上，几乎没有商店储备这种肥皂。是非关税贸易壁垒的缘故吗?不是，真正的原因要简单得多。典型的美国式经济大包装对于空间狭小的日本零售店来说俨然是“庞然大物”。而且，日本的家庭主妇一般没有车，她们步行到商店，然后买了商品拎回家—个很小的处所。

不同的文化因素—不仅包括宗教、迷信、家庭结构、饮食、语言和当地的历史，还延伸到对待事物的各种观念如政府、工作、权威、年龄、环境、时空和男女关系—都会影响人们的购买行为。最后，一种文化里的幽默感是很难界定的，而且这种幽默通常难以通过另一种文化领会或设释。除了具体的人口统计数据之外，很难清楚地界定或确定这些观念;而且，即使是带上文化烙印的根深蒂固的各种观念也确确实实在改变。 目标语很容易确定，但切忌笼统概括。在西班牙使用的西班牙语与在拉丁美洲使用的西班牙语并不完全一样。我们都听说过在汉语里大约有10,000种口语方言，而且我们也都意识到新加坡、其他一些国家和地区还在使用繁体汉字。但在中国大陆地区，繁体字已经基本上被简化字取代了。.自从香港回归以来，这一趋势也扩展到了香港特别行政区。在大陆，大多数40岁以下的中国人已经不会读繁体字了。 如果你能够把迷信和语言结合起来，你就能增强效果。在中国和日本，数字4与“死”谐音。因此，公司名字或联系信息里的数字4会有一种负面的含义。然而，数字8却被看作是一个幸运数字，于是有很多的产品名称都叫88或888。有数字8的电话号码代表着好运。地址里含有数字8的房产很可能会卖得更快，特别是当价格的尾数是\"888”的时候。这些数字迷信相当普遍，以致于在1988年8月8日(8/8/88)，香港的医院挤满了临产的孕妇，有的要求人工引产，有的甚至要求剖腹产。这样，他们的小孩就可以有幸运的生日了。.而且，1988 在美国，我们习惯于在竞技场上角逐，比较自身、公司和产品。但是，在欧盟和大多数亚洲国家，广告里是不接受、也不允许有比较行为的。.如果宜称某种软饮料要比其他的软饮料口感更佳，或者某一种品牌的汽车比其他汽车更可靠，这可能会招人反感(甚至会被诉诸法律)。欧盟的宣传活动，吹捧自己产品的优点或许是可行的，但却不能采用产品比较的策略，尽管这种方法在美国是司空见惯的。.某些地方的市民往往会比那些鲁莽行事的美国人要谦卑低调得多。在很多文化里，公司都会比较注重长期发展和公司信誉。 如果你正在策划视觉广告，那么你就有必要考虑非言语行为的地方差异，如手势、眼神交流、私人空间以及男女关系。数年前，有一部电影在中国上映，这部电影里出现了中国电影史上第一次接吻的镜头。当接吻镜头出现时，电影院里惊叹声一片。考虑到丰富的文化因素，公众之吻的较高冲击值可能会对你的广告产生截然相反的功效。

妄加推断一个泛亚洲市场或一位拉丁美洲或欧洲客户都有可能会酿成大错。在邻国文化里，并不见得一定会有共同的购买喜好;同样，美国消费者和墨西哥消费者的购物偏好也不尽相同。而且，国界也不一定总能区分消费行为，因为地区特色也一样会很明显。

文化的方方面面都可能会如投石入水，泛起涟漪。饮食习惯不仅会影响食品公司，也会影响经营日用品、厨具、储藏器皿、餐具、包装公司，以及获得经营权的餐饮、服务店。在有些亚洲地区不要用“快乐的绿巨人”，因为在当地文化里，男人戴绿帽子就表示他妻子对他不

16 忠。 要是能够聘请到一位了解当地文化的人充当目标市场文化顾问，那肯定再好不过了。预算不够，就去咨询跨境商会以获取有效的帮助。但是，在启动一项营销活动之前，可以先到市场上测试一下，这种测试通常在目标国家或地区具有代表性的大城市进行。一般来说，城市居民见多识广，他们的观念也兼容并包;同时，他们的收人往往是最高的，更具随意购买消费品的能力。

在类似这样的一次测试里，一家美国行李箱制造商发现文化同样会影响思维和感知。这家公司在中东地区策划了一则全新的广告—他们的行李箱乘坐在一块神奇的飞毯上。阿拉伯地区绝大多数的重点访谈人群则认为他们看到的是一则}.S\'di11S0i111e”牌的地毯广告。

第17篇：英语广告翻译

英语广告的修辞特点与翻译：

一．明喻（本体与喻体之间常用as,like等介词连接起来）

二．明喻（把一个事物的名称用在另一个事物的名称上，无as,like等连接）e.g:You are better

off under the Umbrella(保护伞)。这里的用意是：购买保险；外出远行，犹如置身于一顶伞下，可以无忧无虑的去尽情享受旅行的乐趣。

三．换喻（利用一个事物的名称替换与他有密切联系的另一个事物名称的修辞方

法）e.g:The most sensational place to wear stain (绸子)on your lips.

四．重复：

五．拟人e.g:Flowers by Interfloar speak from the heart.biaoda 表达：“祝你早日康复”“最真

挚的感谢”“祝你生日快乐”这是花店使用的广告用语。

六．夸张：e.g:Every time we race,you win.这是电子琴广告的标题。“每场比赛，常常获胜。”

