初中英语语法总结

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初中英语语法总结

( 动词的时态)

11.1 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。 2例如:) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.球绕太阳转动。

地Shanghai 上海位于中国东部。lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall.败。

骄者必注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:is round.Columbus 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。proved that the earth 4个性。例如:) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、

I don\'t want so much.多。

我不要那么Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:把糖放入杯子。Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.在做功课。

我正第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行

的瞬间动作。第二句中的时

now是进行的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

11.2 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982如:

等。例Where did you go just now? 上哪儿去了?

刚才你2习惯性的动作。例如:)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。

3)句型:It is time for sb.to do sth \"到……时间了\" \"该……了\"。例如:It is

time for you to go to bed.觉了。

你该睡It is time that sb.did sth.\"时间已迟了\" \"早该……了\" ,例如It is time you

went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb.did sth.表示\'宁愿某人做某事\'。例如:I\'d rather you

came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在 。例如:I thought you might have some.一些。

我以为你想要比较:her life.Christine (含义:她已不在人间。)was an invalid all Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着) Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)

注意:语气。 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉1intend )动词等。例如:want, hope, wonder, think,

Did you want anything else? 要些什么吗?

您还I 不能帮我一下。wondered if you could help me.能2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 自行车,能借用一些吗? 你的11.3 used to / be used to used to + do:\"过去常常\"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:

Mother 老妈过去没那么健忘。used not to be

so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk.过去常常散步。

斯卡夫be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或加名词或动名词。例如:\"习惯于\",to是介词,后需

He is used to a vegetarian diet.

Scarf is used to taking a walk.卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 斯典型例题

---- quite catch it.Your phone number again? I ___ ---- It\'s 69568442.

A.didn\'t B.couldn\'t C.don\'t D.can\'t

答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过 去时。

11.4 一般将来时

1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例will 在陈述句中用于各人称, 如:

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a.主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

b.计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c.有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a

storm.看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3式安排将发生的事。例如:) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正

We are to discu the report next Saturday.告。

我们下星期六讨论这份报4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:

He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。

2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.车来了。

注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 状语连用。等表示明确将来时的时间 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,愿。例如:be going to 表将来,will表意If you are going to make a journey, you\'d better get ready for it as soon as poible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,或计划。例如:be going to 表示主观的打算I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.观安排) 明天下午我去踢球。(客I\'m going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排) 11.7 一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.钟后。 汽车什么时候开?十分There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.比尔来后,让他等我。

I\'ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.给你。

我到了那里,就写信4sure that)在动词hope, 等的宾语从句中。例如:take care that, make I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the

room.离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。 11.8 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,

return例如:

等现在进行时可以表示将来。I\'m leaving tomorrow.了。

明天我要走Are 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?you staying here till next week? 11.9 现在完成时

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作 或状态。其构成:(has) +过去分词。have

11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过 去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, 语。 always等,皆不确定的时间状共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, recently, lately this April, 等。now, already, 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:

I saw this film yesterday.看的动作发生过了)

(强调I have seen this film.在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)(强调对现

Why did you get up so early? 调起床的动作已发生过了)

(强Who 调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)hasn\'t handed in his paper? (强

He years.has been (在团内的状态可延续)in the League for three

He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)

句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in

1960用过去时。)时,不能使用现在完成时,要

(错)his parents last night.Tom has written a letter to (对)parents last night.Tom wrote a letter to his 11.11 用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time....that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time (that) I\'ve heard him sing.唱歌。

这是我第一次听他

注意:boy had been late.It was the third time that the

2构,)This is +that 从句要用现在完成时。形容词最高级+that…结例如: This is the best film that I\'ve (电影。ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的典型例题

(all?

1) ---Do you know our town at ---No, here.

this is the first time I ___ A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming

答案面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B.This is the first time 后B。

(town before?

