过去完成时的概念与结构特点

2020-03-01 18:10:50 来源：范文大全收藏下载本文

反意疑问句:

一．反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后,对陈述句所表示的事实或观点提出疑问的句子.附加疑问实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句.

二.相关知识点精讲

1.反意疑问句的结构：陈述句（主语+谓语……），+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语（代词形式）？

说明：陈述句部分如果是肯定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分的助动词/情态动词/be动词+not （否定提问）；如果陈述句部分是否定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分用肯定式提问。

例句：

He is your teacher, isn’t he ?

People shouldn’t drop litter on the pavements, should they ?

You found the key in the bedroom, didn’t you ?

They have a house in town, haven’t they ?/don’t they ?

The boy has to clean his room, doesn’t he ?

I am right, aren’t I ?

They’d rather go by bus, wouldn’t they ?

You’d better change your wet skirt, hadn’t you ?

He’d like to join our discuion, wouldn’t he ?

She ought to see a doctor at once, shouldn’t she ? / oughtn’t she ?

I wish to say a few words, may I ?

That’s nice, isn’t it ?

This is the place, isn’t it ?

Everybody knows the answer, don’t they ?

Nothing is serious, isn’t it?

There wasn’t enough time at that moment, was there ?

There used to a tower here, usedn’t there? / didn’t there ?

What you need is more practice, isn’t it ?

2.某些特殊句型的反意疑问句：

1)祈使句的反意疑问句：

表示肯定意义的祈使句，即表示“请求，提示”它的反意疑问句用will you 表达：有时也可以用won’t you 表示。

Go home now, will you ?

Close the window, please, will you ?

否定祈使句：以Don’t开始的祈使句：表示“不要……”，用will you 提问：

Don’t be late again, will you ?

Don’t forget to pay your income tax, will you ?

Let’s引导的祈使句表示“建议”，反意疑问句部分是：shall we ?

Let’s go for a walk, shall we ?

Let’s have a rest now, shall we ?

Let me 或 Let us引导的祈使句表示“请求”，反意疑问句部分为will you：

Let me have a try, will you ?

Let us help, will you ?

2) 感叹句的反意疑问句：一律用否定式提问。

What a clever boy, isn’t he ?

What a lovely day, isn’t it?

3) 陈述句含有情态动词must有两种情况：

must表示“必须”，反意疑问句部分为mustn’t…? / needn’t…?

He must study hard at English, mustn’t he? / needn’t he?

You must go home now, needn’t you? / mustn’t you?

We mustn’t be late, must we ?

Must表示推测：“一定，肯定” 反意疑问句部分与must后面的动词呼应

You must be joking, aren’t you?

He must be ill, isn’t he ?

注意：用must对过去的动作推测时，反意疑问句部分的助动词用did或have, 而对过去的状态推测，反意疑问句部分的be动词用was:

She must have finished her work, hasn’t she ? / didn’t she ?

Jack must have arrived here yesterday, didn’t he ?

He must have been a policeman, wasn’t he ?

4) 陈述句中有否定副词：hardly; never; seldom; little; few; nowhere; nothing等词，反意疑问句部分用肯定提问：

Frank hardly goes to parties, does he ?

He has few friends, has he ?

5)复合句的反意疑问句：大多数复合句的反意疑问句都对主句提问：

He was punished because he violated the regulation, wasn’t he?

You never told me that you had been ill, did you ?

注意：I don’t think/suppose/believe/imagine 引导的宾语从句，这种宾语从句的反意疑问句应与从句的主语，谓语部分一致，而且用肯定式的提问。

I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, will they ?

I don’t believe she has done it, has she ?

I think he will come.won’t he

补充

① 陈述部分的主语为 this, that, 疑问部分主语用it; 陈述部分主语用 these, those, 疑问部分用they 做主语.

例: This is a new story, isn’t it?Those are your parents, aren’t they?

② 陈述部分是 there be 结构, 疑问部分仍用 there

例: There was a man named Paul, wasn’t there?

③ I am 后的疑问句, 用aren’t I

例: I am in Cla 2, aren’t I?

④ 陈述部分与含有 not, no, never, few, little, hardly, seldom, neither, none 等词时,疑问部分用肯定.

例: Few people liked this movie, didn’t they?

但陈述句中若带有否定前缀或后缀的单词时, 这个句子仍视为肯定, 后面仍用否定.

例: Your sister is unhappy, isn’t she?