七．双关

八．对比

商务英语中的委婉表达与翻译：

一． 事态倒退法:1could you~~~~~~~ 与 can you~~~~ 2.we wanted ~~~ 与we want

~~~~~~~~~~ 3.would you~~~ 与can\\will you~~~~~~~

二． 语态被动法

三． 语气虚拟法：1.We would be very grateful if you could let us take delivery before the selling

season.2.We will be very grateful if you can let us take delivery before the selling season.1比2好

四． 词句否定法：1.“not bad”“very good”2.”be not acceptable”“be unacceptable”

五． 语气弱化法：1.否定语气弱化法：（1）在否定句前加上“Iam afraid” “I do not think” “Iam

not sure”e.g:Ido not think it is wise for either of us to insist onhis own terms.It is unwise for either o us to insist on his terms.(2)在否定句中加上：really.always.quite.too .particularly .e.g:we do not really know that company’s financial standing.We do not know ~~~~~~(3)在否定句前或后加上please或使用反意疑问句:e.g:Don’t be so impationnt,would you? We will lertainly make some progre late on.Don’t be so impatient.We will~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2.疑问语气弱化法：e.g:but how are you going to pay for your imports,if Imay ask?3.肯定语气弱化法：在距前家“I think” “I hope” “I regret” “please”等.

注意运用常用句型。

广告语句，特别是标题距 必须简短紧凑，省略句也必然频频出现，这是商业广告的句法特点。

第18篇：英语句子翻译

英语翻译

一、In fact, the mythology of a perfect Olympic is the modern invention of snobs and self-styled purists, perpetuated by sports writers---and television commentators at a lo to fill air time.(para.2 lines8-11)

事实上，曾有过完美的奥运会的神话只是现代的势利小人和一群自封的纯粹主义者的杜撰，通过体育文章撰稿人和转播期间设法填补空白时间的电视评论员流传下来。

二、But these arbiters were often susceptible to financial enticements--- and treats.

这些比赛的主宰者往往经不起金钱以及盛宴的诱惑。

三、Promoters of minor track meets--- which were often held to advertise local products(!)--- would fork over plenty to have the hottest runners of the day merely show up.

当时，一些小型比赛---通常是为了给当地的产品做广告（！）---的发起者，确实会向当红短跑明星支付大笔的酬金，请他们到场露露脸。

四、When he croed the finish line, he was a little “high” on more than joy--- having fortified himself along the road with swigs of sugared wine.

尽管在冲过终点线时，他显得与其说是兴奋还不如说有点“醉醺醺”的——因为他在途中大量饮用掺了糖的葡萄酒以保持体力。

五、Just before President Teddy Roosevelt’s daughter was to give him his medal, it was discovered that Lorz had not, after all, gone the entire distance under his own steam.(para.14 lines 101-103)

正当特迪·罗斯福总统的女儿给他颁奖之际，洛兹被发现没有独立跑完全程。

六、Having cramped up at about nine miles, he accepted a ride from a paing car.

他在9英里处腿部抽筋，便搭乘了辆路过的汽车。

七、There is no need to conjecture about Dora Ratjen, the German athlete who just mied a gold medal in the women’s high jump in the notorious Olympics of 1936,she subsequently set world records in this event.

然而，德国运动员朵拉·拉特金的性别是不容置疑的。在臭名昭著的1936年奥运会上错失了女子跳高金牌后，“她”随后在这个项目中屡屡改写世界纪录。

I still do not share the peimism of the writer whose most famous work had given him a near-franchise on the digit \"1984\".

我从内心深处仍不赞同那位因一部名著而对“1984”这个数字几乎享有特权的作家所持的悲观态度。

To begin with,there was the actual prize money.From at least the sixth century B.C.the Greeks opently gave cash awards for the first place in the Olympics.After that there were huge fees that these newly crowed champions could demand for \"personal appearances\".

首先，当时确实存在奖金。至少从公元前6世纪起，希腊人就开始向奥运冠军公开授予现金奖励。此后新加冕的冠军还可索取巨额“出场费”。

翻译

一、吸引大量观众的体育运动为人们观赏青春的活力、速度和力量提供了一个窗口。

Spectator sports provide an outlet for viewing the vitality of youth, speed, and strength.

二、它所展示的技能水平强烈地吸引着人们。

The levels of skill （that are）displayed fascinate people.

三、男性之所以比女性更直接地认同这种运动，是因为他们的童年经历和比赛所展示的阳刚之气。

Men identify more directly than women with spectator sports because of their childhood experience and the macho nature of games.

四、这种运动对男性来说，在心理上还有另外一种吸引力：因为他们是男人，有可能被召唤到赛场上，被要求打比赛或当教练，去贡献自己的一技之长。

For men there is an additional attraction in their minds because since they are male they could be called on to the field, asked to contribute their playing or coaching skills.

五、因此观看这类比赛给他们的遐想（daydreams）提供了素材。Viewing sports thus provides the raw material for dreams.

六、而女性在观看比赛中也从他人身上间接地获得了渴望取胜的满足感，而且有更多的女性正积极地投身到竞技体育中去。

Neverthele, women too feel vicarious satisfaction from a desire to win than ever and more women are becoming active in competitive sports.

七．到20世纪70年代初，体育爱好者们对比赛不断增长的兴趣，在电视联播中得到了进一步加强，并把职业运动转变成了利润丰厚地商业活动。

By the early 1970s, growing fan interest in the games, heightened by network television, had transformed profeional sports into lucrative busine enterprises.

八、结果，一些全新的俱乐部联合会雨后春笋般地涌现出来，与现有的体育组织展开竞争，并以诱人的工资来吸引运动员加盟。

As a result, entirely new leagues sprang up to compete with established organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries.

九、随着体育变得更像传统的商业活动，越来越多地运动员寻找他们的经纪人，代表他们参加工资谈判。现在，职业体育运动已经进入一个新时代。

As sports became more like traditional businees, players increasingly turned to agents to represent them in salary negotiations.Now profeional sports have entered a new era.

一、If you are pleased with the complaisance and attention of others to your hunours, your tastes, oryour weaknees, depend upon it, the same complaisance and attention on your part to theirs will equally please them.

如果别人对你的情绪、品味或弱点所给予的恭维和关注令你高兴，那么你对别人给予同样的恭维和关注无

疑也会令别人喜悦。

二、be serious, gay, or even trifiling, as you find the present humor of the company; this is an attention due from every individual to the majority.

