英美文学

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术语解释：

Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.

Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.

Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.

5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.

6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:

1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI

1591The First part of King Henry VI

1592The Life and Death of King Richard III; The Comedy of Errors

1593Titus Andronicus; The Taming of the Shrew

1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona; Love’s Labour’s Lost; Romeo and Juliet

1595The Life and Death of Richard II; A Midsummer Night’s Dream

159615971598Much Ado About Nothing; The Merry Wives of Windsor; The Life of King Henry V

1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar; As You Like It

1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will

In the second period:

1601 1602 Troilus and Creida; All’s Well That Ends Well

160416051606Antony and Cleopatra

1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus; Timon of Athens

1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre

In the third period:

1609Cymbeline, King of Britain

1610The Winter’s Tale

1612The Tempest; The Life of King Henry VIII

7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.

To die, to sleep, no more.

8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, eayist.

John Donne, a metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人)

John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1

out of Eden.

John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部现实主义小说，作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画，歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦，充满野心和冒险精神，富有百折不挠，顽强毅力和斗志，依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。 Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the succefully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.

John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力，通过描写格列佛四次遇险，写出了作者看透了当代的腐败，以讽刺的方法，抨击了当时腐败的社会。Attack the Britain

parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distre to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.

Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.

John Smith is the first American writer.

Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.

The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.

combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on

surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to expre

Transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验，认为世间万物都是平等的。

Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.

Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between

mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.

9.诗歌鉴赏

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer\'s day?我能否将你比作夏天？

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，

And summer\'s lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空，

And often is his gold complexion dimm\'d,转眼会云雾迷蒙。

And every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零，

By chance or nature\'s changing course untrimm\'d:催折于无常的天命。

But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新

Nor lose poeion of that fair thou ow\'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。

Nor shall Death brag thou wand\'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁，

When in eternal lines to time thou grow\'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，

So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。

全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），包括三个四行组（quatrain）和一个对偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式，即abab cdcd efef gg。

二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇，破坏意美

Sonnet 29

When, in disgrace with fortune and man\'s eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼，

I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，

And trouble deaf heaven with my bootle cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,

And look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰，

Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望，

Featured like him,like him with friends poe\'d面貌相似，又和他一样广交游，

Desiring this man\'s art and that man\'s scope希求这人的渊博，那人的内行，

With what I most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；

Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，当我正要这样看轻自己，

Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，

Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地

From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven\'s gate振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门：

For thy sweet love remember\'d such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有，

That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。

赏析：对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）.韵式，即abab

cdcd efef gg。

To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》

-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特

Whither, \'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠，

While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束；

Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际，

Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？

总结：As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you (waterfowl) are

going?

Vainly the fowler\'s eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施，

Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾；

As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬，

Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。

总结：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without succe, a hunter (fowler) might try to

bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.

Seek\'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨，

Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？

Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩，

On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？

• 总结：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,

the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?

There is a Power whose care有上苍把你关照，

Teaches thy way along that pathle coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路，

The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际，

Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。

• 总结：There is a Power that leads you on your way acro deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.

You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.

All day thy wings have fann\'d你成天翕动翅膀，

At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷，飞在高处，

Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地，

Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。

总结：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.

And soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦，

Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处；

And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴，

Soon o\'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。

• 总结：you have a strong desire to be with your family; or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will

end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall graes.

Thou\'rt gone, the aby of heaven你的身躯全被吞没，

Hath swallowed up thy form; yet, on my heart天堂深渊里，你踪影全无；

Deeply hath sunk the leon thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底，

And shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。

• 总结:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the leon you taught me.

He, who, from zone to zone,谁，从一个地方到另一个地方，