⑤ 陈述部分的主语若为不定式或 V-ing 短语, 疑问部分主语用it.

例: To spend so much money on clothes is unneceary, isn’t it?

⑥ 陈述句中主语是 nobody, no one, everyone, everybody 等指人的不定代词时,疑问部分用they做主语; 若陈述部分主语是 something, anything, noting, everything 等指事物的不定代词时, 疑问部分用it 做主语.

例: Nobody says one word about the accident, do they?

Everything seems perfect, doesn’t it?

⑦ 当主语是第一人称I时, 若谓动为think, believe, gue 等词时, 且其后跟宾丛,这时疑问句部分的人称, 时态要与宾语从句保持一致, 同时还要考虑否定转移.

例: I don’t think he can finish the work in time, can he?

⑧ 前面是祈使句, 后用 will you? (let’s 开头时, 后用shall we?

三.巩固练习

1.It’s a fine day, Let’s go fishing, _____?

A.won’t weB.will weC.don’t weD.shall we

2.Frank is working late again.This is the first time this week he’s had to study late, ____?

A.isn’t heB.hasn’t itC.hasn’t heD.isn’t it

3.—Daddy’s forgot to post the letter again, ____?

—I’m afraid he ___.

A.has; hasB.isn’t; isC.hasn’t; hasD.has; hasn’t

4.—Sorry, I’m not feeling well and I don’t think I can finish.

—Don’t worry.Let us do it for you , ____?

A.will youB.shall weC.shan’t weD.shall you

5.I don’t think he could have done such a stupid thing last night, ____?

A.do IB.could heC.did heD.has he

6.—The ground is wet.

—It must have rained last night,____ ?

A.hasn’t itB.didn’t itC.mustn’t it D.isn’t it

7.—Jenny doesn’t think that Robert is honest, ___?

—I’m afraid not.

A.is heB.isn’t heC.does sheD.doesn’t she

8.—The new windows need washing.

—Well, let’s wash them together, ____?

A.shall weB.will youC.should we D.would you

9.There is little we can do about it, ____?

A.is thereB.can’t weC.isn’t thereD.can we

10.—The problem wasn’t difficult for him, was it ?

—______.He should have been given a more difficult one.

A.No, it wasB.Yes, it wasC.Yes, it wasn’tD.No, it wasn’t

过去完成时的概念与结构特点

概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。

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那时以前那时现在

构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.二、过去完成时的判断依据

1.由时间状语来判定

一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：

（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o\'clock last night.

（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2.由“过去的过去”来判定。

过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：

（ 1 ）宾语从句中

当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：

She said that she had seen the film before.

（ 2 ）状语从句中

在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the claroom.

（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\"原本…，未能…\"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn\'t.

3.根据上、下文来判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadn\'t seen each other since he went to Beijing.

三、过去完成时的主要用法

1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）

2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：

He told me that he had written a new book.(had written 发生在 told 之前 )

3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：

Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）

四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：

I have learned 1000 English words so far.

I had learned 1000 English words till then.

— I\'m sorry to keep you waiting。

— Oh, not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.

（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）

— John returned home yesterday.

— Where had he been?

他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）

五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：

1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：

They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：

She was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her, too.She had just won the first in the composition competition.

3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：

He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.

I (had) called her before I left the office.

专项练习：

一、单选

1 When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already____to hospital.

A has; been sentB had; sentC has; sentD had; been sent

2 We ____five English songs by the end of last term.

A had learnedBlearnedC have learnedD will have learned

3 Han Mei told me she _____lunch, so she was very hungry.

A has hadB hasn\'t haveC have hadD hadn\'t had

4 By the end of 1976, many buildings _____built in the city.

A have beenB haveC had beenD will

5 She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.A has left; comesB had left; would comeC had left; cameD left; had come

6 He said that it was at least ten years since I _____a good drink.

A had enjoyedB was enjoyingC have enjoyedD have been enjoying

7 The meeting _____when Mr.Wang _____to school.

A has begun; getB has been on; getC had begun; gotD had been on; got

二、填空

1 When I returned home, he _____ (leave).

2 By ten yesterday evening, she ________(finish)writing.

3 He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.

4 It _________ (stop) raining when I wake up this morning.

5 I _____ (not read) the book because I had read it before.

6 She said she____ (be) born in 1992.

7 When he _____(come) to China two years ago he found people didn\'t understand him at all though he ________(learn) some Chinese in his own country.