无论是严肃、快乐还是懒散，你的情绪要和朋友们同步，这是个人应对多数人表示的一种礼貌。

三、nor labor, as many people do, to give that turn to the conversation, which may supply you with an opportunity of exhibiting them.

即使谈话为你提供了展示这些优点的机会，你也不要像许多人那样，拼命地把它们转移到话题中去。

四、The particular characters, the habits, the cant of one company may give merit to a word, or a gesture, which would have none at all if divested of those accidental circumstances.

某个圈子中的人物、习惯和惯用语可能会看重某个词、某个手势，但离开了特定的场合，它们就可能变得毫无价值。

五、Here people very commonly err; and fond of something that has entertained them in one company, and in certain circumstances, repeat it with emphasis in another, where it is either insipid, or it may be offensive, by being ill-timed or misplaced.

在这方面人们经常会犯错误：他们喜欢在某个圈子里令他们愉快的某样事情，而在另一个圈子里特别强调地重复它。然而由于时间或地点不宜，在不同的圈子里，它要么是枯燥乏味的，要么可能是无礼唐突的。

六、Those, therefore, who flattered skillfully, said little to him of his abilities in state affairs, or at least but en paant, and as it might naturally occur.But the incense which they gave him, the smoke of which they knew would turn his head in their favor, was as a bel esprit and a poet.

于是，那些善于献媚的人几乎不提他的治国才能，即使说也只是一笔带过，仿佛自然顺带提到而已。只有恭维他为才子和诗人才会令其飘飘然并垂青于献媚者。

七、his prevailing weakne was, to be thought to have a polite and happy turn to gallantry — of which he had undoubtedly le than any man living.

他的主要弱点是希望被人认为具有骑士(绅士)般彬彬有礼的快乐天性，而他无疑比任何人都欠缺这种品质。

八、If they are both bad, she comforts herself that she has graces, a certain manner, a je ne sais quoi still more more engaging than beauty.

万一这两者都很糟糕，她就会安慰自己： 她具有比美貌更迷人的风度、举止和某种难以形容的品质。

九、But there is no living in the world without a complaisant indulgence for people’s weaknees.

但凡生活在这个世界上，就不能不宽纵别人荒谬却无害的缺点和虚荣。

十、If a man has a mind to be thought wiser and a woman handsomer, than they really are, their error is a comfortable one to themselves, and an innocent one with regard to other people, and I would rather make them my friends by indulging them in it, than my enemies by endeavoring (and that to no purpose) to

undeceive them.

如果一个男人希望被认为比其实际更聪明，一个女人希望被认为比其实际更漂亮，他们的这种错误令他们自

己觉得舒服而又对别人无害。我宁愿纵容他们、与之为友，也不愿竭力去（无缘无故地）揭人之短而为自己树敌。

十一、There are little attentions, likewise, which are infinitely engaging, and which sensibly affect that degree of pride and self-love, which is inseparable from human nature, as they are unquestionable proofs of the regard and consideration which we have for the persons to whom we pay them.

于细微处见关怀，同样也是极其动人的，因为它毫无疑问证明了我们对被关怀者是关心和体谅的，这种关怀明显会影响一个人自尊、自恋的程度，这也是人之常情。

十二、Such attention to such trifles flatters self-love much more than greater thing, as it makes people think themselves almost the only objects of your thoughts and care.

对此类细节的如此关注较之大处更能取悦自恋者，因为这令他们觉得自己几乎是你考虑和关心的唯一对象。 十

三、and shall not grudge it if you reap the advantage

你若能从中获益，我将不胜宽慰。翻译

一．我心里有一些东西，一直渴望着说出来教育年轻人；因为正是在一个人早年尚未成熟的时候，这些东西最能生根、最能持久，也最珍贵。

I have a few things in my mind which I have often longed to say for the instruction of the young; for it is in one’s tender early years that such things will best take root and be most enduring and most valuable.

二．当父母在场时要始终服从他们。从长远的观点来看，这是最好的策略。因为即使你不服从他们，他们也会使你服从。

Always obey your parents when they are present.This is best policy in the long run, because if you don’t they will make you.

三．大部分父母认为他们知道的比你多。你接受这一点，通常比你根据自己判断行事，会获得更大的收益。 Most parents think they know better than you do, and you can generally benefit more by accepting that idea than you can by acting on your own judgment.

四．要尊重你的上司，也要尊重你的朋友、熟人和身边的人。

Be respectful to your superiors, also to friends, acquaintances and people around you.

五．如果一个人冒犯了你，你又不能确定他是有意还是无意，不要采取极端的做法；只要等待时机予以回击就行了。

If a person offends you, and you are in doubt as to whether it was intentional or not, do not resort to extreme measures; simply watch your chance and hit him back later.That will be sufficient.

六 要始终避免使用暴力，因为在这个仁爱和友善的时代，依仗暴力的日子已经一去不复返了。

Always avoid violence.In this age of charity and kindline ,the time has gone by for violence.作文

WangLiping

Dept.of Sociology

Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology

Wuhan 430074

P.R.China

Sept.31 , 2007

Graduate School

School of Humanities and Social Science

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Dear Sir or Madam:

I am a Master Degree student of the Sociology Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, one of the leading higher learning institutions in Mainland China.I now wish to scale higher intellectual heights by pursuing PhD study in your quality program of Sociology in the School of Humanities and Social Science and am writing to ask for a package of your application documents.Your timely aistance will be greatly appreciated.

I did my undergraduate studies at the Shandong University, one of the key universities of the country and obtained the Bachelor\'s Degree in Law in 2006.In the fall of 2006, I was accepted as a Master degree candidate by the Sociology Department ofHuazhong University of Science and Technology.My research field is social stratification and mobility and am at present writing my degree paper on therelationship of family background and social stratification in urban China.I have published 2 research papers concerning this research field in two important journals in the field of Sociology.