2) ---Have you ____ been to our ---No, it\'s the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为时。 never,此两词常用于完成注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)a month.I have received his letter for (对)for almost a month.I haven\'t received his letter 11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。

I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这儿了。

注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)

注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。

1)(对) Tom has studied Ruian for three years.= Tom began to study Ruian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(错) Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.

11.13 since的四种用法

1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、month, half past 1980, last six)。例如:

I have been here since 1989.1989起,我一直在这儿。

2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago.我在这儿,已经有五个月了。 3) since +从句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left.了。

你走后,变化可大Great changes have taken place since we were here.化可大了。

我们走后,变

4例如:) It is +

一段时间+ since从句。It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。 11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:

He has completed the work.成了那项工作。 (表结果) 他已完I\'ve known him since then.时起就认识他了。(表经历) 我从那2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示\"做……直到……\" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示到……,才……\"。例如: \"He didn\'t come back until ten o\'clock.他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o\'clock.直睡到10点。 他一典型例题 1.You don\'t need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times现在完成时。告知为反复发生的动作,

因此用2.---I\'m sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___ here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案到现在,应用现在完成时。A.等待的动作由过去开始, 持续11.15 过去完成时 1) 概念:表示过去的过去 ----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2) 用法

a.thought在told, said, knew, heard, 等动词后的宾语从句。例如: She to Paris.said (她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。that)she had never been b.状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如: When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 c.表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose本…,未能…\"。例如:等,用过去完成时表示

\"原We had hoped that you would come, but you didn\'t.

那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:

He said that he had learned some English before.一些英语。

他说过他以前学过

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.生开始自己谋生。到了十二岁那年,爱迪

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题

The students ___ busily when Mi Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

A.had written, left B,were writing, has left C.had written,

had left D.were writing, had left 答案D.

\"把书忘在办公室\"发生在\"去取书\"这一过去的动作之前,因此一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完\"忘了书\"这 成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在下,when\"同学们正忙于……\"这一背景所引导的动作发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。

注意:等…… 就……。例如: had hardly… when 还没

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我。

我刚打开门,他就打了had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。 11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用时,多用一般过去时。例如:then,and,but

等连词When 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。she saw the mouse,she screamed.My 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:

When I heard the news, I was very excited.3时,而只用一般过去时。例如:) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.11.17 将来完成时 1) 构成will have done 2) 概念

a.一时为止一直有的状态。例如:状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某 They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了。 11.18 现在进行时

现在进行时的基本用法:

a.发生的事情。例如:表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在

We are waiting for you.等你。

我们正在b.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:

Mr.Green is writing another novel.

他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) c.表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:

The leaves are turning red.在变红。

叶子It\'s 越来越热了。getting

warmer and warmer.天d.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:

You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。 典型例题

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

A.has lost, don\'t find B.is

miing, don\'t find C.has lost, haven\'t found D.is miing, haven\'t found.

答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用 于否定式时可用于完成时。 11.19 不用进行时的动词 1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, poe, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers.我有两兄弟。

This 房子是我姐的。house belongs to my sister.这2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate我需要你的帮助。等。例如:I need your help.

He loves her very much.深。

他爱她很3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如: I accept your advice.劝告。

我接受你的4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:

You seem a little tired.有点累。

你看上去11.20 过去进行时

1态或动作。)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状

2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。

3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from whilenine 等。例如:to ten last

evening, when, My his bicycle and hurt brother fell while he was riding himself.了伤。

我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受It was raining when they left the station.雨。

他们离开车站时,正下着When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。 典型例题

1her finger.

) Mary ___ a dre when she cut A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes

答案C.

割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,\"玛丽在做衣服时景

\"提供事情发生的背,因此用过去进行时。

2___ asleep.

) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny A.read;was falling B.was reading; fell C.was readingfalling D.read;fell

; was 答案B.句中的as = when,

while,意为\"当……之时\"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发 生。句意为

\"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。\"句中的后跟形容词,如: fell(fall的过去时)fall sick,是系动词,。

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结

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