I am looking forward to receiving your application package.

Yours sincerely,

Wang Liping

申请国外大学

Tai Changle

P.O.Box 4444

Northern Industrial University

Xi’an 550085

Email: taichangle@mail.niu.edu.cn

April31, 2006

Graduate School

University of Wonders

London N55 44G

United Kingdom

Dear Sir or Madam:

I am a Chinese student due to graduate this year with a B.S.from the computer Department of the Northern Industrial University, a distinguished higher-learning institution based in Xi’an, a northwestern city in China.I would like to apply for acceptance into your graduate program so that I can further my training in my chosen field of studies—computer science.A11 your aistance will be highly appreciated.（写作目的、感激的话）

I was born in 1976.My education began in 1983 and in 1994 I gained acceptance into the Northern Industrial University.In the four years since, I have been receiving systematic and comprehensive training in computer science, taking coursesranging from discrete mathematics, fundamentals of combinatorics, introduction to mathematical logic, C language, etc.（背景信息）

I now would very much like to expand the horizon and insights that my education so far has endowed in me.Towards that end, I have checked around for a good western university to go to.Judging by all that I know, I think your university suits my purpose the best.It would be a great privilege for me if I could join your graduate program to advance my training.Please send me an application package and all other materials I might need to apply for acceptance.（长远的计划）

Yours Sincerely,

Tai Changle

面试后感谢

Dear Mr.Zhu:

I want to thank you very much for taking time to brief me on your company’s background and operations last Friday, and interviewing me for the position of„

I was very satisfied with the interview from my perspective, as I hope from yours.Now that I have met you and known more„, I am even more excited about the of working with you.I feel that my „match this position, and I am confident I would be„

If you have any follow-up questions, please don’t hesitate to call me at„ I am looking forward to hearing from you in the near future.

Yours sincerely

第19篇：英语高考翻译

1.和园丁们一起工作让我们学到许多关于花卉的知识。（enable）

2.近来，他在从事关于做笔记对学习效果的研究。（engage）

3.应该鼓励学生把上课所学的应用于实践。(encourage)

4.必须采取一切可能的措施以确保上海世博会顺利进行。（ensure）

5.任何触犯法律的人都无法逃避法律的惩罚。(escape)

6.你准备地越充分，你就能有越大的收获。(equip)

7.我们都没料到校长会出现在晚会上。（expect)

8.作为班长，你有责任为其他同学树立榜样。(example)

9.由于缺乏经验，他的实验最终还是以失败而告终。(experience)

10.没有足够的词汇量，我们发现很难自如地表达自己。(expre)

1.从某种程度上讲，老板已经同意了你的提议。(extent)

2.要不是几个小的拼写错误，这篇作文就可谓完美了。(except)

3.别对他期望太高，不然你会失望的。（expect）

4.总经理不会原谅你玩忽职守的行为的。（excuse）

5.为避免误会，你最好向她解释清楚这个问题。（explain）

6.让皮肤长时间晒太阳是有害的。（expose）

7.我们都在一定程度上对这悲惨的局面负责。

(extent)

8.据我所知，他的父母对他期盼很高。（as far as，expect）

9.MP4正在流行，而MP3已不再时兴，时尚的潮流总是这样日新月异。（fashion）

10.我完全被那景象迷住了，无法移开视线。（fascinate）

1.尽管Jack讨厌Rose，最终还是以帮助她告终。

(end, favor) 2.他蹑手蹑脚地走进房间，唯恐吵醒睡着的孩子。（fear）

3.这种鲸不以小鱼为食。（feed)

4.一场暴风雨后，他们面临着严重的水灾。（face）

5.我们最好不要与言而无信的人打交道。（fail）

6.他作为一个杰出的科学家而闻名，但他却淡泊名利。（famous）

7.龙井茶不仅在中国享有盛誉，许多外国人也熟悉它。（familiar）

8.我想请你帮个忙：你能给那位老太太系上安全带么？（favor, fasten)

9.今天阳光明媚，我想去野餐。（feel）

10.每次母亲回到家里，都发现他们在打牌。（find）

1.为了纪念这位英雄，拍了一部电影。(film)

2.正是因为坚持练习，她才能说一口流利的英语。(fluent)

3.当那美女走进来时，所有的目光都集中在她身上。（focus)

4. 这个总监总是每一个到公司，这给职员们树立了一个好榜样。(first)

5.每次母亲回到家里，都发现他们在打牌。（find）

6.为了纪念这位英雄，拍了一部电影。(film)

7.正是因为坚持练习，她才能说一口流利的英语。(fluent)

8.当那美女走进来时，所有的目光都集中在她身上。（focus)

9.这个总监总是每一个到公司，这给职员们树立了一个好榜样。(first)

10.好几年来，他一直在同疾病作斗争。（fight）

1.仅仅往大脑中蓄满知识是无用的。（fill）

2.只有通过仔细的观察和分析我们才能发现问题的所在。（find）

3.他目不转睛地看着相册，想起许多童年趣事。（fix）

4.学校应该注重培养学生对科学的热爱。（focus）

5.他在业余时间喜欢上网与人聊天。（fond）

6.随着社会的发展，越来越多追求时尚的年轻女郎要保持健康。（fit)

7．我警告你不要捉弄同班同学。（warn, fool)

8.他因家境贫寒而不得不退学。（force）

9.为了方便起见，他用短信告诉了同事们这个好消息。（form）

10.许多市民青睐地铁，是因为它不会发生交通 拥堵。（free）

2.Vicky 忘记了她在出办公室之前就把灯关了。（forget)

2.大多数参会人员不赞成此项计划。（for）

3.我忘了提醒他面试的时间。（forget）

4.我们学校禁止学生在校内吃零食和乱扔垃圾。（forbid）

5.即使他向我道歉，我也决不会原谅他的无礼行为。（forgive）

6. 因为她总是穿着奇装异服，难怪同学们要取笑她。（fun）

7. 我打心眼里对他的失败不满意。（from, diatisfied)

8. 他是公司里唯一提出这项灵活计划的人。（forward, flexible)

9．听君一席话，我们受益匪浅。(gain/ benefit)

10．总体来讲，我们希望通过参观了解这个百货商店的大致情况。(get a general idea of)

1．我真希望奶奶能尽快康复。（get）

3 男士一般不擅长购物时和店主讨价还价。（good）

4.政府已经同意他们离开该国的请求。(grant) 5．只有经历艰难困苦的人才明白人生的真谛。（go）

6．我们下决心要实现我们共同的目标。（goal）

7．众所周知，多喝水对健康有益。(good n.)

8．中国人认为子女赡养父母是天经地义的。（grant）

9．非常感谢你在我困难时向我伸出了援助之手。（grateful）

10．尽管在城市长大，他却一点也不喜欢时髦。（grow）

1．不要老是为那件事感到内疚，那不是你的错。（guilty）

2．看来他们家发生了出人意料的事情。（happen）

3．妈妈已经好久没有收到儿子的来信了。(hear)

4．适当放松一下自己有助于你提高学习效率。（help）

5．当我听到这个消息时，我几乎无法相信自己的耳朵。 （hardly）

6．众所周知，喝太多酒对健康有害。（do harm）

7．你最好检查一下你的眼睛，很明显你的视力在下降。（have）

8.乘车时你有主动给老人让座的习惯吗？（habit）

9.我们去电话时，碰巧他们出去了。（happen）

10.他刚到家，他的太太就开始发牢骚。（Hardly„）

1.父亲听说女儿在大学中的优异表现时，他满面春风、容光焕发。（hear）

2.看了杰克画的卡通画，他的母亲忍俊不禁。（help）

3.没人料到这件事与那个沉默寡言的人有关。（have）

4.一旦试卷分发下去，就不可以再打开课本了。(hand)

5．一听到小男孩的呼救声，战士就毫不犹豫地跳进了冰冷的河水中。(hesitation) 6．有不懂的地方就求教于老师，不要犹豫。（hesitate）

7．幸亏这位医生，病人的手术才没有被耽搁。（hold）

8．奥委会对于这次开幕式的组织给予了很高的评价。(highly)

9.我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。(hit)

10．下星期我们要为退休工人举行一次欢送会。（honor n.）

1．通常情况下，清洁工都是按小时付费的。(hour)

2．多读一些伟大学者的著作能够帮助我们开拓视野。(horizon)

3．没弄清事实就匆忙做出决定是不明智的。（hurry）

4．我们都为中国成功地举办奥运会来感到自豪。(host)

5．那位有幽默感的教授深受学生们的尊敬。(humor)

6. 到目前为止，科学家们对电脑病毒只有粗略的了解。（idea）

7. 很遗憾，她竟然对于小区里昨天发生的事一无所知。(ignorant)

8. 越来越多的父母开始重视子女的心理健康。(importance)

9. 家庭环境会对孩子的性格产生很大的影响。（influence）

10．因特网可以使我们不断了解国内外发生的事情。（inform）

1．勤洗手可以避免疾病传染。（infect）

2.那个姑娘又活泼又幽默，给面试官留下了深刻印象。（impre）

3.他申请这份工作是为了不依靠父母。（independent）

4.他突然想到了一个好主意，他可以通过发表演说来改变他的个人形象。(idea, occur)

5.如果你忽视句型，你的翻译水平就不可能提高。（impoible）

6.来自农村的学生不必感到比大城市的学生低一等。（inferior）

7.难以想象彼得在讲台上演讲的样子。（imagine）

8.他不顾个人安危，执意留守在岗位上。（insist）

9.我对这类电视剧不感兴趣，因为它们千篇1律。（interest n.）

10.他们失败后没有怨天尤人，而是更加刻苦训练，力求在下次比赛中获胜。（instead）

1.许多年轻人受到鼓舞愿为服务公众而贡献时间和精力。（inspire）

2.感染了这种病毒的病人必须立即实施隔离。(isolate)

3.幸运地是，他在火灾前为全家人都买了人寿保险。(insure)

4.大多数人不愿意介入这场毫无意义的争论。(involve)

5.从你的成绩单来看，所有老师都对你相当满意。（judge）

6.正是因为他的粗枝大叶才使他考试不及格。（It„）

7.只有通过一次又一次的失败，我们才能找到成功的关键。(Only, key)

8.他热衷于读书是因为读书能给他带来知识和快乐。（keen）

9.网络使我们能足不出户就周游世界。（„it„）

10.由于缺乏信心，他一见到外国人就一片茫然。(lack v., lo)

1.随着两国交流日益增多，中美两国友谊长存。(last v.)

2.他从不介意别人嘲笑。(laugh)

3.近年来，越来越多的老年人被独自留在家中。(leave)

4.缓解压力的方法在于学会放松。(lie)

5.这次意外事故使他学到了“乐极生悲”这个教训。(leon)

6.由于缺乏资金和人力，地铁修建不得不推迟。(lack)

7.我们应该互相学习，共同进步。(learn) 8.只有勇敢面对挑战的人才有可能成功。(likely)

9.去看时装秀吧，我来洗碗。(leave)

10.这场大火整整持续了10个小时，才被扑灭。（last)

1.其实成功的意义不仅仅在于它的结果，更重要的是它的过程。(lie)

2.作为高三学生，我们不应该将理想局限于大学教育。(limit)

3.这个体育场位于市中心，这是大家很容易到达那里。(locate)

4.老师冷不丁问了她一个问题，她不知如何回答。(lo)

5.当他的孩子们离他而去，这老人过着寂寞的生活。(lonely)

6.没有信号，他们和总部失去了联系。(lose)

7.难以置信，那位百万富翁过着一种极为简朴的生活。（live）

8.他渴望能为那些艾滋病儿做些事情。（long）

9.陷入沉思，她没有注意到外面发生的事情。（lose）

10.我们盼望能参加艺术节开幕式。（look）

1,在金融危机中，大多数家庭都很难达到收支平衡。(majority, make)

2.失去的时间是没法弥补的，我们都应该好好珍惜。(make)

3.和他结婚了10年，她已经习惯过着这么简朴的生活。(marry)

4.在现代社会中，掌握一门外语对我们的生活有益。(master)

5.心理学专业的学生要做很多的实验。(major)

6.作为一名服装设计专业的学生，他渴望有一天能去巴黎。（major v.）

7.虽然交通拥挤，他还是设法把旅客及时送到了机场。（manage）

8.这种用钢制成的手表质量很好。(make) 9.他有写小说的潜质，因为他擅长编故事。（make）

10.对帮助你的人说谢谢是一种礼貌。（manner）

1.在古典音乐知识方面没人能和约翰匹敌。（match）

2.对于我们来说，重要的不是输赢，而是参与。（matter）

3.必须采取积极措施来防止禽流感蔓延。（measure）

4.做一件毫无价值的工作就意味着浪费我们宝贵的时间。（mean）

5.作为生产者，要尽力满足消费者的需要。(meet)

6.Mary 通过努力工作以及省更多的钱尽力使达到收支平衡。（meet)

7.这座纪念碑被建造，是为了纪念那位二战中被杀害的英雄。（memory)

8.Tyson 输了比赛，任凭对手摆布。（mercy）

9.使事情变得更糟的是，在丢了工作之后他的妻子也离开了他.(matter)

10.在任何情况下，我们都绝不能违背学校制定的规定。(by no means)

1.Jenny 已经下定决心，要用科学的方法做这个实验。（mind)

2.你一收到这封信，就知道事情的来龙去脉了。（The moment„）

3.在考试中越是冷静，就越少出错。(the more„the more„)

4.她被那部电影深深感动了禁不住留下了泪水。（move）

5.为了纪念他的祖父，他的名字跟他祖父一样。（named）

6.她总被误认为是她的孪生妹妹Betty。（mistake)

7.你介意我在这里抽烟吗？(mind)

8.你水果吃得越多，好处越大。（The more）

9.一个兴趣广泛的人有可能是一个博学的人。（multiple）

10.刚刚经历了九死一生，这名罪犯感到精疲力歇。(narrow)

1.这张新专辑是以歌手母亲的名字命名的。（name）

2.中看的鞋子不一定耐穿。（necearily）

3.如果不满足身体对维生素的需求，我们就会缺乏足够的营养。（need）

4.我们的祖国从来没有像今天这样强大。（Never）

5.任何玩忽职守的消防员都将受到严惩。(neglect)

6.那位顽皮的小男孩在危险面前竟然一点也不紧张。(nervous)

7.我刚完成考试卷，考试终了的铃声就响起了。(no sooner)

8.医生坚持要这个病人立即动手术。（operate）

9.出于好奇，年幼的他走上了魔术生涯。（out of）

10.你根本不用愁眉不展，一切看起来都有条不紊。（order）

1.非常感谢你帮忙照看我的宠物。（oblige）

2.这些天，杰克正忙于筹备他的婚礼。（occupy）

3.虽然她孤身一人，无亲无故，但邻居们都向她伸出了援助之手。（offer）

4.显而易见，他不愿意按吩咐去做。(obvious)

5.他建议我们应该向学生开设更多的课程。（offer）

6. 我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会主席。（occur）

7.只有持之以恒的锻炼才能使人延年益寿。（Only„）

8.世博会将给上海一个机会来向世界展示其独特风韵。（opportunity）

9.我的家人强烈反对我独自生活的计划。（oppose）

10经理对他的工作如此挑剔，他只得辞职。（particular）

1．这位年轻的教师对不太聪明的学生没有耐心。（patient）

2．单单参加田径项目的就达到了50人。（participate）

3．我们只有不断改善自我，才能跟上现代生活的节奏。（Only, pace）

4．她煞费苦心保持房子整洁，却总是被那只宠物狗搞得一团糟。（pains, me up）

5.由于油价上涨，更多的人使用公共交通工具。（owing to）

6.屋里漆成白色，而窗帘则是绿色。(paint)

7.陈先生对领带非常讲究。(particular)

8作为一名护士，你应该对病人十分耐心。(patient)

9.那位工程师平易近人，总是将自己的成功归功与同事们的帮助。（owe）

10电子邮件和电话一样，在日常交流中起着重要作用（part）

1.中秋节是中国所独有的。(peculiar)

2.你一意孤行，你将为此付出代价。（pay）

3.力劝说他不要赌博，但是他根本听不进去。（persuade）

4.在这人群中找出你多年未见的兄弟吗？（pick）

5.家人怎么劝说，她任然执意要和那个外国人结婚。（persist）

6.过这位物理学家过着如此简朴的生活。(occur)

7.计划今年暑假去浏览一些名胜古迹。（plan）

8.指出，医疗不能代替均衡饮食在保健中的作用。（point）

9.制造的鞋子价廉物美，深受当地顾客的欢迎。（popular）

10把时间浪费在这样一件小事上真是没有义。（point)

1.栽培花卉给我带来很大的乐趣。(pleasure)

2.该公司是否有计划更换电脑系统？(plan)

3.错过这么重要的讲座真是太遗憾了。(pity)

4.建议是否能付诸实施任然是个问题。（practice）

5.晚能来参加我的生日聚会吗？（poible）

6.那个女孩因在这次灾难中的勇敢表现而受到高度赞扬。（praise）

7.我宁愿上网购物也不愿去百货商店。（prefer）

8.她为这次求职面试做好了充分准备，一点也不紧张（prepare）

9.令人费解的是，他总喜欢不懂装懂。（pretend）

10 必须采取严厉措施以阻止对苏州河的进一步污染。（prevent）

1.我们目前面临的问题是如何为明天的面试做好充分的准备。（preparation）

2.成功不是秘密，而是一个系统——一个积极的信仰系统。（positive)

3.当无知主宰我们时，决不可能有真正的和平。(poibility)

4.我宁愿读书，也不愿什么也不做.(prefer)

5.他们向学院赠送了一笔款项以纪念他们的儿子。(present)

6.子成了一名飞行员，为此她感到自豪。（proud）

7.工作中粗心大意，却被提升为经理。（promote）

8.公司已经承诺赔偿我们的损失。（promise）

9.为这学期谁在物理方面进步很大？（progre）

10.籍和杂志能为我们提供精神食粮。（provide）

1.毫无疑问，他将因不遵守校规而受到严惩。（punish）

2.肇事司机故意隐瞒事实以逃避惩罚。（purpose）

3. 这项培训课程将使你胜任更好的工作。（qualify）

4. 结果证明这项任务比预想的要困难得多。（prove）

5. 戴太阳眼镜可以保护眼睛免受强烈阳光的灼伤。（protect）

6.这本小说是专门写给年龄在7至12岁之间的孩子们的。（range）

7.知道如何对突发事件作出适当的反应是十分明智的。（react）

8.机遇和成功往往青睐有准备的人。（ready）

9.他缺席的原因是他在交通事故中受了重伤。（reason）

10 据记载，这个地区历史上发生过多次地震。（record）

1. 劳累一天后洗个澡可以解乏。（recover）

2.刘翔为我们中国人赢得了巨大的荣誉，被认为是民族英雄。（regard）

3.说实话，我真后悔失去了获得奖学金的机会。（regret）

4.家长不该孩子要什么就买什么，而不管花费如何。（regardle）

5.这个问题很值得讨论，它与我们未来的生活息息相关。（related）

6.作演讲之前，深呼吸能消除你的紧张感。（relieve）

7.时间有限，这个问题留待下一次会议讨论。（remain）

8.照片使我想起了我们在夏令营里度过的日子。（remind）

9.可以用机器人代替人类做一些有危险的工作。（replace）

10.轻人迟疑了一会儿才回答问题。（reply）

1.要求每位学生每天为家里做一件力所能及的家务。（require）

2.济问题是由贫富差距导致的。（result）

3.男孩因帮助了陌生旅客被奖励了两块巧克力。（reward）

4.旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。（rid）

5.旅游业的兴起，该地区人们的生活正在逐步改善。（rise）

6.学校规定学生不可以将手机带入校园。(„it„)

7.的学习压力使许多孩子失去了快乐的童年。（rob）

8.队员冒着生命危险救出了火灾中被困的孩子。(risk)

9.安全起见，请系上安全带。（sake）

10.点后，这家超市都会廉价出售蔬菜和水果。（sale）

1.子出国留学是否是件好事要因人而异。（sent）

2.负责安排下次班会吗？（see）

3.乎没有理解我的意思。（seem）

4.是无论发生什么都能与你同甘苦的人。（share）

5.保持健康，我每天尽量腾出一些时间来锻炼身体。（set）

6.放下电话，门铃就响起来。(scarcely)

7.受伤的人不断增加，医院严重缺血。(short)

8.相互交流，才能缩短父母与子女之间的代沟。(shorten)

9.志愿者的职责之一就是带领游客参观展馆。（show）

10.相机与我的功能相似，但我的相对便宜。（similar）

1.我们合作，就一定能找到解决问题的办法。(solution)

2.本就没有必要花那么多钱买这么个装置。(spend)

3.令他伤心的是，他没有实现自己唯一的人生抱负。（sorrow）

4.我们遗憾地通知你，你的申请被拒绝了。（sorry）

5.尽管有很多困难，我们仍将努力执行我们的计划。

6.这款运动鞋卖得非常好，已经脱销了。（stock）

7.十年的教学生涯中，她一直严以律己。（strict）

8.在除夕之夜,许多中国人守岁到半夜迎接新年的到来.(stay up)

9.只要专心学习，你一定能顺利通过考试。（succeed）

10 这音质比普通的激光唱片要好。（superior）

1.没有什么能代替鲁迅为中国文学所作出的巨大贡献。（substitute）

2.政府向灾区学生免费供应教科书。（supply）

3.我劝他不要老是生活在上次失败的阴影中。（suggest）

4.这音质比普通的激光唱片要好。（superior）

5.在除夕之夜,许多中国人守岁到半夜迎接新年的到来.(stay up)

6.只要专心学习，你一定能顺利通过考试。（succeed）

7.我劝他不要老是生活在上次失败的阴影中。（suggest）

8.政府向灾区学生免费供应教科书。（supply）

9.没有什么能代替鲁迅为中国文学所作出的巨大贡献。（substitute）

10 你能尝试用自己的话复述这篇文章吗？（try）

1.这对双胞胎长得如此相像，很难区分他们。（tell）

2.他恐吓说如果经理解雇他，他就把照片公开。（threaten）

3.我不能忍受父亲还像小孩一样对待我。（treat）

4.靠他独立完成这项实验要花费一年多的时间。（take）

5.他小儿子不断问问题，他回答得都烦了。（tired）

6.就设施而言，这家饭店也许排不上第一。（term）

7.谢谢你不辞辛劳地为我们做饭。（trouble）

8.我们只有通过努力奋斗才能把自己的理想变为现实。（turn）

9.新设备试用一段时间，你就会发现它多么有用。（try）

10 睡不好觉的人易发脾气。（temper）

1.这是他第一次在校运会上获得冠军称号。（time）

2.应该培养学生有效利用参考书。（train）

3.她很怕水，起因可归于儿时的一次事故。（trace）

4.重新设计后，我们的网站呈现出新的面貌（take）

5.许多公司用虚假广告引诱消费者购买其产品。（tempt）

6这次轮到你洗碗了。（turn）

7 我想到了一个可以安居乐业的地方。（think）

8.游戏的规则太复杂，三言两语解释不清。（too„to）

9.们利用这七天假期去香港旅游。（trip）

10.大学毕业，他学习英语有八年了。(by the time)

1.说到公司的福利和工作条件，所有的雇员都闭口不谈。(talk)

2.我和他多年没有联系了，不知他近况如何。(touch)

3.无可否认环境对孩子们的成长有很大的影响。(There…)

4.一个人如果长期生活在巨大的压力下，就容易患各种疾病。(tend)

5.多亏了一系列的新发明，医生们才能成功治疗这种疾病。(thanks to)

6.每当他妈妈叫他做家务，他总是假装看书。(every time) 7.该地区的生物正受到工业污染的严重威胁.(threaten)

8.经过许多不眠之夜和艰辛努力，他们终于美梦成真。(true)

9.用手机与朋友保持联系对我们来讲既快又方便。(touch)

10乔治到处吹嘘他快要成为一名律师了（way)

1.难怪这些花要死了，你真应该早点浇水。（wonder)

2.她迫不及待地要回家告诉家人这个好消息。（wait）

3.我前天买的电动玩具坏了。（wrong)

4.他很快适应了高中新的学习环境（used）

5.那位演员似乎心甘情愿在剧中扮演配角（willing）

6．她的行为值得高度表扬（worthy）

7.好奇心和想象力常常被认为使成功的关键（view)

8.我刚要关掉电视，这时一档新闻节目引起了我的的兴趣。（when）

9.放学后玛丽没有直接回家，而是去做清洁工了。（work）

10 越来越多的大学毕业生自告奋勇去边远地区工作。（volunteer）

1.当油用完时，仪器上的红灯会亮的。（use）

2.药放在孩子们够不着的地方。（where）

3.几个月他们又访问了中国。（visit n.）

4.望这份报告在明天以前完成，不容耽搁。（want）

5.火车从视野中消失后我才回家.（watch）

6.印象最深的是他总是那么谦虚和彬彬有礼。（What„）

7.望得到刊登在今天报纸上的秘书职位。（wish）

8.将留给班长去拟定这个计划的详细内容。（work）

9.学生的好方法之一是颁发奖学金。（way）

10.告市民不要网上交友，以免上当受骗。（warn）

1.利用时间并不意味着从早到晚不停地看书.(use)

2,时装表演的门票可以在体育馆买，也可以在网上购得。（as well as）

3,是全力以赴面对挑战，这使大家印象深刻。（which）

4.百看不厌，它让人们想起了童年时光。（worth）

5.他给我发来了电子邮件，我才知道他在国外的生活情况。（not„until）

6.谢各位嘉宾的光临，并祝各位身体健康，万事如意。(wish)

7.传来在告别会上，所以的同学和老师都畅所欲言。（Word„）

8.是追赶时尚还是穿出自己的风格由你自己决定。（up to）

9.在过去几年出现了一个现象，许多父母送子女去国外读书。（witne）

第20篇：英语短文翻译

1、狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（theTang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of bravene and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happine.2、中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。

China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world, which offers more busine opportunities to overseas enterprises.Since China’s reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement.Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation.Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.

3、假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。

The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s

consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic neceities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development.On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life.4、端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.5、2013年6月20日在中国各地，剧估计60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（astronaut）王亚平在距离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱

(theTiangon-1 laboratory module) 执行为期两周的任务。她在课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（one-gravity）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。

On June 20, 2013, an estimated 600 thousand school children and their teachers acro China watched a science leon taught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping.Wang is aboard theTiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates, for a two-week miion.Her leon swere a series of physics demonstrations in the space.In some demonstrations,she compared with the same experiment under the one-gravity environment on Earth.The leon has not only offered children a physics leon with knowledge and interest, but also shows the advance in communication technology of China.6、朝气蓬勃，充满活力，丰富多彩的上海是现代中国的缩影。虽然上海的文化遗迹不能与北京媲美，但是上海迷人的城市风貌，风格各异的万国建筑为这座城市注入了无限的魅力。今日之上海，已经成为享誉中外的国际大都市。漫步在这座日新月异的现代大都市里，你会发现许多精彩的历史亮点，隐现在众多摩天大楼背后的是上海发展变化的轨迹。它们记述了上海自十九世纪末开埠以来，尤其是新中国成立以后，是如何迅猛发展的。

Shanghai is a dynamic, diverse and stimulating city - the very epitome of modern China.Though Shanghai cannot rival Beijing in cultural heritage, its varied architectural styles and cosmopolitan feel give it a charm of its own.Today\'s Shanghai has become a world-famous international metropolis.A walk through this booming city reveals many glimpses of its colorful past.Hidden

amongst the skyscrapers are remains of the original Shanghai.They keep on showing how Shanghai has been developing fast and enormously since its opening as a commercial port in the late 19th century, especially after the founding of new China.7、近代以来，亚洲经历了曲折和艰难的发展历程。亚洲人们为改变自己的命运，始终以不屈的意志和艰辛的奋斗开辟前进道路。今天，人们所看到的亚洲发展成就，是勤劳智慧的亚洲人民不屈不挠、锲而不舍奋斗的结果。亚洲人民深知，世界上没有放之四海而皆准的发展模式，也没有一成不变的发展道路，亚洲人民勇于变革创新，不断开拓进取，探索和开辟适应时代潮流，符合自身实际的发展道路，为经济社会发展打开了广阔前景。

In modern times, Asia experienced twists and turns in its development.To change their destiny, the people of Asia have been forging ahead in an indomitable spirit and with hard struggle.Asia\'sdevelopment achievements today are the result of the persistent efforts of the

industrious and talented Asian people.The people of Asia are fully aware that there is no ready model or unchanging path of development that is universally applicable.They never shy away from reform and innovation.Instead, they are committed to exploring and finding development paths that are in line with the trend of the times and their own situations, and have opened up bright prospects for economic and social development.8、吸烟之危害，可谓大矣，其严重性是不能低估的。吸烟污染空气，损害健康，使肺癌发病率大大增加。为了使各国人民关注烟草的盛行及预防吸烟导致的疾病和死亡，世界卫生组织已将每年的5月31日定为“世界无烟日”。瘾君子们说，一天饭不吃可以，一个时辰不抽烟就难捱了，不能戒。只要真正意识到吸烟有百害而无一利，于人于己都是一种祸害，就有可能下决心摆脱烟草的诱惑。戒烟贵在坚持，坚持下去就是收获。

Smoking does great harm to human and its gravity should not be underestimated.Smoking pollutes air, damages health, and increases the incidence of lung cancer.To arouse the awarene about the prevalence of tobacco in all the countries and to prevent smoking-induced diseases and deaths, the WHO (World Health Organization) has defined May 31stin every year as World No-Tobacco Day.The tobacco addicts say that smoking is impoible to quit because they could do without meals in a day but would feel tortured without tobacco in two hours.However, when one realizes that smoking is harmful in many ways but beneficial in no way and that it is a curse to others as well as to he himself, he will be determined to resist the temptation of tobacco.To quit smoking requires persistence and so long as one persists, he’ll be rewarded.9、越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。

An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the

realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is eential that their kids have a good command of Chinese.China’srise has fully awakened their awarene of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitivene in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West.They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese.At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only.Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.10、我赞同许多东亚学者的观点，东方文明可以医治盛行于西方世界的一些顽疾。西方世界个人自由主义泛滥导致了极端个人主义、性关系混乱以及过度暴力行为，对此我们不能视而不见。// 相反，东方社会的自我约束力，集体责任感以及温厚儒雅的传统倒可以消除西方社会的许多恶疾。// 在这个信息时代，世界已缩小成一个地球村。这个地球村里，不再有什么泾渭分明的东方世界和西方世界，我们是生活在同一个社区里的邻里。// 因此，我们彼此之间无须冲突。我们之间的关系应该是一种友好合作，平等互补的关系。我们应该相互理解，相互学习，和睦共处。

I share the same view with many East Asian scholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of the prevailing ,stubborn Western ills.We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity and exceive use of violence.// By contrast, self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asia can offset many Western vices.// At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families.// Therefore, we do not necearily have to come into clash with each other.Our relationship is one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore, we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.//

11、国际贸易的基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是不可避免的。关键要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理摩擦和纠纷。// 就中美贸易而言，互利共赢的经贸关系给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益。今天，美国在华投资设立的企业已超过4 万家，投资额达450 亿美元。// 美国500 强企业有400 多家进入中国，大多数企业获利丰厚。与此同时，在美国市场上，许多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。中国在美国投资设立的企业已超过1000 家。// 我们可以预见，中美贸易摩擦将随着经贸关系的深化而凸显，但是中美经贸合作的总体发展是不可逆转的。主要有两个原因，其一：中美贸易具有很大互补性。其二：中国产品具有明显的劳动力成本优势。//

Equality and mutual benefit is the fundamental principle of international trade.Therefore, it is normal tha tcountries will seek to protect their own interests, which may lead to trade frictions and disputes.The key lies in how to cope with these iues correctly in a cool and wise manner.// As for China-US trade, mutually beneficial and win-win trade and economic ties have delivered tangible economic benefits to the two peoples.Now, with over 40,000 U.S.- invested enterprises, the total investment in China stands at $45 billion.// Of the top 500 U.S companies, more than 400 have their busine in China, and most of them are making handsome profit.At the same time, many Chinese commodities have become favored choices of American consumers .Meanwhile, the number of Chinese-invested enterprises in the United Sates has surpaed 1,000.// We predict that trade disputes between China and the United States will become more acute along with the further development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation.The overall development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation is, however, irreversible.There are two factors contribute to this trend.Firstly, the Sino-U.S.economic and trade relations enjoy complementarities in vast fields.Secondly, China has an outstanding labor cost advantage.//

12、中国国际出版集团是中国最大的、最权威的外语出版发行单位，其前身是中央人民政府新闻出版署国际新闻局。// 我集团坚持“让中国走向世界，让世界了解中国”的出版原则，全心致力于中国外语教育与研究事业的发展，全心致力于中外文化交流事业的拓展。// 为了加强对出版人才队伍的建设，为了满足日益增长的特殊出版业务的需要，我集团每年都要选派一些青年员工到国内外知名高等学府和研究机构进修，// 根据我们的发展战略，我们会将前进的步伐迈出国界走向世界，瞄准海外读者群，这一战略已取得了良好的开局。//

The China International Publishing Group is the largest and the most authoritative foreign language publishing and distribution establishment, its predeceor being the International Pre Bureau of the Central People\'s Government Pre and Publication

Administration.//Adhering to the publishing philosophy of “aisting China\'s march to the world and facilitating world\'s understanding of China”, the Group commits itself entirely to promoting foreign language education and research in China and advancing cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.// In order to build up a strong team of publishing staff, as well as to meet the growing need of more technically demanding busine, the Group makes it a rule that young staff be selected and sent to noted universities and research institutions, both domestic and overseas, for further studies.// As is clearly spelled out in our new development strategy, we will go beyond our national boundaries and wedge ourselves into the world circulation market, aiming at the international readership.Our initial efforts have been very rewarding.//

13、改革开放30 年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。// 通过学习汉语，他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的兴趣，而且有机会了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化，亲身体验这个文明古国的风采。// 作为第二文化，中国文化也丰富了他们的生活和世界观。可以说，这个潮流方兴未艾。越来越多的学习汉语的美国人除了对中国菜肴赞不绝口之外，也在尝试针灸，草药和武术。//他们也看功夫电影，学习东方时装潮流和手工艺，不知不觉的在日常生活中谈及中国的点心，人参、银杏，乌龙茶等。目前在美国最热门的中国文化是道家学说和有着神秘色彩的风水学。 As China is rising as a political and economic world power, thanks to its three-decade reform and opening up, more and more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to a Confucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice learning Chinese language and Chinese culture.// During the learning proce, the learners concurrently develop their interest in this ancient land, whose civilization is so vastly different from theirs.And the learners have opportunities to learn about Chinese philosophy, art,

architecture, medicine and catering culture and experience first-hand the splendors of this venerable civilization.// As the second culture, Chinese culture has enriched the life and world outlook of the learners.This trend, so to speak, is gathering momentum and is there to stay.Apart from their love for Chinese cuisine, more and more American learners of Chinese language are turning to Chinese acupuncture ,herbal medicines, martial arts.// They are also interested in kongfu films,fashions and crafts.Seemingly outlandish words such as dim sum, ginseng,gingko, oolong cha have crept into their everyday language.The latest Chinese cultural icons to make its impact there are Taoism, and ancient school of thought, and fengshui, an ancient art of placement.//

14、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。//

Shanghai cuisine , usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among themajor regional cuisines in China,with a history of more than 400 years.Like all other Chinese regional cuisines,Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste” as its eential

qualityelements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings,

the selection of raw materials with quality texture, and original flavors.Shanghai cuisine is famous for a special snack known as Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings and a special dish called “Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish”.//Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings are small in size, with thin and translucent wrappers, filled inside with ground pork and rich tasty soup.Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish is yellow-colored and squirrel-shaped, with a crispy skin and tender meat, all covered with a sweet and sour source.//After tasting Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish, we are always amazed by the squirrel shape and think that it is more appropriate to plus “appearance” as the fourth element.

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